Jorge González von Marées (4 April 1900 – 14 March 1962), also known as ''El Jefe'' (

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

: ''The chief'', analogous to the

Führer ( ; , spelled or ''Fuhrer'' when the umlaut is not available) is a German word meaning "leader" or " guide". As a political title, it is strongly associated with the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler. Nazi Germany cultivated the ("leader princip ...

) was a Chilean political figure and author who served two terms as a member of the Chamber of Deputies and as mayor of

Ñuñoa Ñuñoa (; from Mapudungun ''Ñuñohue'', "place of yellow flowers") is a commune of the Northeastern zone of Santiago, in the Santiago Metropolitan Region of Chile. According to the 2021 Urban Life Quality Index (ICVU), it is considered the fou ...

. Born in

Santiago Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated region, the Santiago Metropolitan Region, whos ...

to Sofía von Marées Sommer, a German noble mother and niece of

Hans von Marées Hans von Marées (24 December 1837 – 5 June 1887) was a German painter. Initially specialising in portraiture he later turned to mythological subjects. He spent the last years of his life in Italy. Life Marées was born into a banking family ...

, and Marcial González Azócar, physician and founder of ''Clínica Alemana''. He studied in

Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera, often shortened to Instituto Nacional (National Institute), is a public boys' school in downtown Santiago, Chile which teaches 4.400 students between 7th and 12th grade. 170 teachers are employed ...

, an elite public school back then, later studying

Law Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been vario ...

and

Engineering Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more speciali ...

, the latter incomplete, in

Universidad de Chile The University of Chile ( es, Universidad de Chile) is a public research university in Santiago, Chile. It was founded on November 19, 1842, and inaugurated on September 17, 1843.

, Chile's most prestigious public university. He was ideologically influenced by

Oswald Spengler Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (; 29 May 1880 – 8 May 1936) was a German historian and philosopher of history whose interests included mathematics, science, and art, as well as their relation to his organic theory of history. He is best kno ...

. On 5 April 1932 he founded the National Socialist Movement of Chile to oppose democratism, americanism, and communism. González von Marées organized a failed coup d'état attempt on 5 September 1938, in which 60 young ''nacista'' members were shot to death by

carabineros The was an armed carabiniers force of Spain under both the monarchy and the Second Spanish Republic, Second Republic. The formal mission of this paramilitary gendarmerie was to patrol the coasts and borders of the country, operating against ...

, in what became known as the

Seguro Obrero massacre The Seguro Obrero massacre ( es, Matanza del Seguro Obrero, lit=Workers Insurance's Massacre) occurred on September 5, 1938, and was the Chilean government's response to an attempted coup d'état by the National Socialist Movement of Chile (MNSC ...

. He was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment, but subsequently pardoned by president

Pedro Aguirre Cerda Pedro Abelino Aguirre Cerda (; February 6, 1879 – November 25, 1941) was a Chilean political figure, educator, and lawyer who served as the 22nd president of Chile from 1938 until his death in 1941. A member of the Radical Party since 1906, ...

. After this, he became leader of the far-right Popular Socialist Vanguard until 1943, when the Chilean Nazi movement disbanded due to the country cutting off all relations with Germany in

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

Works

* González von Marées, Jorge (1932). ''La concepción nacista del Estado.'' Santiago, Chile. * González von Marées, Jorge (1937). ''El problema del hambre.'' Santiago, Chile: Editorial Ercilla. * González von Marées, Jorge (1939). ''Pueblo y Estado.'' Santiago, Chile. * González von Marées, Jorge (1940). ''El mal de Chile: Sus causas y remedios.'' Santiago, Chile: Ediciones Diego Portales.

References

* ''Nacismo: National Socialism in Chile 1932-1938'' by M. Potashnik, Ph.D. dissertation,

University of California, Los Angeles The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California. UCLA's academic roots were established in 1881 as a teachers college then known as the southern branch of the California S ...

1974. * ''Jorge González von Marées: Chief of Chilean Nacism'' by George F. W. Young, an article in ''Jahrbuch für Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas'', Band 11, 1974 * ''The National Socialist Movement of Chile'' by H.E. Bicheno,

Cambridge University The University of Cambridge is a Public university, public collegiate university, collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by Henry III of England, Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the world' ...

thesis, 1976 * ''

Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 The ''Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890'' is a reference book by Philip Rees, on leading people in the various far right movements since 1890. It contains entries for what the author regards as "the 500 major figures on the r ...

'' edited by

Philip Rees Philip Rees (born 1941) is a British writer and librarian formerly in charge of acquisitions at the J. B. Morrell Library, University of York. He has written books on fascism and the extreme right. Works *''Fascism in Britain'' (Harvester Pres ...

, 1991, * ''Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity'' (Chap. 9) by

Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (15 January 195329 August 2012) was a British historian and professor of Western esotericism at the University of Exeter, best known for his authorship of several scholarly books on the history of Germany between the W ...

, 2001, * ''The Tragedy of Chile'' by Robert J. Alexander, Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1978

External links

What Difference Does Gender Make? The Extreme Right in the ABC Countries in the Era of Fascism
by Sandra McGee Deutsch
Chile
from the Antisemitism and Xenophobia Today (AXT) site {{DEFAULTSORT:Gonzalez von Marees, Jorge 1900 births 1962 deaths Politicians from Santiago Writers from Santiago Chilean people of Spanish descent Chilean people of German descent National Socialist Movement of Chile politicians Popular Socialist Vanguard politicians Liberal Party (Chile, 1849) politicians Deputies of the XXXVIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile Deputies of the XXXIX Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile Chilean anti-communists Chilean essayists Chilean political writers German untitled nobility 20th-century essayists Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera alumni University of Chile alumni

Works

See also

References

External links