Jean Paul (; born Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, 21 March 1763 – 14 November 1825) was a German Romantic writer, best known for his humorous novels and stories.

Life and work

Jean Paul was born at

Wunsiedel (; Northern Bavarian: ''Wåuṉsieḏl'' or ''Wousigl'') is the seat of the Upper Franconian district of in northeast Bavaria, Germany. The town is the birthplace of poet Jean Paul. It also became known for its annual Festival and the Rudo ...

, in the

Fichtelgebirge The Fichtel MountainsRandlesome, C. et al. (2011). ''Business Cultures in Europe'', 2nd ed., Routledge, Abingdon and New York, p. 52. . (german: Fichtelgebirge, cs, Smrčiny), form a small horseshoe-shaped mountain range in northeastern Bavaria ...

mountains (

Franconia Franconia (german: Franken, ; Franconian dialect: ''Franggn'' ; bar, Frankn) is a region of Germany, characterised by its culture and Franconian dialect (German: ''Fränkisch''). The three administrative regions of Lower, Middle and Upper ...

). His father was an organist at Wunsiedel. In 1765 his father became a pastor at

Joditz Joditz is a village in Upper Franconia, in the municipality of Köditz and the district of Hof. Joditz lies in the valley of the Saale, ten kilometers north-west of the town of Hof. The village has 345 inhabitants (as of January 2010) and con ...

near Hof and, in 1767 at Schwarzenbach, but he died on 25 April 1779, leaving the family in great poverty. Later in life, Jean Paul noted, "The words that a father speaks to his children in the privacy of home are not heard by the world, but as in whispering-galleries, they are clearly heard at the end and by posterity." After attending the ''Gymnasium'' at Hof, in 1781 Jean Paul went to the

University of Leipzig Leipzig University (german: Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 December ...

. His original intention was to enter his father's profession, but theology did not interest him, and he soon devoted himself wholly to the study of literature. Unable to maintain himself at Leipzig he returned in 1784 to Hof, where he lived with his mother. From 1787 to 1789, he served as a tutor at

Töpen Töpen is a municipality in Upper Franconia in the district of Hof in Bavaria in Germany. History Between 1945 and 1966 Töpen served as West German inner German border crossing for cars travelling between the Soviet Zone of occupation in Ger ...

, a village near Hof; and from 1790 to 1794, he taught the children of several families in a school he had founded in nearby Schwarzenbach. Jean Paul began his career as a man of letters with ''Grönländische Prozesse'' ("

Greenland Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland ...

Lawsuits"), published anonymously in Berlin in 1783–84, and ''Auswahl aus des Teufels Papieren'' ("Selections from the Devil's Papers", signed J. P. F. Hasus), published in 1789. These works were not received with much favour, and in later life even their author had little sympathy for their satirical tone. Jean Paul's outlook was profoundly altered by a spiritual crisis he suffered on 15 November 1790, in which he had a vision of his own death. His next book, ''Die unsichtbare Loge'' ("The Invisible Lodge"), a romance published in 1793 under the pen-name Jean Paul (in honour of

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolu ...

), had all the qualities that were soon to make him famous, and its power was immediately recognized by some of the best critics of the day. Encouraged by the reception of ''Die unsichtbare Loge'', Richter composed a number of books in rapid succession: ''Leben des vergnügten Schulmeisterleins Maria Wutz in Auenthal'' ("Life of the Cheerful Schoolmaster Maria Wutz", 1793), the best-selling ''Hesperus'' (1795), which made him famous, ''Biographische Belustigungen unter der Gehirnschale einer Riesin'' ("Biographical Recreations under the Brainpan of a Giantess", 1796), ''Leben des Quintus Fixlein'' ("Life of Quintus Fixlein", 1796), ''Der Jubelsenior'' ("The Parson in Jubilee", 1797), and ''Das Kampaner Tal'' ("The Valley of Campan", 1797). Also among these was the novel ''

Siebenkäs ''Siebenkäs'' (Sevencheese) is a German Romantic novel by Jean Paul, published in Berlin in three volumes between 1796 and 1797. The novel's full title is ''Blumen-, Frucht- und Dornenstücke oder Ehestand, Tod und Hochzeit des Armenadvokaten ...

'' in 1796–97. ''

slightly

supernatural Supernatural refers to phenomena or entities that are beyond the laws of nature. The term is derived from Medieval Latin , from Latin (above, beyond, or outside of) + (nature) Though the corollary term "nature", has had multiple meanings si ...

theme, involving a

Doppelgänger A doppelgänger (), a compound noun formed by combining the two nouns (double) and (walker or goer) (), doppelgaenger or doppelganger is a biologically unrelated look-alike, or a double, of a living person. In fiction and mythology, a doppelg ...

and

pseudocide A faked death, also called a staged death or pseudocide, is the act of an individual purposely deceiving other people into believing that the individual is dead, when the person is, in fact, still alive. People who commit pseudocide can do so by l ...

