Junbish-i-Milli
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The National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan ( prs, جنبش ملی اسلامی افغانستان, ''Junbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan''), sometimes called simply Junbish, is a
Turkic Turkic may refer to: * anything related to the country of Turkey * Turkic languages, a language family of at least thirty-five documented languages ** Turkic alphabets (disambiguation) ** Turkish language, the most widely spoken Turkic language * ...
political party in Afghanistan. Its founder is
Marshal Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Medieval Europe, the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used for elevated o ...
Abdul Rashid Dostum who created it in 1992 made from his loyalist remnants from the
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), ''Hezb-e dimūkrātĩk-e khalq-e Afghānistān'' was a Marxist–Leninist political party in Afghanistan established on 1 January 1965. Four members of the party won seats in the 1965 Afgha ...
's communist regime. It has been described as "an organisation heavily peopled with former Communists and Islamists," and is regarded as somewhat secular and left-leaning. Its voter base is mostly Uzbeks, and it is strongest in
Jowzjan Jowzjan, sometimes spelled Jawzjan or Jozjan (Dari: ), is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north of the country bordering neighboring Turkmenistan. The province is divided into 11 Districts of Afghanistan, districts ...
,
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,
Faryab Faryab (Dari: ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, which is located in the north of the country bordering neighboring Turkmenistan. It has a population of about 1,109,223, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a tribal society. The pr ...
, Sar-e Pol, and Samangan provinces.


History


Formation

Junbish and its military wing, Division 53 started as a “self-defense unit” for the Sheberghan oil fields in northern Afghanistan, growing to a platoon and then a company until it grew to a division of about 40,000 men by 1989. This division joined the Afghan government and was referred to as Division 53. In 1988 Junbish forces replaced departing Soviet Union forces and took control of Kandahar as well as deploying to Khost, Logar, Ghazni,
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in
Paktika Paktika (Pashto/Dari: ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. Forming part of the larger Loya Paktia region, Paktika has a population of about 789,000, mostly ethnic Pashtuns. The town of Sharana ...
and around Kabul.Open Society Institute (OSI), ''Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978-2001'', 2005, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/46725c962.html ccessed 24 November 2012/ref> Many defecting
mujaheddin ''Mujahideen'', or ''Mujahidin'' ( ar, مُجَاهِدِين, mujāhidīn), is the plural form of ''mujahid'' ( ar, مجاهد, mujāhid, strugglers or strivers or justice, right conduct, Godly rule, etc. doers of jihād), an Arabic term th ...
commanders joined these units such as Rasul Pahlawan, Dr. Hissamuddin Hissam, Ghaffar Pahlawan who were Uzbeks from
Saripul Sar-e Pol or Sari Pul ( fa, سر پل) is the capital city of the province of Sar-e Pol Province in northern Afghanistan. It is in Sari Pul District. Sar-e Pol elevation is 2,155 ft (657 m). History In 2015, it had an official population of ...
and Takhar. General
Majid Rozi Majid or majeed may refer to: * , ''majīd'' 'majestic', and , ''mājid'' 'magnificent', two names of God in Islam Arts and entertainment * ''Majid'' (film), a 2010 Moroccan film * Majid (rapper) (born 1975), a Danish rapper of Moroccan-Berber ori ...
, an
Afghan Arab Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) are Arab and other Muslim Islamist mujahideen who came to Afghanistan during and following the Soviet–Afghan War to help fellow Muslims fight Soviets and pro-Soviet Afghans. Estimates of the volunt ...
Uzbek from
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and General
Jura Beg Jura may refer to: Places * Jura, Scotland, island of the Inner Hebrides off Great Britain * Jūra, river in Lithuania Mountain ranges *Jura Mountains, on the French–Swiss–German border * Franconian Jura, south-central Germany *Swabian Jura, ...
and officer from
Jowzjan Jowzjan, sometimes spelled Jawzjan or Jozjan (Dari: ), is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north of the country bordering neighboring Turkmenistan. The province is divided into 11 Districts of Afghanistan, districts ...
also joined. Most of the joining members were either defectors or from the Parcham wing of the
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), ''Hezb-e dimūkrātĩk-e khalq-e Afghānistān'' was a Marxist–Leninist political party in Afghanistan established on 1 January 1965. Four members of the party won seats in the 1965 Afgha ...
(PDPA).


Massoud and capture of Mazar-e Sharif (1992)

In 1992, as the Soviet Union withdrew aid from the government of Dr Mohammad Najibullah, Dostum entered into negotiations with
Ahmad Shah Massoud ) , branch = Jamiat-e Islami / Shura-e Nazar Afghan Armed Forces United Islamic Front , serviceyears = 1975–2001 , rank = General , unit = , commands = Mujahideen commander during the Soviet–Afghan Wa ...
. When, on March 19, Najibbullah attempted to replace General Mumin, a Khalqi Pashtun who commanded the Hairatan garrison, Mumin revolved with Dostum’s support. Dostum, through this, took over control of Mazar-e Sharif. This resulted in widespread looting. At this point Junbish was the dominant party in Baghlan, Samangan,
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, Jauzjan,
Sar-I Pul Sarpol-e Zahab ( fa, سرپل ذهاب, ''Sarpole Zahâb''; ku, Serpêllî Zehaw, ; also romanized as Sarpol-e Z̄ahāb, Sar-e Pol-e Z̄ahāb, and Sar-ī-Pūl Zūhāb; also known as Pol-e Z̄ahāb, Sarpole-Zahab, Pol-e Z̄ohāb, Sarī-Pūl, and ...
and
Faryab Faryab (Dari: ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, which is located in the north of the country bordering neighboring Turkmenistan. It has a population of about 1,109,223, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a tribal society. The pr ...
.


