Juan Friede Alter (Wlava,

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...

, 17 February 1901 -

Bogotá Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city of Colombia, and one of the larges ...

Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the ...

, 28 June 1990) was a Ukrainian-Colombian historian of Jewish descent who is recognised as one of the most important writers about Colombian history, the Spanish conquests and a proponent of

indigenism Indigenism can refer to several different ideologies that seek to promote the interests of indigenous peoples. The term is used differently by various scholars and activists, and can be used purely descriptively or carry political connotations. ...

; the defense of the rights and descriptions of the oppression of

indigenous people Indigenous peoples are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original people ...

. Juan Friede went to Colombia in 1926 for business and his fascination for the country, its climate and culture made him emigrate. He became a Colombian citizen in 1930. During the 1940s, Friede made extensive studies about various indigenous peoples in the country. He was a professor at the newly founded Department of Social Sciences of the

National University of Colombia The National University of Colombia () is a national public research university in Colombia, with general campuses in Bogotá, Medellín, Manizales and Palmira, and satellite campuses in Leticia, San Andrés, Arauca, Tumaco, and La Paz ...

and is considered one of the pioneers of the "New History" movement in Colombia, together with Jaime Jaramillo Uribe, Luis Eduardo Nieto Arteta and Luis Ospina Vásquez. His former house in San Agustín since 2006 bears the name ''Casa Museo Juan Friede''.

Biography

Juan Friede Alter was born in a village called Wlava,Historiadores internacionales influyentes en Colombia
- Banco de la República indicated as Ukrainian or Polish, close to the border with Germany,Juan Friede (1902-1990) - Jaime Jaramillo Uribe
/ref> part of the

on February 17, 1901 in a Jewish family.Camacho Sánchez et al., 2007. p.487 Friede went to school in

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

in the turbulent years of the

Russian Revolution of 1917 The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government ...

. The new regime drove the family to

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

and Friede studied Economical and Social Sciences at the Hochschule für Welthandel in Vienna, graduating in 1922. The environment of Vienna of the 1920s influenced Friede positively and he was a member of an anarcho-ecological society called ''Vanderfliegel''. After his studies in Vienna, he continued his research at the newly founded

London School of Economics , mottoeng = To understand the causes of things , established = , type = Public research university , endowment = £240.8 million (2021) , budget = £391.1 milli ...

. In 1923, Friede started working for the import-export firm J. Stern & Co. The firm sent Friede to Colombia in 1926. Friede arrived first in Cartagena and later in Buenaventura. He was so much impressed by the country, its climate, poverty and people, that he decided to emigrate. Juan Friede first settled in Manizales, working for J. Stern & Co in trading coffee, automobiles and other imports, a job offering him to travel through Colombia. On February 20,Juan Friede: primer historiador de la problemática indígena
- Banco de la República or March 3, 1930, Friede became a Colombian national. After a decline in the activities of J. Stern & Co., Friede worked for Caldas Motors, a subsidiary of

Ford Motors Ford Motor Company (commonly known as Ford) is an American multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobile ...

from 1935 to 1941.Juan Friede (1901-1990): investigador de los indígenas y de la historia de Colombia
- Banco de la RepúblicaRueda Enciso, 2005, p.332 In 1939, Friede moved from Manizales to Bogotá and in 1940 he opened the first

art gallery An art gallery is a room or a building in which visual art is displayed. In Western cultures from the mid-15th century, a gallery was any long, narrow covered passage along a wall, first used in the sense of a place for art in the 1590s. The lon ...

in the Colombian capital.Toro Agudelo, 2012, p.14 Two years later Colombian

muralist A mural is any piece of Graphic arts, graphic artwork that is painted or applied directly to a wall, ceiling or other permanent substrate. Mural techniques include fresco, mosaic, graffiti and marouflage. Word mural in art The word ''mural'' ...

