Johan Barthold Jongkind (3 June 1819 – 9 February 1891) was a Dutch

painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ...

and

printmaker Printmaking is the process of creating work of art, artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces. "Traditional printmaking" normally covers only the process of creating prints using a hand proce ...

. He painted marine landscapes in a free manner and is regarded as a forerunner of

Impressionism Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passa ...

Biography

Johan_Barthold_Jongkind_-_Overschie_bij_maneschijn

Johan Barthold Jongkind The Seine and Notre-Dame in Paris

Jongkind was born in the town of

Lattrop Lattrop is a village in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is a part of the municipality of Dinkelland, and lies about 13 km north of Oldenzaal. Overview It was first mentioned in 1272 as Lattorpe, and means "village of Læta (partially ...

in the

Overijssel Overijssel (, ; nds, Oaveriessel ; german: Oberyssel) is a province of the Netherlands located in the eastern part of the country. The province's name translates to "across the IJssel", from the perspective of the Episcopal principality of U ...

province of the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

near the border with

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

. Trained at the art academy in

The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital o ...

under

Andreas Schelfhout Andreas Schelfhout (1787–1870) was a Dutch painter, etcher and lithographer, known for his landscape paintings. Schelfhout belongs to the Romantic movement. His Dutch winter scenes and frozen canals with skaters were already famous during h ...

, in 1846 he moved to

Montparnasse Montparnasse () is an area in the south of Paris, France, on the left bank of the river Seine, centred at the crossroads of the Boulevard du Montparnasse and the Rue de Rennes, between the Rue de Rennes and boulevard Raspail. Montparnasse has bee ...

Paris, France Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...

where he studied under

Eugène Isabey Eugène Louis Gabriel Isabey (22 July 1803, in Paris – 25 April 1886, in Montévrain) was a French painter, lithographer and watercolorist in the Romantic style. Biography He was born to Jean-Baptiste Isabey, a well known painter wh ...

and

François-Édouard Picot François-Édouard Picot (; 10 October 1786 in Paris – 15 March 1868 in Paris) was a French painter during the July Monarchy, painting mythological, religious and historical subjects. Life Born in Paris, Picot won the Prix de Rome paint ...

. Two years later, the

Paris Salon The Salon (french: Salon), or rarely Paris Salon (French: ''Salon de Paris'' ), beginning in 1667 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Between 1748 and 1890 it was arguably the greatest annual or biennial ar ...

accepted his work for its exhibition, and he received acclaim from critic

Charles Baudelaire Charles Pierre Baudelaire (, ; ; 9 April 1821 – 31 August 1867) was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist and art critic. His poems exhibit mastery in the handling of rhyme and rhythm, contain an exoticism inherited fr ...

and later on from

Émile Zola Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (, also , ; 2 April 184029 September 1902) was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of ...

. He was to experience little success, however, and he suffered bouts of depression complicated by

alcoholism Alcoholism is, broadly, any drinking of alcohol that results in significant mental or physical health problems. Because there is disagreement on the definition of the word ''alcoholism'', it is not a recognized diagnostic entity. Predomi ...

. Jongkind returned to live in

Rotterdam Rotterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Rotte (river), Rotte'') is the second largest List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the Netherlands. It is in the Prov ...

in 1855, and remained there until 1860.Oxford Art Online: "Johan Barthold Jongkind" Back in Paris, in 1861 he rented a studio on the rue de Chevreuse in

where some of his paintings began to show glimpses of the

Impressionist Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passag ...

style to come. In 1862 he met in

Normandy Normandy (; french: link=no, Normandie ; nrf, Normaundie, Nouormandie ; from Old French , plural of ''Normant'', originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in Northwestern ...

, in the famous ''

ferme Saint-Siméon Ferme may refer to: * French ship ''Ferme'' (1699), a 72-gun ship of the line of the French Navy * French ship ''Ferme'' (1763), a 56-gun ''Bordelois''-class ship of the line of the French Navy * French ship ''Ferme'' (1785), a 74-gun ''Téméraire ...

'' in

Honfleur Honfleur () is a commune in the Calvados department in northwestern France. It is located on the southern bank of the estuary of the Seine across from le Havre and very close to the exit of the Pont de Normandie. The people that inhabit Honf ...

, with some of his artist friends, such as

Alfred Sisley Alfred Sisley (; ; 30 October 1839 – 29 January 1899) was an Impressionist landscape painter who was born and spent most of his life in France, but retained British citizenship. He was the most consistent of the Impressionists in his dedicatio ...