, stirred some controversy over its interpretation of the

Resurrection Resurrection or anastasis is the concept of coming back to life after death. In a number of religions, a dying-and-rising god is a deity which dies and is resurrected. Reincarnation is a similar process hypothesized by other religions, whic ...

, but these criticisms served only to draw awareness to the author. This series of writings assured Richter a place in German literature, and during the rest of his life every work he produced was welcomed by a wide circle of admirers. After his mother's death in 1797, Richter went to

Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...

, and in the following year, to

Weimar Weimar is a city in the state of Thuringia, Germany. It is located in Central Germany between Erfurt in the west and Jena in the east, approximately southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden. Together with the neighbouri ...

, where he started work on his most ambitious novel, ''

Titan Titan most often refers to: * Titan (moon), the largest moon of Saturn * Titans, a race of deities in Greek mythology Titan or Titans may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional entities Fictional locations * Titan in fiction, fictiona ...

'', published between 1800 and 1803. Richter became friends with such Weimar notables as

Johann Gottfried Herder Johann Gottfried von Herder ( , ; 25 August 174418 December 1803) was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the Enlightenment, '' Sturm und Drang'', and Weimar Classicism. Biography Born in Mohr ...

, by whom he was warmly appreciated, but despite their close proximity, Richter never became close to

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as t ...

Friedrich Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (, short: ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, and philosopher. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if complicated, friendsh ...

, both of whom found his literary methods repugnant; but in Weimar, as elsewhere, his remarkable conversational powers and his genial manners made him a favorite in general society. The British writers

Thomas Carlyle Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher. A leading writer of the Victorian era, he exerted a profound influence on 19th-century art, literature and philosophy. Born in Ecclefechan, ...

and Thomas De Quincey took an interest in Jean Paul's work. Jean-Paul-Denkmal (02)

In 1801, he married Caroline Meyer, whom he had met in Berlin the year before. They lived first at

Meiningen Meiningen () is a town in the southern part of the state of Thuringia, Germany. It is located in the region of Franconia and has a population of around 25,000 (2021).

, then at Coburg; and finally, in 1804, they settled at

Bayreuth Bayreuth (, ; bar, Bareid) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Franconian Jura and the Fichtelgebirge Mountains. The town's roots date back to 1194. In the 21st century, it is the capital o ...

. Here Richter spent a quiet, simple, and happy life, constantly occupied with his work as a writer. In 1808 he was delivered from anxiety about outward necessities by Prince Primate

Karl Theodor von Dalberg Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg (8 February 1744 – 10 February 1817) was Prince- Archbishop of Regensburg, Arch-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, Bishop of Constance and Worms, prince-primate of the Confederation of the Rhine and ...

, who gave him an annual pension of 1,000 florins, which was later continued by the king of Bavaria. Jean Paul's ''Titan'' was followed by ''Flegeljahre'' ("The Awkward Age", 1804–5). His later imaginative works were ''Dr Katzenbergers Badereise'' ("Dr Katzenberger's Trip to the Medicinal Springs", 1809), ''Des Feldpredigers Schmelzle Reise nach Flätz'' ("Army Chaplain Schmelzle's Voyage to Flätz", 1809), ''Leben Fibels'' ("Life of Fibel", 1812), and ''Der Komet, oder Nikolaus Marggraf'' ("The Comet, or, Nikolaus Markgraf", 1820–22). In ''Vorschule der Aesthetik'' ("Introduction to Aesthetics", 1804) he expounded his ideas on art; he discussed the principles of education in ''Levana, oder Erziehungslehre'' ("Levana, or, Pedagogy", 1807); and the opinions suggested by current events he set forth in ''Friedenspredigt'' ("Peace Sermon", 1808), ''Dämmerungen für Deutschland'' ("Twilights for Germany", 1809), ''Mars und Phöbus Thronwechsel im Jahre 1814'' ("Mars and Phoebus Exchange Thrones in the Year 1814", 1814), and ''Politische Fastenpredigten'' ("Political Lenten Sermons", 1817). In his last years he began ''Wahrheit aus Jean Pauls Leben'' ("The Truth from Jean Paul's Life"), to which additions from his papers and other sources were made after his death by C. Otto and E. Förster. Also during this time he supported the younger writer

E. T. A. Hoffmann Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (born Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann; 24 January 1776 – 25 June 1822) was a German Romantic author of fantasy and Gothic horror, a jurist, composer, music critic and artist. Penrith Goff, "E.T.A. Hoffmann" in ...

