Jean-Gabriel Charvet (1750–1829), also known as Jean Gabriel Charvet, was a French

painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ...

designer A designer is a person who plans the form or structure of something before it is made, by preparing drawings or plans. In practice, anyone who creates tangible or intangible objects, products, processes, laws, games, graphics, services, or exp ...

and

draftsman A drafter (also draughtsman / draughtswoman in British and Commonwealth English, draftsman / draftswoman or drafting technician in American and Canadian English) is an engineering technician who makes detailed technical drawings or plans for ...

who was born in

Serrières, Ardèche Serrières (; oc, Serreira) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France. Population See also *Communes of the Ardèche department *List of medieval bridges in France The list of medieval bridges in France comprises all ...

, France. He studied at the École de Dessin in

Lyon Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...

under the French artist

Donat Nonnotte Donatien Nonnotte (10 January 1708 – 4 February 1785) was a French painter who specialized in portraiture. A native of Besançon, Nonnotte was received by the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture in 1741 as a portrait painter. In 1754, ...

(1708–1785) and worked as a designer for the French

wallpaper Wallpaper is a material used in interior decoration to decorate the interior walls of domestic and public buildings. It is usually sold in rolls and is applied onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come plain as "lining paper" (so ...

manufacturer

Joseph Dufour et Cie Joseph Dufour et Cie, founded in 1797 by Joseph and Pierre Dufour, was a French painted wallpaper and fabrics manufacturer () located in Mâcon, France. General In 1806, in collaboration with the artist Jean-Gabriel Charvet, Dufour et Cie produced ...

(1752–1827) of

Mâcon Mâcon (), historically anglicised as Mascon, is a city in east-central France. It is the prefecture of the department of Saône-et-Loire in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Mâcon is home to near 34,000 residents, who are referred to in French as M ...

, France. In 1773, Charvet travelled to

Guadeloupe Guadeloupe (; ; gcf, label= Antillean Creole, Gwadloup, ) is an archipelago and overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands— Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and ...

in the

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean ...

on business for his uncle, and stayed for four years producing many studies of native flora and fauna, as well as landscapes. By 1785, he had established a drawing school in

Annonay Annonay (; oc, Anonai) is a commune and largest city in the north of the Ardèche department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France. It is the most populous commune in the Ardèche department although it is not the capital ...

, south of

had been a papermaking region since the Sixteenth Century. Charvet's reputation rests on twenty-panels of scenic wallpaper titled ''Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique'' (The Savages of the South Pacific) which combine to form a neoclassical depiction of the explorations of

Captain James Cook James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and ...

. The wallpaper was shown in Paris at the Exposition des produits de I’industrie francaise in 1806. Charvet died in

Tournon-sur-Rhône Tournon-sur-Rhône (; oc, Tornon) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France. It is one of the most populous commune in the Ardèche department, after Annonay, Aubenas, and Guilherand-Granges. Geography It is located on the ri ...

, France in 1829.

''Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique''

Historical Context: Panoramic Wallpaper Production

''Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique'' (''Les Sauvages'') is a scenic panoramic wallpaper designed by Jean-Gabriel Charvet and produced by

between 1804 and 1805 in Mâcon, France. ''Les Sauvages'' was one of the first panoramic wallpapers ever produced, premiering at th
French Industrial Exposition
in 1806. As such, the judge Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny noted that it was unusual in style and medium describing it as, “perhaps the most curious example of this art”. It was one of the largest panoramic wallpapers produced at this time, consisting of twenty panels and measuring over ten meters in length and over two meters high. Endless paper was not available on a commercial scale until 1810, therefore, the large panels were made from handmade linen rag paper which was joined at the edges. A light blue water-based ground was applied to the paper before the woodblocks printed the design using vivid colour pigments like green verditer and

Prussian blue Prussian blue (also known as Berlin blue, Brandenburg blue or, in painting, Parisian or Paris blue) is a dark blue pigment produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts. It has the chemical formula Fe CN)">Cyanide.html" ;"title="e(Cyani ...

. Designs for each shade of colour were carved from separate blocks and printed in layers in order to achieve a detailed design and naturalistic depiction of light and shade. Th
conservation department
at the

National Gallery of Australia The National Gallery of Australia (NGA), formerly the Australian National Gallery, is the national art museum of Australia as well as one of the largest art museums in Australia, holding more than 166,000 works of art. Located in Canberra in th ...

reported that up to seven different shades were used to achieve naturalistic gradients in skin tone in order to imitate depth of form.

