Jupiter in fiction

Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System, has appeared in works of fiction across several centuries. The way the planet has been depicted has evolved as more has become known about its composition; it was initially portrayed as being entirely solid, later as having a high-pressure atmosphere with a solid surface underneath, and finally as being entirely gaseous. It was a popular setting during the pulp era of science fiction. Life on the planet has variously been depicted as identical to humans, larger versions of humans, and non-human. Non-human life on Jupiter has been portrayed as primitive in some works and more advanced than humans in others.

The moons of Jupiter have also been featured in a large number of stories, especially the four Galilean moons— Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Common themes include terraforming and colonizing these worlds.

Jupiter

Early depictions

Jupiter was long believed, incorrectly, to be a solid planet that it would be possible to make a landing on. It has made appearances in fiction since at least the 1752 novel '' Micromégas'' by Voltaire, wherein an alien from Sirius and another from Saturn pass Jupiter's satellites and land on the planet itself. In the 1800s, writers typically assumed that Jupiter was not only solid but also an Earth-like world and depicted it accordingly. In the 1886 novel ''Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds'' by W. S. Lach-Szyrma, the planet is covered in an ocean with a few islands and primitive aquatic humanoids living there. Jupiter resembles prehistoric Earth with a rich fauna full of lifeforms such as dinosaurs and mastodons in the 1894 novel ''A Journey in Other Worlds'' by John Jacob Astor IV. A few utopian works of fiction of the early 1900s are set on Jupiter, including the anonymously published 1908 novel '' To Jupiter Via Hell'' and the 1922 novel '' The Perfect World'' by Ella Scrymsour.

Jovians

Most writers portrayed the inhabitants of Jupiter as being human, including Marie Corelli in the 1886 novel ''A Romance of Two Worlds'' and Cornelius Shea in the 1905 novel '' Mystic Island; Or, the Tale of a Hidden Treasure''. In the anonymously published 1873 novel ''A Narrative of the Travels and Adventures of Paul Aermont among the Planets'', the human inhabitants of Jupiter have heavier-than-air aircraft. Some portrayed Jovians as giant humans, including Albert Waldo Howard in the novel '' The Milltillionaire'' and William Shuler Harris in the 1905 novel '' Life in a Thousand Worlds''. In the satirical 1886 novel '' A Fortnight in Heaven'' by Harold A. Brydges, an Earthling who visits Jupiter finds a futuristic version of America and discovers that the planet is populated by giant counterparts of Earth persons. Others took different approaches to portraying the natives, such as Fred H. Brown in the 1893 short story " A Message from the Stars", where the planet is inhabited by the spirits of the dead, and Homer Eon Flint in the 1918 short story " The King of Conserve Island", where Jovians are winged.

Pulp era

Jupiter made appearances in several pulp science fiction stories, including the final John Carter story by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the 1943 short story " Skeleton Men of Jupiter". The 1932 short story " A Conquest of Two Worlds" by Edmond Hamilton depicts a human invasion of a peaceable civilization on Jupiter, which leads an Earthling to rebel against the humans and side with the Jovians. In the 1933 short story " The Essence of Life" by Festus Pragnell, a social scientist is visited by human-looking beings from Jupiter who reveal that they have a kind of elixir of life that they are willing to share, but also that they are ruled by octopus-like beings who keep them as pets. Jupiter's Great Red Spot is imagined as a landmass of shifting solidity which is mined for radioactive deposits in the 1936 short story " Red Storm on Jupiter" by Frank Belknap Long, and it leaves Jupiter entirely in the 1937 short story " Life Disinherited" by Eando Binder.

Surface

As the conditions of Jupiter became better understood in the 1930s and onward, several stories emerged where the planet was portrayed as having a solid surface underneath a high-pressure atmosphere. Some writers proposed that native lifeforms would have adaptations to the expected high surface gravity in the form of a low stature as in the 1939 short story " Heavy Planet" by Milton A. Rothman or a large number of legs to distribute their weight on as in the 1931 novel ''Spacehounds of IPC'' by E. E. Smith. Similarly, James Blish posited in '' The Seedling Stars'' (a 1957 collection of earlier short stories) that human survival on Jupiter would necessitate pantropy, i.e. modifying the humans to adapt them to the alien environment. In the 1944 short story " Desertion" by Clifford D. Simak (later included in the 1952 fix-up novel ''City''), humans who have been thus transformed find Jupiter a preferable place to live and refuse to leave. Other writers resolved the issue of the presumed-harsh conditions of Jupiter by only having robots go there; in the 1942 short story " Victory Unintentional" by Isaac Asimov such robots encounter hostile aliens who mistake them for living beings, and in the 1957 short story "Call Me Joe" by Poul Anderson, a remotely controlled artificial creature explores the Jovian surface.