, who long counted Richter among his influences. Richter wrote the preface to ''Fantasy Pieces'', a collection of Hoffmann's short stories published in 1814. In September 1821 Jean Paul lost his only son, Max, a youth of the highest promise; and he never quite recovered from this shock. He lost his sight in 1824, and died of

dropsy Edema, also spelled oedema, and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may include skin which feels tight, the area ma ...

at Bayreuth, on 14 November 1825.

Characteristics of his work

Jean Paul occupies an unusual position in German literature and has always divided the literary public. Some hold him in highest veneration while others treat his work with indifference. He took the Romantic formlessness of the novel to extremes: Schlegel called his novels soliloquies, in which he makes his readers take part (in this respect going even further than Laurence Sterne in '' Tristram Shandy''). Jean Paul habitually played with a multitude of droll and bizarre ideas: his work is characterized by wild metaphors as well as by digressive and partly labyrinthine plots. He mixed contemplation with

literary theory Literary theory is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for literary analysis. Culler 1997, p.1 Since the 19th century, literary scholarship includes literary theory and considerations of intellectual history, mor ...

: alongside spirited irony the reader finds bitter

satire Satire is a genre of the visual, literary, and performing arts, usually in the form of fiction and less frequently non-fiction, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, often with the intent of shaming o ...

and mild humour; next to soberly realistic passages there are romanticized and often ironically-curtailed

idyll An idyll (, ; from Greek , ''eidullion'', "short poem"; occasionally spelt ''idyl'' in American English) is a short poem, descriptive of rustic life, written in the style of Theocritus' short pastoral poems, the ''Idylls'' (Εἰδύλλια). ...

s, social commentary and political statements. The quick changes of mood attracted the composer Schumann whose '' Papillons'' was inspired by Jean Paul. His novels were especially admired by women. This was due to the empathy with which Jean Paul created the female characters in his works: never before in German literature were women represented with such psychological depth. At the same time however, his work contains misogynistic quips. Jean Paul's character may have been as diverse and as confusing as many of his novels: he was said to be very sociable and witty, while at the same time extremely sentimental: having an almost childlike nature, quickly moved to tears. It is obvious from his works that his interests encompassed not only literature but also astronomy and other sciences. It is no surprise that the relationship of so capricious an author with the Weimar classicists

Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as tr ...

and

Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (, short: ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, and philosopher. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if complicated, friends ...

always remained ambivalent: Schiller once remarked that Jean Paul was as alien to him as someone who fell from the moon, and that he might have been worthy of admiration "if he had made as good use of his riches as other men made of their poverty."

Herder A herder is a pastoral worker responsible for the care and management of a herd or flock of domestic animals, usually on open pasture. It is particularly associated with nomadic or transhumant management of stock, or with common land grazi ...

and Wieland on the other hand fully appreciated his work and supported him. Although he always kept his distance from the classicists, who wanted to "absolutize" art, and although his theoretical approach (most notably in his ''Introduction to Aesthetics'') was considerably influenced by Romanticism, it would be misleading to call him a Romantic without qualification. Here too he kept his distance: with all his subjectivism he didn't absolutize the subject of the author as the Romantics often did. Jean Paul had what had become rare amidst classical severity and romantic irony: humour. He also was one of the first who approached humour from a theoretical standpoint. He thought that both the Enlightenment and

metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, the first principles of being, identity and change, space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. It includes questions about the nature of conscio ...

had failed, though they still held importance for his worldview. He arrived at a philosophy without illusions, and a state of humorous resignation. Correspondingly he was one of the first defenders of

Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer ( , ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work ''The World as Will and Representation'' (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the pr ...

's philosophy. He didn't try to indoctrinate but to portray human happiness, even (and especially) in an increasingly alienated environment — the rococo castles and bleak villages of Upper Franconia. Jean Paul was not only the first to use and name the literary motif of the

, he also utilised it in countless variations (e.g. Siebenkäs and Leibgeber, Liane and Idoine, Roquairol and Albano). In his novel ''Siebenkäs'' he defines the ''Doppelgänger'' as the "people who see themselves." Jean Paul was a lifelong defender of

freedom of the press Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exerc ...

and his campaigns against censorship went beyond many of his contemporaries. In his ''Freiheitsbüchlein'' (1805), he maintains that books belong to humanity and should have the chance to have an impact on all times, not just the present moment, and therefore preventing a book from being published renders the censor a judge not just for contemporary society but for all future societies. Censorship is not feasible because it would be impossible to find a person able to fulfill the true requirements of the office. After the great achievements of the eighteenth century, the prospect of complete freedom of opinion, speech, and printing was real. Even under the tightened conditions of the Napoleonic occupation, Jean Paul continued to speak out in favor of reason, as in his ''Friedens-Predigt an Deutschland'' (1808). The last section of his ''Politische Fastenpredigten'' (1816) contains a warning to rulers that minds cannot be controlled, and that police action will only cause them to eventually explode like a champagne bottle.