Historical Context: Subject Matter

''Les Sauvages'' depicts First Nation's people from throughout the Pacific set in a fictional tropical setting. The work was inspired by the exploration voyages of

between 1768 and 1779 and Jean François de La Pérouse in 1785. Following these expeditions, the Pacific captured the imagination of Europe and America and was the inspiration for literature, plays and images which reached a wide audience. Images produced by official voyage artists like

John Webber John Webber (6 October 1751 – 29 May 1793) was an English artist who accompanied Captain Cook on his third Pacific expedition. He is best known for his images of Australasia, Hawaii and Alaska. Biography Webber was born in London, educated ...

were engraved and published, inspiring other exotic Pacific depictions like the ''Tableau des decouvertes du Capne. Cook & de la Perouse'' by Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur. Similarities in the colour palette and figurative vignettes in ''Les Sauvages'' indicate that Saint-Sauveur's ''Tableau'' may have inspired the work. Primary sources, like the wallpaper's accompanying prospectus produced by Joseph Dufour in 1806, indicate that the subject of exploration and representations of the Pacific were very popular with a nineteenth century audience. The interest was encouraged by Enlightenment philosopher

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolu ...

’s notion of the

noble savage A noble savage is a literary stock character who embodies the concept of the indigene, outsider, wild human, an " other" who has not been "corrupted" by civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness. Besides appearing in m ...

and the Pacific as a moral utopian civilization. ''Les Sauvages'' perpetuates Rousseau’s stereotype, depicting homogenized races, living in harmony and peace. ''Les Sauvages'' also demonstrates another contradictory Enlightenment ideal of pride in man’s scientific innovations, indicated by the celebration of exploration. The depiction of the Pacific seen in ''Les Sauvages'' is typical of the period, celebrating progress and innovation as well as a nostalgia for an imagined utopian past. During the early nineteenth century there was a revival of the artistic style and ideals of the classical world, spurred by the excavation of sites like

Pompeii Pompeii (, ) was an ancient city located in what is now the ''comune'' of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was burie ...

in 1748 which uncovered stylised frescoes, mosaics and sculptures. ''Les Sauvages'' demonstrates this influence through its neoclassical style. This style can be seen in the illusion of depth created by the use of lighter shades of colour in the background, the balanced composition and the figures appearing rounded and flesh-like. The work imitates the natural world through the use of

chiaroscuro Chiaroscuro ( , ; ), in art, is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for the use of contrasts of light to achi ...

, illustrating a light source which naturally illuminates and shadows the figures, fauna and the landscape.
M0354 1951-31-299-2 1

Purpose and Popularity

Within Dufour’s prospectus, he articulates that the aim of the wallpaper was to provide aesthetic pleasure and education. Dufour notes that “without leaving his apartment, a studious man reading the history of the voyages… might think himself… in the presence of the depicted people”. This suggested value of education and self-improvement paired with commercial availability indicate that the intended clientele of ''Les Sauvages'' was middle class. Notably, the development of panoramic wallpaper was cheaper to produce and install than custom made

tapestries Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven by hand on a loom. Tapestry is weft-faced weaving, in which all the warp threads are hidden in the completed work, unlike most woven textiles, where both the warp and the weft threads may ...

mural A mural is any piece of graphic artwork that is painted or applied directly to a wall, ceiling or other permanent substrate. Mural techniques include fresco, mosaic, graffiti and marouflage. Word mural in art The word ''mural'' is a Spanis ...

s and thus was a more accessible form of wall decoration. Additionally, the Pacific motif was extremely popular and appealed to the fashions and philosophies of the time. Despite pedagogical intentions, it is clear from the neoclassical costumes, generalised setting and homogenized racial cultures that this wallpaper was developed to “please the eye” more than to convey an accurate depiction of the Pacific. The wallpaper was most commonly hung in shared or social spaces in the home like

parlour A parlour (or parlor) is a reception room or public space. In medieval Christian Europe, the "outer parlour" was the room where the monks or nuns conducted business with those outside the monastery and the "inner parlour" was used for necessar ...

s. This wallpaper was immediately popular and hundreds of copies were produced and sold to consumers in France, England and America. The depiction of native peoples from Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti and Alaska in ''Les Sauvages'' made it appealing to audiences internationally. The success of this work marked the start of the fruitful panoramic scenic wallpaper industry, with Joseph Dufour & Cie and

Zuber & Cie Zuber & Cie, founded as Jean Zuber et Cie, is a French company that is a ''Manufacture de Papier Peints et Tissus'' (French for 'painted wallpaper and fabrics manufacturer'). It claims to be the last factory in the world to produce woodblock-printe ...

among the most prolific producers.