Pedro Nel Gómez held an exposition in Friede's art gallery.Pedro Nel Gómez 1899-1984. En un país necesitado de pintores
- El Tiempo During the

Holy Week Holy Week ( la, Hebdomada Sancta or , ; grc, Ἁγία καὶ Μεγάλη Ἑβδομάς, translit=Hagia kai Megale Hebdomas, lit=Holy and Great Week) is the most sacred week in the liturgical year in Christianity. In Eastern Churches, w ...

of 1942, Friede made the first documentary about the important

archaeological Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscap ...

and

UNESCO World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for ...

San Agustín.Historia de la arqueología en San Agustín
/ref> This formed the onset of further studies of the indigenous people of Colombia between 1943 and 1946.No figuraron en la série, pero los pidieron los lectores
- El Tiempo He lived in San Agustín until the end of 1945. In 1944, Friede published his book ''El indio en la lucha por la tierra'', where he described the continuous repression of the indigenous people of the department of Cauca.Zuluaga, 2002, p.155 Friede is considered together with Jaime Jaramillo Uribe, Luis Eduardo Nieto Arteta and Luis Ospina Vásquez, one of the founders of "New History" in Colombia, after writing a voluminous work about the conquests and indigenous history in his 1955 publication ''Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de Colombia''.Puentes & Suárez, 2014, p.41Toro Agudelo, 2012, p.13 In 1959 the Department of Social Sciences of the

was founded, where Juan Friede was one of the main professors.Biografía Juan Friede
/ref>Pineda Camacho, 2004, p.70 Between 1962 and 1990, Friede lived in Colombia and the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ...

. Juan Friede has published 682 works in Spanish and English.Juan Friede
-

WorldCat WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of tens of thousands of institutions (mostly libraries), in many countries, that are current or past members of the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc. Many of the O ...

He spoke fluent Russian, German, French, English and Spanish.

Research by Juan Friede

Muisca raft - detail - Museo del Oro, Bogotá

Indigenous peoples of Colombia

Friede has published various books and articles about the indigenous peoples of Colombia, among others the Muisca, Andaquí,

Arhuaco The Arhuaco are an indigenous people of Colombia. They are Chibchan-speaking people and descendants of the Tairona culture, concentrated in northern Colombia in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Name The Arhuaco are also known as the Aruaco, ...

, Kofán and Quimbaya.

Conquest

Many

conquistadors Conquistadors (, ) or conquistadores (, ; meaning 'conquerors') were the explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, ...

as well as

Spanish chroniclers Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...

in Colombia have been described in biographies by Juan Friede. On Pedro de Aguado, whose birth date is uncertain, he wrote that De Aguado was baptised in Valdemoro on January 26, 1513.Friede, 1964, pp.177-232 Friede published about

Rodrigo de Bastidas Rodrigo de Bastidas (; Triana, Seville, Andalusia, c. 1465 – Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 28 July 1527) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who mapped the northern coast of South America, discovered Panama, and founded the city of Santa Marta. ...

and others in ''La conquista del territorio y el poblamiento''.Friede, 1981, p.131 The abuse of the indigenous people by

Pedro de Heredia Pedro de Heredia (c. 1505 in Madrid – January 27, 1554 in Zahara de los Atunes, Cádiz) was a Spanish conquistador, founder of the city of Cartagena de Indias and explorer of the northern coast and the interior of present-day Colombia. Early ...

was reported by Friede in ''Fuentes documentales para la historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada: desde la instalación de la Real Audiencia en Santafé''.Friede, 1976 Juan Friede has published various works about the

Spanish conquest of the Muisca The Spanish conquest of the Muisca took place from 1537 to 1540. The Muisca were the inhabitants of the central Andean highlands of Colombia before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. They were organised in a loose confederation of diff ...

and the foundation of Bogotá. He described the routes of the main conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and Nikolaus Federmann towards the

Bogotá savanna The Bogotá savanna is a montane savanna, located in the southwestern part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the center of Colombia. The Bogotá savanna has an extent of and an average altitude of . The savanna is situated in the Eastern Ran ...

and Eastern Hills in ''Descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada y Fundación de Bogotá (1536–1539)''.Friede, 1960a, pp.69-78 In 1960, Friede published a review of ''

Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada ''Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada'' (English: ''Summary of the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada'') is a document of uncertain authorship, possibly (partly) written by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada betw ...