Other

Rudolf Steiner Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 or 25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian occultist, social reformer, architect, esotericist, and claimed clairvoyant. Steiner gained initial recognition at the end of the nineteenth century as ...

edited a multi-volume collection of the works of Jean Paul. In published lectures, Steiner often mentioned the realization by the 7-year-old Jean Paul that he was an individual "Ego", expressed in Paul's surprise at understanding that "I am an I".

Quotations

* The long sleep of death closes our scars, and the short sleep of life our wounds. (''Der lange Schlaf des Todes schliesst unsere Narben zu, und der kurze des Lebens unsere Wunden'', ''Hesperus'', XX).

Works

* '' Abelard und Heloise'' 1781 * '' Grönländische Prozesse'' 1783–1784 * '' Auswahl aus des Teufels Papieren'' 1789 * '' Leben des vergnügten Schulmeisterlein Maria Wutz in Auenthal. Eine Art Idylle'' 1790 * '' Die unsichtbare Loge'' 1793 * ''

Hesperus In Greek mythology, Hesperus (; grc, Ἕσπερος, Hésperos) is the Evening Star, the planet Venus in the evening. He is one of the ''Astra Planeta''. A son of the dawn goddess Eos (Roman Aurora), he is the half-brother of her other son, ...

'' 1795 * '' Biographische Belustigungen'' 1796 * '' Leben des Quintus Fixlein'' 1796 * ''

'' 1796 * '' Der Jubelsenior'' 1797 * '' Das Kampaner Tal'' 1797 * '' Konjekturalbiographie'' 1798 * '' Des Luftschiffers Giannozzo Seebuch'' 1801 * ''

'' 1800–03 * '' Vorschule der Aesthetik'' 1804 * '' Flegeljahre'' (unfinished) 1804–05 * '' Freiheitsbüchlein'' 1805 * '' Levana oder Erziehlehre'' 1807 * '' Dr. Katzenbergers Badereise'' 1809 * '' Des Feldpredigers Schmelzle Reise nach Flätz'' 1809 * '' Leben Fibels'' 1812 * '' Bemerkungen über uns närrische Menschen'' * '' Clavis Fichtiana'' (see also

Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gottlieb Fichte (; ; 19 May 1762 – 29 January 1814) was a German philosopher who became a founding figure of the philosophical movement known as German idealism German idealism was a philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in ...

) * '' Das heimliche Klaglied der jetzigen Männer'' * '' Der Komet'' 1820–1822 * '' Der Maschinenmann'' * '' Die wunderbare Gesellschaft in der Neujahrsnacht'' * '' Freiheits-Büchlein'' * '' Selberlebenbeschreibung'' posthum 1826 * '' Selina'' posthum 1827

English translations

Most of Richter's long novels were translated into English during the mid-nineteenth century. Several editions of translated passages from various works were also published: * ''The Invisible Lodge'', trans. Charles T. Brooks, New York: Holt 1883 * ''Maria Wutz'' (various editions) ** ''Maria Wuz'', trans. Francis and Rose Storr, ''Maria Wuz and Lorenz Stark'', London: Longmans, Green, & Co, 1881 ** ''Maria Wutz'', trans. John D. Grayson, ''19th Century German Tales'', ed. Angel Flores, 1959, reissued 1966 ** ''Maria Wutz'', trans. Erika Casey, ''The Jean Paul Reader'', Johns Hopkins U, 1990 ** ''Maria Wutz'', trans. Francis and Rose Storr and Ruth Martin, Sublunary Editions, 2021 * ''Hesperus'' by Charles Brooks (1864) * ''Quintus Fixlein'', trans.

, 1827 * ''Siebenkäs'' (two editions) ** ''Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces'' trans. Edward Henry Noel (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863) ** ''Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces'' trans. Alexander Ewing (1877) * ''The Campaner Thal: or, Discourses on the Immortality of the Soul'' trans. Juliette Bauer (1848) * ''Quintus Fixlein'' and ''Schmelzles Reise'' (1827), trans.

