Joshua King Ingalls (July 16, 1816 – Mar 3, 1899) was an American inventor, Christian minister, writer and land reformer who influenced contemporary

individualist anarchists Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and to value independence and self-relia ...

, despite never self-identifying as one.

Biography

Ingalis was born in Swansea, Massachusetts on July 16, 1816. He married Amanda Gray (1819–1879) on October 29, 1837; they had four children. Ingalls was an associate of

Benjamin Tucker Benjamin Ricketson Tucker (; April 17, 1854 – June 22, 1939) was an American individualist anarchist and libertarian socialist.Martin, James J. (1953)''Men Against the State: The Expositers of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908''< ...

and the Boston anarchists. He believed that government protection of idle land was the foundational source of all limitations on individual

liberty Liberty is the ability to do as one pleases, or a right or immunity enjoyed by prescription or by grant (i.e. privilege). It is a synonym for the word freedom. In modern politics, liberty is understood as the state of being free within society fr ...

. This was in disagreement with Tucker who, while also opposing protection of idle land, believed that government protection of the "banking monopoly" was the greatest evil. Like the individualist anarchists of the United States, Ingalls believed in a form of free-market socialism where "Every man will be rewarded according to his work" and each person was to receive the "...whole product of his labor." And even denounced capitalism in his critique of land monopoly. Originally published in ''Critics of Henry George: A Centenary Appraisal of Their Strictures on Progress and Poverty'' (1979), p. 234–. Ingalls first learned of the mutualism of

Proudhon Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (, , ; 15 January 1809, Besançon – 19 January 1865, Paris) was a French socialist,Landauer, Carl; Landauer, Hilde Stein; Valkenier, Elizabeth Kridl (1979) 959 "The Three Anticapitalistic Movements". ''European Soci ...

through Charles A. Dana's articles titled "European Socialism". His three main influences were Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,

Josiah Warren Josiah Warren (; 1798–1874) was an American utopian socialist, American individualist anarchist, individualist philosopher, polymath, social reformer, inventor, musician, printer and author. He is regarded by anarchist historians like James ...

, and Stephen Pearl Andrews. Ingalls died at home in

Glenora, New York Glenora is a hamlet in the town of Starkey, Yates County, New York, United States. It is part of the Finger Lakes The Finger Lakes are a group of eleven long, narrow, roughly north–south lakes located south of Lake Ontario in an area call ...

, on Mar 3, 1899.

Works

Economic Equities: A Compend of the Natural Laws of Industrial Production (1887)
* ''Reminiscences of an Octogenarian in the Fields of Industrial and Social Reform''. Elmira, New York: Gazette Company, 1897

References

External links

"Another Consistent Anti-Monopolist,"
by J. K. Ingalls, in ''Liberty'' VII.22 (February 21, 1891)
''J. K. Ingalls, Land Reformer''
excerpted from ''Men Against the State'' by James J. Martin
Joshua King Ingalls
at The Libertarian Labyrinth 1816 births 1899 deaths American anarchists American anti-capitalists American inventors American male non-fiction writers American political writers American temperance activists Anarchist writers Christian anarchists Individualist anarchists Mutualists Writers from Massachusetts People from Swansea, Massachusetts {{Anarchist-stub