Atmosphere

By the late 1950s, it was generally accepted that the atmosphere of Jupiter was for all practical purposes bottomless and the idea of a solid surface beneath it fell into disuse. Some works portray alien lifeforms living in the atmosphere, including the 1971 short story "A Meeting with Medusa" by Arthur C. Clarke. In the 2002 novel '' Manta's Gift'' by Timothy Zahn, humanity makes contact with intelligent life in the Jovian atmosphere, and in the 2000 novel '' Wheelers'' by Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, it is discovered that there are entire floating cities there. Expeditions into the atmosphere are commonplace, seen in such works as the 1960 short story "The Way to Amalthea" by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, the 1972 novel '' As on a Darkling Plain'' by Ben Bova, and the 1977 novel ''If the Stars are Gods'' by Gregory Benford and Gordon Eklund. The Jovian atmosphere also becomes a location for racing in the 1996 short story " Primrose and Thorn" by Bud Sparhawk.

Modern depictions

Jupiter is the destination of an expedition in the 1968 film '' 2001: A Space Odyssey'', whereas the book version by Arthur C. Clarke from the same year instead uses Saturn. The planet is transformed into a star in the 1982 sequel novel '' 2010: Odyssey Two'' by Clarke and the 1984 film adaptation '' 2010: The Year We Make Contact'' as well as the 1982 novel '' Sayonara Jupiter'' by Sakyo Komatsu and its 1984 film adaptation '' Bye-Bye Jupiter'', an idea that was later reused by other authors such as Charles L. Harness in the 1991 novel '' Lunar Justice'' and John C. Wright in the 2002 novel '' The Golden Age''. The 2015 film ''Jupiter Ascending'' is a space opera set partially on the planet.

Moons

Once it was understood that Jupiter itself is a gaseous planet, its moons became more popular settings for stories featuring human or alien life. Occasionally, the entire satellite system has been the focus collectively, such as in the 1984 short story " Promises to Keep" by Jack McDevitt.

Io

Io has a tropical climate in the 1935 short story "The Mad Moon" by Stanley G. Weinbaum. The satellite is mined for resources in the 1981 film '' Outland'', a science-fiction version of the 1952 Western '' High Noon''. In the 1998 short story " The Very Pulse of the Machine" by Michael Swanwick, Io is implied to be sentient. The 2019 film '' Io'' depicts the satellite as humanity's refuge after Earth has become near-uninhabitable due to pollution.

Europa

Europa is depicted as having a breathable atmosphere and native lifeforms on the side of the planet tidally locked towards Jupiter in the 1936 short story " Redemption Cairn" by Stanley G. Weinbaum. The 1992 novel '' Cold as Ice'' by Charles Sheffield focuses on a conflict about whether or not Europa should be terraformed. Colonization of Europa without terraforming is portrayed in the 2017 video game ''Destiny 2''. Since scientists started hypothesizing that Europa may have water oceans that could harbour life under its surface of ice, several stories have explored the idea, including the 2008 novel '' The Quiet War'' by Paul J. McAuley, the 2013 film '' Europa Report'', and the 2016 novel '' Europa's Lost Expedition: A Scientific Novel'' by Michael Carroll.

Ganymede

Ganymede has domed cities in the 1901 novel '' A Honeymoon in Space'' by George Griffith. It is terraformed in the 1950 novel ''Farmer in the Sky'' by Robert A. Heinlein. The 1950 short story " The Dancing Girl of Ganymede" by Leigh Brackett is another early work set on the satellite. The colonization of Ganymede has been depicted in numerous works, including the 1964 novel '' Three Worlds to Conquer'' by Poul Anderson, the 1975 novel '' Jupiter Project'' by Gregory Benford, and the 1997 short story " The Flag in Gorbachev Crater" by Charles L. Harness.

Callisto

Callisto is colonized in the 1950 short story "U-Turn" by Eric Frank Russell. The 1970s ''Callisto'' series by Lin Carter, starting with the 1972 novel ''Jandar of Callisto'', is a planetary romance set on the satellite and an homage to the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs.

Other moons

Amalthea is a derelict extraterrestrial spaceship in the 1953 short story " Jupiter Five" by Arthur C. Clarke. The 1957 novel '' Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter'' by Isaac Asimov takes place on another minor moon of Jupiter, variously referred to as Jupiter IX and Adrastea.

References

{{Jupiter

Jupiter

Fiction set on Jupiter's moons
Fiction about gas giants