* ''Titan'' by Charles Brooks (London: 1863; Boston: 1864) * ''Horn of Oberon : Jean Paul Richter's School for Aesthetics'' trans. Margaret R Hale, Wayne State UP, 1973 * ''Walt and Vult'' 'Flegeljahre''trans. Eliza Lee (1846) * Army Chaplain Schmelzle's Journey'' (1827), by

* ''Levana; or, the Doctrine of Education'', trans. A.H (1848, 1863, 1884, 1886, 1890) * ''The Death of an Angel & Other Pieces'' (1839) * ''Reminiscences of the Best Hours of Life for the Hour of Death'' trans. Joseph Dowe (1841)

Musical reception (selection)

Robert Schumann Robert Schumann (; 8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and influential music critic. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era. Schumann left the study of law, intending to pursue a career a ...

: '' Papillons pour le pianoforte seul'', 1832. * Johann Friedrich Kittl: ''Wär’ ich ein Stern'', 1838. * Robert Schumann: '' Blumenstück'', 1839. * Carl Grünbaum: ''Lied'' (Es zieht in schöner Nacht der Sternenhimmel), 1840. * Ernst Friedrich Kauffmann: ''Ständchen nach Jean Paul'', 1848. *

Carl Reinecke Carl Heinrich Carsten Reinecke (23 June 182410 March 1910) was a German composer, conductor, and pianist in the mid- Romantic era. Biography Reinecke was born in what is today the Hamburg district of Altona; technically he was born a Dane, a ...

: ''O wär’ ich ein Stern'' (from: Flegeljahre), 1850. *

Stephen Heller Stephen Heller (15 May 1813 – 14 January 1888) was a Hungarian pianist, teacher, and composer whose career spanned the period from Schumann to Bizet. Heller was an influence for later Romantic composers. He outlived his reputation, and was ...

: ''Blumen-, Frucht- und Dornenstücke'' (Nuits blanches), 1850. * Marta von Sabinin: ''O wär ich ein Stern'', 1855. * Ernst Methfessel: ''An Wina'', 1866. *

Gustav Mahler Gustav Mahler (; 7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was an Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer, and one of the leading conductors of his generation. As a composer he acted as a bridge between the 19th-century Austro-German tradition and the modernism ...

: Symphony No. 1 "Titan", 1889. * Ferdinand Heinrich Thieriot: ''Leben und Sterben des vergnügten Schulmeisterlein Wuz'', 1900. * Hugo Leichtentritt: ''Grabschrift des Zephyrs'', 1910. *

Henri Sauguet Henri-Pierre Sauguet-Poupard (18 May 1901 – 22 June 1989) was a French composer. Born in Bordeaux, he adopted his mother's maiden name as part of his professional pseudonym. His output includes operas, ballets, four symphonies (1945, 1949 ...

: ''Polymetres'', 1936. * Eduard Künnecke: ''Flegeljahre'', 1937. * Karl Kraft: ''Fünf kleine Gesänge auf Verse des Jean Paul für Singstimme und Klavier'', 1960. * Walter Zimmermann: ''Glockenspiel für einen Schlagzeuger'', 1983. * Wolfgang Rihm: ''Andere Schatten'' (from: Siebenkäs), 1985. * Oskar Sala: ''Rede des toten Christus vom Weltgebäude herab, dass kein Gott sei'', 1990. * Iván Erőd: ''Blumenstück für Viola solo'', 1995. * Thomas Beimel: ''Idyllen'', 1998/99. * Christoph Weinhart: ''Albanos Traum'', 2006. *

Georg Friedrich Haas Georg Friedrich Haas (born 16 August 1953 in Graz, Austria) is an Austrian composer. In a 2017 ''Classic Voice'' poll of the greatest works of art music since 2000, pieces by Haas received the most votes (49), and his composition ''in vain'' (2 ...

: ''Blumenstück'' (from: Siebenkäs), 2009. *

Ludger Stühlmeyer Ludger Stühlmeyer (born 3 October 1961 in Melle, West Germany) is a German cantor, composer, docent and musicologist. Biography Stühlmeyer was born to a family of cantors and made his first steps under the guidance of his father in the town ...

: ''Zum Engel der letzten Stunde'' (from: Das Leben des Quintus Fixlein), 2013.

Notes

References

* ;Attribution *

External links

* * * * * *
Jean Paul's works
at Projekt Gutenberg-DE (in German) * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Jean Paul 1763 births 1825 deaths People from Wunsiedel People from the Principality of Bayreuth 18th-century German novelists 19th-century German novelists German male novelists Writers from Bavaria 19th-century German male writers Blind people from Germany Deaths from edema 18th-century German male writers