John de Breton
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John de Breton (died ) was a medieval
Bishop of Hereford The Bishop of Hereford is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Hereford in the Province of Canterbury. The episcopal see is centred in the Hereford, City of Hereford where the bishop's seat (''cathedra'') is in the Hereford Cathedr ...
. He served as a
royal justice Royal justices were an innovation in the law reforms of the Angevin kings of England. Royal justices were roving officials of the king, sent to seek out notorious robbers and murderers and bring them to justice. The first important step dates fro ...
and sheriff before being nominated to Hereford. He is sometimes credited with the legal treatise '' Britton''; but in its current form Breton cannot be the author as the work refers to laws written 15 years after the bishop's death.


Life

Breton was the son of William le Breton, a royal justice. The elder Breton, who is sometimes styled William Brito in records, came from a family who often served as justices and other legal officials.Gibbs and Lang ''Bishops and Reform'' p. 192 Occasionally the younger Breton appears in the records as John Bretun or John Brito. He served as Sheriff of Herefordshire from 1254 to 1257, and then as constable and bailiff of
Abergavenny Abergavenny (; cy, Y Fenni , archaically ''Abergafenni'' meaning "mouth of the River Gavenny") is a market town and community in Monmouthshire, Wales. Abergavenny is promoted as a ''Gateway to Wales''; it is approximately from the border wi ...
around 1257. In October 1259 he was sent abroad on matters pertaining to King
Henry III of England Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry a ...
, and Henry's son, the future
Edward I Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he ruled the duchies of Aquitaine and Gascony as a vassal o ...
. He then served Edward as keeper of the prince's wardrobe and then after November 1261 as the prince's steward.Harding "Breton, John le" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' In late 1261 Breton is noted as owing £120 in the royal records. A notation next to the debt implies that he was a canon of Hereford Cathedral at this point, but the ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300'' does not identify him as such.Barrow ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 8: Hereford'' Breton does not appear in the records from this point until after the
Battle of Evesham The Battle of Evesham (4 August 1265) was one of the two main battles of 13th century England's Second Barons' War. It marked the defeat of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, and the rebellious barons by the future King Edward I, who led the ...
in 1265, when he is noted as holding a grant of royal safeguarding. Breton served as a royal justice from 1266, first in the Court of Common Pleas, and then at the
King's Bench The King's Bench (), or, during the reign of a female monarch, the Queen's Bench ('), refers to several contemporary and historical courts in some Commonwealth jurisdictions. * Court of King's Bench (England), a historic court court of commo ...
from 1268.Barrow ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 8: Hereford: Bishops'' He was elected to the
see of Hereford The Diocese of Hereford is a Church of England diocese based in Hereford, covering Herefordshire, southern Shropshire and a few parishes within Worcestershire in England, and a few parishes within Powys and Monmouthshire in Wales. The cathedral i ...
around 6 January 1269. He was consecrated on 2 June 1269Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 250 at Waverley by
Nicholas of Ely Nicholas of Ely was Lord Chancellor of England, Bishop of Worcester, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord High Treasurer in the 13th century. Life Nicholas was Archdeacon of Ely when he was first appointed chancellor by Henry III in 1260, but he w ...
who was
Bishop of Winchester The Bishop of Winchester is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Winchester in the Church of England. The bishop's seat (''cathedra'') is at Winchester Cathedral in Hampshire. The Bishop of Winchester has always held ''ex officio'' (except dur ...
. After his election and consecration, he no longer served as a royal justice. Breton was given leave to go to the continent to meet Edward when he returned from Crusade, in 1273, but the bishop did not attend Edward's coronation.


Death and legacy

Breton died on or before 12 May 1275, when the custodian of the bishopric was given orders to seize Breton's estate because of debts owed to the king. These debts dated back over 20 years, to his time as sheriff. A Thomas le Breton, presumably a relative, was a canon at Hereford Cathedral from 1273, and probably owed his office to John.Barrow ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 8: Hereford: Canons whose prebends cannot be identified'' A number of chronicles that mention Breton's death also note that he was the author of a legal treatise entitled ''le Bretoun'', but this cannot be the surviving work called '' Britton'', at least not in the current form, as that work discusses laws composed 15 years after Breton's death. It is unclear why he was credited with the work, and whether this attribution is just a confusion of Breton with the real author or if he did in fact author the work, which was later revised. The fact that the ''Britton'' is written in French, not Latin, and that it contains little information about the theory of law, being mostly concerned with the practical application of laws, points rather strongly to an author who was a royal justice, which Breton was.


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References

* * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Breton, John De Bishops of Hereford 13th-century English Roman Catholic bishops 1275 deaths High Sheriffs of Herefordshire Year of birth unknown