John W. Jones (ex-slave)
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John W. Jones (June 21, 1817 – December 26, 1900), was born on a plantation in Leesburg, Virginia, he was enslaved by the Ellzey family. Jones is buried in
Woodlawn National Cemetery Woodlawn National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery within Woodlawn Cemetery, which is in the city of Elmira, in Chemung County, New York. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses , and as o ...
, not far from
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. He was married to Rachel Jones (née Swails) in 1856, with whom he had three sons and one daughter. On June 3, 1844, fearing he would be sold to another plantation, as his owner grew old and near death, Jones and four others fled north. They survived a 300-mile trip and arrived in
Elmira, New York Elmira () is a city and the county seat of Chemung County, New York, United States. It is the principal city of the Elmira, New York, metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses Chemung County. The population was 26,523 at the 2020 cens ...
in July 1844. In Elmira, Jones was an active agent in the
Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early- to mid-19th century. It was used by enslaved African Americans primarily to escape into free states and Canada. T ...
.


Slave life and escape

As a youngster, Jones was the houseboy of William Ellzey's daughter, Miss Sally. Miss Sarah (Sally) Ellzey was fond of John and was a good friend to him. But she was getting on in years, and John was concerned about what would happen to him once she died. On June 3, 1844, he left with his two half-brothers, George and Charles, along with Jefferson Brown and John Smith, who were enslaved people at a nearby estate. They followed the
Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early- to mid-19th century. It was used by enslaved African Americans primarily to escape into free states and Canada. T ...
that went through Williamsport,
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,
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and South Creek. While fleeing, Jones and his companions fought off slave hunters in
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and made their way into the free state of
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. They continued heading north and took refuge in
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in a barn on South Creek Farm owned by Dr. Nathaniel Smith. Mrs. Smith found the exhausted and hungry fugitives and cared for them until they could continue their journey. Jones is believed to have been so grateful that after she died, flowers mysteriously appeared on her grave until Jones died. The five men reached Elmira on July 5, 1844.


Underground Railroad

Jones' adopted home of Elmira was a major stop for the
Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early- to mid-19th century. It was used by enslaved African Americans primarily to escape into free states and Canada. T ...
. Most of the people who were escaping slavery that passed through came via
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and Williamsport, continuing their route to Rochester or another "station." Elmira's participation in the Underground Railroad was significant due to its location between Philadelphia and
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; the final destination for many escaping slavery. At one point in July 1845, 17 people who were escaping slavery were in the Elmira area, hiding on farms and at other places. The completion of the
Northern Central Railway The Northern Central Railway (NCRY) was a Class I Railroad connecting Baltimore, Maryland with Sunbury, Pennsylvania, along the Susquehanna River. Completed in 1858, the line came under the control of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) in 1861, wh ...
after 1850 further escalated Elmira's contribution to the Underground Railroad. The new railway allowed people who were escaping slavery to hide in baggage cars, making their journey quicker and easier. Jones became an active agent in the Underground Railroad in 1851. By 1860, Jones aided in the escape of 860 people who had been enslaved. He usually received the fugitives in parties of six to ten, but there were times he found shelter for up to 30 men, women, and children a night. It is believed Jones sheltered many in his own home behind First Baptist Church. Of those 860, none were captured or returned to the South. In 1854 the tracks from Williamsport to Elmira were completed. Jones made an arrangement with Northern Central employees and hid the fugitives in the 4 o'clock "Freedom Baggage Car," directly to
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via Watkins Glen and Canandaigua. Most of Jones's "baggage" eventually landed in St. Catharine's.


Employment

Some of his early jobs in Elmira included chopping wood, working in a candle shop, and cleaning as a janitor for Miss Clara Thurston's school for young ladies on Main Street.


Sexton at First Baptist

Jones became the sexton of Elmira's First Baptist Church in 1847 and purchased a house next to the church for $500. During this time, Jones kept a record of the church's dead buried at the Second Street Cemetery. In the days when he was sexton of the First Baptist Church, there was no paid fire department. As was the practice, a volunteer fireman would rush to Jones' little "yellow house" to rout him out to go to the church and ring the bells to summon the other volunteers. After other churches obtained bells, there became a contest to see which sexton could be the first to ring the alarm. A $2.00 fee was paid by the fireman to the sexton whose bell rang first. Jones generally won the contest by cleverly attaching one end of a rope to the bell clapper and the other end to his bed post. Jones continued to serve as sexton for First Baptist Church for 43 years.


Burial of Confederate soldiers

During the Civil War, he buried the Confederate dead from the Elmira Prison Camp at
Woodlawn National Cemetery Woodlawn National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery within Woodlawn Cemetery, which is in the city of Elmira, in Chemung County, New York. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses , and as o ...
. Of the 2,963 prisoners who Jones buried, only seven are listed as unknown. Jones kept such precise records that on December 7, 1877, the federal government declared the burial site a national cemetery. His extensive records allowed the federal government to place accurate headstones on all but seven of the 2,973 Confederate graves in 1907. Each coffin was clearly marked with any information that the soldier had been willing to share; the information also was placed in a sealed bottle inside the coffin. Any valuables owned by the soldier at the time of his death were carefully cataloged and stored. The graves were identified with wooden markers and arranged in a pattern that suggested soldiers lined up for inspection. They were surrounded by the graves of Union soldiers, grouped as though they were still on guard. When the families received the precious family photographs, treasures, letters, and remembrances that Jones had kept for them, they were so moved that only three bodies were removed for reburial. When the son of the Ellzeys' overseer, John R. Rollins, died at the prison camp, Jones arranged to send the body back to the family. And a few years after the war, Jones returned to the Ellzey plantation and was warmly received. Jones received $2.50 from the government for each Confederate soldier buried. This money eventually enabled him to buy his College Avenue farm and to be rated as the wealthiest black man in this part of the state. The
John W. Jones House The John W. Jones House currently stands at 1250 Davis Street, Elmira, New York, across from a historic entrance to Woodlawn Cemetery. It is the former home of John W. Jones and current home of the John W. Jones Museum. It stands on part of it ...
still stands at a Davis Street location on the original farm property. an
''Accompanying 4 photos, from 2003''
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Personal life

John was married to Rachel Jones (née Swails), the sister of
Stephen Atkins Swails Stephen Atkins Swails (23 February 1832 – 17 May 1900) was a soldier in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Although originally enlisting as a private, he was the first African-American soldier promoted to commissioned rank, as a lin ...
, in 1856; they had three sons and one daughter together. One of his sons, George Henry Jones, died on October 20, 1864, at only three years of age.


References


External links


John W. Jones Museum



John W. Jones Papers
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, John W. 1817 births 1900 deaths People from Elmira, New York People from Leesburg, Virginia 19th-century American slaves Underground Railroad people Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Elmira, New York) Activists from New York (state) Underground Railroad in New York (state) American former slaves