Eugène Boudin Eugène Louis Boudin (; 12 July 18248 August 1898) was one of the first French landscape painters to paint outdoors. Boudin was a marine painter, and expert in the rendering of all that goes upon the sea and along its shores. His pastels, summary ...

, and the young

Claude Monet Oscar-Claude Monet (, , ; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of impressionist painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. During ...

, to all of whom Jongkind served as a mentor. Monet later referred to him as "...a quiet man with such a talent that is beyond words" and credited the "definitive education" of his own eye to Jongkind.Boorsch & Marciari, p. 246. In 1863 Jongkind exhibited at the first

Salon des Refusés The Salon des Refusés, French for "exhibition of rejects" (), is generally known as an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously used to refer to the Salon des Refusés of 1863. Today, b ...

. He was invited to participate in the first exhibition of the Impressionist group in 1874, but he declined. In 1878, Jongkind and his companion Joséphine Fesser moved to live in the small town of

La Côte-Saint-André La Côte-Saint-André () is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. Populations Personalities *Hector Berlioz was born here. His birthplace is now a museum: Musée Hector-Berlioz. * Philippe du Contant de la Molette was bo ...

near

Grenoble lat, Gratianopolis , commune status = Prefecture and commune , image = Panorama grenoble.png , image size = , caption = From upper left: Panorama of the city, Grenoble’s cable cars, place Saint- ...

in the

Isère Isère ( , ; frp, Isera; oc, Isèra, ) is a landlocked department in the southeastern French region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Isère, it had a population of 1,271,166 in 2019.département In the administrative divisions of France, the department (french: département, ) is one of the three levels of government under the national level (" territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the communes. Ninety ...

in the southeast of France. He died in 1891 in

Saint-Égrève Saint-Égrève (; frp, Sant-Ègrèvo) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. It is part of the Grenoble urban unit (agglomeration). Population Twin towns - sister cities Saint-Égrève is twinned with: * Karben, Germ ...

, in the same département. He is buried in the cemetery of La Côte-Saint-André. Streets are named after him in some Dutch town quarters dedicated to 19th- and 20th-century Dutch painters in e.g. Overtoomse Veld-Noord, Amsterdam, and De Vijfhoek, Deventer.

Commemoration

On 2 June 2019, a statue of Jongkind made by Dutch sculptor Rob Houdijk was revealed in the Duifpolder between

Maassluis Maassluis () is a city in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality had a population of in and covered of which was water. It received city rights in 1811. History Maassluis was founded circa 1340 as a ...

and

Vlaardingen Vlaardingen () is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands. It is located on the north bank of the Nieuwe Maas river at the confluence with the Oude Maas. The municipality administers an area of , of which is land, with residents in . Geog ...

alongside the Vlaardingertrekvaart canal, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of his birth. At this spot, Jongkind must have made preparatory sketches of the ''Rechthuis van Zouteveen'' for one of his later etching ‘Les deux barques à voile’ from 1862.

Subject and style

Jongkind's most frequent subject was the marine landscape, which he painted both in the Netherlands and in France. Many of his works depict the

Seine ) , mouth_location = Le Havre/ Honfleur , mouth_coordinates = , mouth_elevation = , progression = , river_system = Seine basin , basin_size = , tributaries_left = Yonne, Loing, Eure, Risle , tributa ...

, particularly the area near

Notre-Dame Cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris (; meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), referred to simply as Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité (an island in the Seine River), in the 4th arrondissement of Paris. The cathedral, dedicated to th ...

. He painted watercolors out-of-doors, and used them as sketches for oil paintings made in his studio. His paintings are characterized by vigorous brushwork and strong contrasts. Like the 17th-century Dutch landscape painters of the Golden Age of Dutch painting, he typically composed his landscapes with a low horizon, allowing the sky to dominate.Reference is made to the following Dutch painters: Adriaen van Diest with ''Mediterranean port'', Thomas Heeremans with ''Village inn near a river'' and Jacob van Ruisdael with ''Winter landscape''. However, the horizon could fall even deeper, as seen in the painting ''The Gunfire'' by Willem van de Velde the Younger.

Selected paintings

File:View from the Quai d'Orsay MET DT5338.jpg, ''

View from the Quai d'Orsay ''View from the Quai d'Orsay'' is a mid-19th century painting by the Dutch artist Johan Barthold Jongkind. Executed in oils on canvas, the painting is currently in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Description The painting depic ...