Battle of Kabul (1992–1994)

When the government of Najibullah collapsed in April 1992, Junbish forces entered the city through the road near the airport and within a month held
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,
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,
Kabul Airport , nativename-r = , image = Flightline at Kabul International Airport.jpeg , caption = The flightline at Kabul International Airport in January 2012 , IATA = KBL , ICAO = OAKB , ...
, Old Microroian and
Chaman Hozori Chaman (Balochi, Pashto and ur, ) is a city and recently claimed as a new district of Balochistan named Chaman District as it was earlier a part of district Qila Abdullah District located on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. It is the capital of ...
, putting artillery in the first two of those positions. Furthermore, by controlling the airport they prevented the escape of Najibullah and forced him to take refuge in the United Nations compounds. Furthermore, through defectors from the previous government and his control of the airport, Dostum was able to control jet fighters for a significant portion of the Battle of Kabul. In May 1992 the command structure had General Majid Rozi as the overall military commander, General Hamayoon Fauzi in charge of political affairs, General Jura Beg in charge of troop deployments and rotations and General
Aminullah Karim Aminullah, also spelled Aminallah, Aminollah or Ameenullah ( ar, امين الله ) is a male Muslim given name composed from the elements '' Amin'' and ''Allah''. It may refer to *Aminoullah Husseinoff, later known as André Hossein (1905–1983 ...
in charge of logistics. Rozi was recalled to Mazar towards the end of 1992 leaving Fauzi in charge. Other major leaders included
Abdul Chiri Abdul (also transliterated as Abdal, Abdel, Abdil, Abdol, Abdool, or Abdoul; ar, عبد ال, ) is the most frequent transliteration of the combination of the Arabic word '' Abd'' (, meaning "Servant") and the definite prefix '' al / el'' (, me ...
who controlled a militia regiment, the 54th regiment. Control was mostly maintained from the Naqlia base which was on the road from Kart-I Nau and
Shah Shahid Shah (; fa, شاه, , ) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Iranian monarchies.Yarshater, EhsaPersia or Iran, Persian or Farsi, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII no. 1 (1989) It was also used by a variety of ...
. In July 1992, Dostum sent a petition to Ahmad Shah Massoud in order to establish a general headquarters to manage and control forces in the area. Despite Massoud rejecting this Dostum created it, creating tensions as a result.


Alliance with Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin and defeat in Kabul (1994)

After increased tensions with Jamiat-e Islami, Junbish attempted to ally themselves with Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin in January 1994. However, this betrayal resulted in Junbish being forced from most of their strongholds in Kabul. Between January and June 1994 some of the fiercest fighting of the war took place, with up to 25,000 people being killed.


Capture of Mazar-e Sharif and expansion in the North

The loss in Kabul was countered by the removal of Jamiat forces in Northern Afghanistan. After heavy fighting in Mazar, Jamiat was pushed out although large amounts of reports regarding rape and extrajudicial execution exist regarding this battle. After the capture of Mazar, Dostum concentrated his efforts on strengthening his position in the north.


Defection of General Abdul Malik Pahlawan (1997)

In 1996 Rasul Pahlawan was assassinated in June by his bodyguard, allegedly at Dostum’s orders. In 1997, a group of Junbish-i-Milli associated with Rasul’s brother defected under the leadership of General
Abdul Malik Pahlawan Abdul Malik Pahlawan is an Uzbek warlord and politician based in Faryab Province in northern Afghanistan. He is the head of the Afghanistan Liberation Party and was heavily involved in the factional fighting that consumed Afghanistan throughout ...
. Malik joined the Taliban and forced Dostum out of the country for 4 months, where he fled to Turkey. However Malik quickly betrayed the Taliban, massacring thousands of Taliban prisoners before being ousted in Taliban bombardment in September 1997. During this time, large amounts of rape and looting were reported, although it is not clear as to what extent this was done by Junbish. Following this Dostum returned to Afghanistan and ousted Malik during a conflict in Faryab. Most of Malik’s forces then defected and rejoined Junbish under Dostum. Forces of Dostum were said to have looted many Pashtoons in Faryab province following this. Dostum was even further weakened however as the road from Herat to Maimana was taken by the Taliban in July 1998, and then Mazar-e Sharif in August.


Fall of the Taliban (2001)

Dostum and Junbish were particularly instrumental in the fall of the Taliban in 2001 under the Northern Alliance.


Human rights abuses

Junbish was particularly involved in
human rights abuses Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyHuman Rights Retrieved 14 August 2014 for certain standards of hum ...
, particularly in Northern Afghanistan from 1992–2001 and the area around Kabul during the Battle of Kabul. Their predisposition to looting areas under control earned them the nickname ''Gilam Jam'' which means the "carpet is gathered up." Areas under Junbish control, such as Naqlia base, were frequently cited as suffering serious human rights abuses, including rape, murder and looting. Areas such as Shah Shahid and
Kārte Naw Kārte Naw (''New Quarter''), ( prs, کارته نو) historically known as Sayyid Noor Muhammad Shah Meyna (سید نور محمدشاه مینه) is a neighborhood in eastern Afghanistan. It falls under Kabul's District 8. It is mostly a mixed ...
faced similar problems. In July 2016 Human Rights Watch accused the militia of killing, abusing and looting civilians in Faryab Province during June, accusing them of supporting the Taliban.July 31, 2016 12:00AM EDT, Afghanistan: Forces Linked to Vice President Terrorize Villagers, Prosecute Militia Members for Killings,https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/31/afghanistan-forces-linked-vice-president-terrorize-villagers


Further reading

*


References

* {{DEFAULTSORT:National Islamic Movement Of Afghanistan Islamic political parties in Afghanistan Islamic organisations based in Afghanistan National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan politicians Political parties of minorities Secularist organizations