'', an early publication about the conquest expeditions of the Spanish against the Muisca and Panche of uncertain authorship. Friede maintains the work has been written entirely by

Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada y Rivera, also spelled as Ximénez and De Quezada, (;1496 16 February 1579) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador in northern South America, territories currently known as Colombia. He explored the territory named ...

, the main conquistador of central-Colombia.Descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada y Fundación de Bogotá - ''Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada''
- Banco de la RepúblicaFriede, 1960b, p.93Friede, 1960b, p.94

History

Friede also published about the post-Spanish history of Colombia and Peru; the

Battle of Boyacá The Battle of Boyacá (1819), was the decisive battle that ensured the success of Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada. The battle of Boyaca is considered the beginning of the independence of the north of South America, and is considered ...

in 1819, the

Battle of Ayacucho The Battle of Ayacucho ( es, Batalla de Ayacucho, ) was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. This battle secured the independence of Peru and ensured independence for the rest of South America. In Peru it is co ...

in 1824, the foundation of the Mint in Bogotá in the seventeenth century, the history of Pereira and Popayán, especially Juan del Valle,Personalidades del ámbito religioso colombiano
- Banco de la República and the Colombian painters

Carlos Correa Carlos Javier Correa Oppenheimer Jr. (born September 22, 1994) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball shortstop who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros, who selected him first overall in ...

and Luis Alberto Acuña.Álvarez, 2014, p.28 Juan Friede Alter wrote a critical review of

friar A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders founded in the twelfth or thirteenth century; the term distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the ...

Pedro Simón, and together with

Benjamin Keen Benjamin Keen (1913–2002) was an American historian specialising in the history of colonial Latin America. Keen received his PhD from Yale and taught at Amherst College, West Virginia University, and Jersey State College before joining North ...

he published a major biography of friar

Bartolomé de las Casas Bartolomé de las Casas, OP ( ; ; 11 November 1484 – 18 July 1566) was a 16th-century Spanish landowner, friar, priest, and bishop, famed as a historian and social reformer. He arrived in Hispaniola as a layman then became a Dominican friar ...

in 1971.Friede & Keen, 1971

Works

This list is a selection.

Books

Indigenous people

* 1979 - ''Indígenas y represión en Colombia'' * 1974 - ''Los chibchas bajo la dominación española'' * 1973 - ''La explotación indígena en Colombia bajo el gobierno de las misiones el caso de los aruacos de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta'' * 1963 - ''Los quimbayas bajo la dominación española : estudio documental 1539-1810'' * 1963 - ''Problemas sociales de los aruacos: tierras, gobierno, misiones'' * 1953 - ''Los andakí, 1538-1947: historia de la aculturación de una tribu selvática'' * 1952 - ''Los Kofán: una tribu de la alta Amazonia colombiana'' * 1944 - ''Comunidades indígenas del macizo colombiano'' * 1944 - ''El indio en lucha por la tierra: historia de los resguardos del macizo central colombiano''. Editorial Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, 2020 * 1943 - ''Los indios del alto Magdalena (vida, luchas y exterminio) 1609-1931''

Conquest

* 1991 - ''Cristobal Colón y el encuentro de dos mundos'' * 1979 - ''El Adelantado don Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada'' * 1974 - ''Biografía de Nicolás Federman, conquistador de Venezuela, 1506?-1542'' * 1970 - ''Rutas de Cartagena de Indias a Buenos Aires y sublevaciones de Pizarro, Castilla y Hernández Girón, 1540-1570'' * 1966 - ''Invasión del país de los chibchas, conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada y fundación de Santafé de Bogotá: revaluaciones y rectificaciones'' * 1965 - ''Historia extensa de Colombia. 2, Descubrimiento y conquista del nuevo reino de Granada: introducción'' * 1965 - ''La extraordinaria experiencia de Francisco Martín (1531-1533)'' * 1963 - ''Vasco Núñez de Balboa y el descubrimiento del oceano pacifico'' * 1961 - ''Los Welser en la conquista de Venezuela'' * 1960 - ''Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada a través de documentos históricos; estudio biográfico'' * 1960 - ''Vida y viajes de Nicolás Féderman, conquistador, poblador y cofundador de Bogotá, 1506-1542'' * 1959 - ''El 450 aniversario del nacimiento de Gonzalo Giménez de Quesada'' * 1959 - ''Geographical ideas and the conquest of Venezuela'' * 1957 - ''Sebastián de Benalcázar en el descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada'' * 1952 - ''Algunas observaciones sobre la realidad de la emigración española a América en la primera mitad del siglo XVI'' * 1950 - ''Antecedentes histórico-geográficos del descubrimiento de la meseta Chibcha por el licenciado Jiménez de Quesada''