'', 1854 File:Johan Barthold Jongkind 010.jpg, ''La Ciotat'', 1880 File:Johan Barthold Jongkind - Rue Notre-Dame, Parijs.jpg, ''Rue Nôtre-Dame, Paris'', 1866 File:Johan Barthold Jongkind 009.jpg, ''Ice Skaters'', 1866 File:Johan Barthold Jongkind 008.jpg, ''Sunset near Overschie'', 1867 File:Johan Barthold Jongkind 003.jpg, ''Landschaft'', date unknown File:Jongkind HollandBoatsMill.jpg, ''In Holland; Boats near the Mill'', 1868 File:Johan Barthold Jongkind, The Pont Neuf.jpg, ''The Pont Neuf'', date unknown File:Johan Bartold Jongkind - Fishing Boat.jpg, ''Fishing Boat'', 1878 Jongkind's paintings, prints, and sketches are exhibited in museums worldwide including

Museum Rotterdam The Museum Rotterdam, until 2011 called the Historical Museum Rotterdam, is a museum about the history of Rotterdam located at the Coolhaven. History In 1905 the museum was opened to the public as the Museum of Antiquities located at the Schie ...

Rijksmuseum Twenthe The Rijksmuseum Twenthe in Enschede, the Netherlands, was founded in 1927 by textile industry Baron Jan Bernard Van Heek. He donated his own private collection and the museum building to the government, thus making it a national museum. The muse ...

Petit Palais The Petit Palais (; en, Small Palace) is an art museum in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. Built for the 1900 Exposition Universelle ("universal exhibition"), it now houses the City of Paris Museum of Fine Arts (''Musée des beaux-arts ...

in Paris,

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

in New York City,

Museum of Fine Arts, Houston The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH), is an art museum located in the Houston Museum District of Houston, Texas. With the recent completion of an eight-year campus redevelopment project, including the opening of the Nancy and Rich Kinder Buil ...

Art Institute of Chicago The Art Institute of Chicago in Chicago's Grant Park, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the world. Recognized for its curatorial efforts and popularity among visitors, the museum hosts approximately 1.5 mill ...

National Gallery The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current Director ...

in London,

National Museum, Kraków The National Museum in Kraków ( pl, Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie), popularly abbreviated as MNK, is the largest museum in Poland, and the main branch of Poland's National Museum, which has several independent branches with permanent collections arou ...

, and .

Bibliographies

* Ankelle, Daniel (2011): ''Johan Jonkind: 75 Impressionist Paintings - Impressionisme'', Angelke Publishing LLC, ASIN: B005VU2H1Y. * Auffret, François (2003): ''Jongkind 1819-1891'' - Biographie Illustrée, Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris, . * Czymmek, Götz, Jaques Foucart John Sillevis u. a. (2004): ''Johan Barthold Jongkind: Ein Wegbereiter des Impressionismus'', Ausstellungskatalog Richartz Wallraf Museum, Köln, . *Hefting, Victorine (1975). ''Jongkind—sa vie, son œuvre, son époque''. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. * Patin, Sylvie (2014): ''Jongkind - une Fascination pour La Lumière'', Édition des Falaises, Rouen, . * Sillevis, John (2003): ''Jongkind Paintings'', Bibliothèque De L'image, Paris, . *Stein, Adolphe. ''Jongkind—catalogue critique de l'oeuvre''. (2003 volume 1) Paris: Brame & Lorenceau. .

Notes

References

* Boorsch, Suzanne, and John Marciari (2006). ''Master Drawings from the Yale University Art Gallery''. Yale University Press. *Hefting, Victorine. "Johan Barthold Jongkind", Oxford Art Online *University of California, Riverside, Los Angeles County Museum, & University of California, Riverside. (1974). ''The Impressionists and the Salon (1874-1886) honoring the centennial of the first impressionist exhibition: California collections''. Riverside, Calif.

External links

Association of the Friends of Jongkind (Société des amis de Jongkind)

Biography of Johann Jongkind
(includes a selection of his paintings)
In the Steps of Jongkind in the Dauphiné (Dans les pas de Jongkind en Dauphiné)

Biography notes and dates of Jongkind
in the Dutch R.K.D. Archive, The Hague
Many free images of paintings, drawings and prints of Jongkind
in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jongkind, Johan 1819 births 1891 deaths 19th-century Dutch painters 19th-century printmakers Dutch expatriates in France Dutch Impressionist painters Dutch male painters Dutch marine artists Dutch printmakers People from Lattrop 19th-century Dutch male artists