General history

* 1974 - ''La Batalla de Ayacucho, 9 de diciembre de 1824'' * 1971 - ''Bartolomé de las Casas in history: toward an understanding of the man and his work'' - with

* 1968 - ''La batalla de Boyacá, 7 de agosto de 1819, a través de los archivos españoles. Recopilación documental, transcrita y anotada'' * 1964 - ''Fray Pedro Aguado y Fray Antonio Medrano, historiadores de Colombia y Venezuela'' * 1963 - ''Acerca del nombre del Perú'' * 1963 - ''Documentos sobre la fundación de la Casa de Moneda en Santa Fe de Bogotá (1614-1635) conservados en el Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla'' * 1963 - ''Historia de Pereira'' * 1961 - ''Vida y luchas de don Juan del Valle, primer obispo de Popayán y protector de indios; estudio documental basado en investigaciones realizadas en los archivos de Colombia, España y el Vaticano'' * 1959 - ''La censura española del siglo XVI y los libros de Historia de América'' * 1957 - ''Los franciscanos y el clero en el nuevo reino de Granada durante el siglo XVI'' * 1945 - ''El pintor colombiano The Colombian painter, Carlos Correa''

Articles

* 1963 - ''Colones alemanes en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta'' * 1961 - ''El primer libro colombiano'' * 1961 - ''La introduccion de mineros alemanes en America por la compañia Welser de Augsburgo'' * 1960 - ''Quién fué el autor del "Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada"?'' * 1957 - ''Los franciscanos y el clero en el nuevo reino de Granada durante el siglo XVI'' * 1956 - ''Nicolás Féderman en el descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada'' * 1955 - ''La rebelión de Álvaro de Oyón'' * 1952 - ''Las minas de Muzo y la "Peste" acaecida a principios del Siglo XVII en el Nuevo Reino de Granada'' * 1951 - ''Book Review: Los Muiscas antes de la Conquista'' * 1947 - ''El arte de los Kofán''

Trivia

* Juan Friede is featured on a Colombian postage stamp of 1997List of postage stamps of Colombia
/ref> * The wooden house where Friede lived in San Agustín was turned into the ''Casa Museo Juan Friede'' ("Juan Friede Museum") in 2006Casa Museo Juan Friede, San Augustin - Colombia
- Alexander ShimmeckCasa Museo Juan Friede, Parque Arqueológico Alto de los Ídolos, Huila
/ref>

References

Cited works by Juan Friede

* * * * * *

Biography of Juan Friede

Other bibliography

* * * * * * * *

External links

*
Los indios y la Historia by Juan Friede
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Friede, Juan 1901 births 1990 deaths Colombian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent Colombian Jews Colombian anthropologists Colombian archaeologists 20th-century Colombian businesspeople 20th-century Colombian historians Muisca scholars Academic staff of the National University of Colombia Vienna University of Economics and Business alumni Alumni of the London School of Economics 20th-century archaeologists 20th-century anthropologists Emigrants from the Soviet Union Immigrants to Colombia

Biography

Research by Juan Friede

Indigenous peoples of Colombia

Conquest

History

Works

Books

Indigenous people

Conquest

General history

Articles

Trivia

See also

References

Cited works by Juan Friede

Biography of Juan Friede

Other bibliography

External links