Significance And Legacy

There has been significant interest in ''Les Sauvages'' throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Primarily, this was due to the acceptance of decorative arts as a high art form within art history. American scholar, interior designer and dealer Nancy McClelland was instrumental in reviving an engagement with the history of panoramic wallpapers and wrote extensively on ''Les Sauvages'' in the 1920s. Commercial exhibitions of panoramic wallpapers by French dealer André Carlhian and books written by Henri Clouzot also enhanced critical engagement with ''Les Sauvages''. The wallpaper as an unusual art form was previously overlooked in academia and was not acquired by museums. The scholars of this time researched the context of production, biographical details of the makers and aesthetic features. A prominent exhibition was held at the Musée des Arts décoratifs in Paris from 1990 to 1991 which sparked further interest in scenic wallpapers as a “social mirror” reflecting the world of early nineteenth century France. Wallpaper (AM 2007

From the 1980s onwards ''Les Sauvages'' garnered significant appraisal within the Pacific region. This interest was due to the rise in popularity of postcolonial methodologies in art history and a reappraisal of colonial artefacts and histories. The emerging fascination of ''Les Sauvages'' in the Pacific can be easily traced by the acquisition of the work in state and national art museums in Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii from the 1980s onwards. ''Les Sauvages'' has also inspired contemporary artists to create artworks which appropriate or subvert the inherent colonial gaze of the wallpaper. The most prominent example is
In Pursuit of Venus
' (2017) by New Zealand artist,

Lisa Reihana Lisa Marie Reihana (born 1964) is a New Zealand artist. Her video work, ''In Pursuit of Venus nfected' (2015), which examines early encounters between Polynesians and European explorers, was featured at the 2017 Venice Biennale. Early life ...

. This digital wallpaper appropriates Dufour's composition by replacing the classical figures with real First Nations people in traditional dress. This work attempts to challenge and disrupt colonial histories. Reihana's work was selected to represen
New Zealand
at the 2017

Venice Biennale The Venice Biennale (; it, La Biennale di Venezia) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice, Italy by the Biennale Foundation. The biennale has been organised every year since 1895, which makes it the oldest of ...

.Lisa Reihana, “Venice Biennial,” accessed April 20, 2019, http://www.inpursuitofvenus.com/venice-biennial.

Panel descriptions

A description of the individual panels follows: * Panel 1: Inhabitants of

Nootka Island Nootka Island (french: île Nootka) is an island adjacent to Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It is in area. It is separated from Vancouver Island by Nootka Sound and its side-inlets, and is located within Electoral Area A of the ...

in Canada, which was visited by

Cook Cook or The Cook may refer to: Food preparation * Cooking, the preparation of food * Cook (domestic worker), a household staff member who prepares food * Cook (professional), an individual who prepares food for consumption in the food industry * ...

in March 1778. * Panel 2: Inhabitants of

Raiatea Raiatea or Ra'iatea ( Tahitian: ''Ra‘iātea'') is the second largest of the Society Islands, after Tahiti, in French Polynesia. The island is widely regarded as the "centre" of the eastern islands in ancient Polynesia and it is likely that th ...

, the second largest of the

Society Islands The Society Islands (french: Îles de la Société, officially ''Archipel de la Société;'' ty, Tōtaiete mā) are an archipelago located in the South Pacific Ocean. Politically, they are part of French Polynesia, an overseas country of the F ...

French Polynesia )Territorial motto: ( en, "Great Tahiti of the Golden Haze") , anthem = , song_type = Regional anthem , song = "Ia Ora 'O Tahiti Nui" , image_map = French Polynesia on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of French ...

, Chief Oreo met

Captain Cook James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and ...

in 1777. * Panel 3: Inhabitants of Ha'apai in

Tonga Tonga (, ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga ( to, Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a Polynesian country and archipelago. The country has 171 islands – of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in ...

. A man, a woman and a girl behind plum trees taking part in feast of the Arroey (seen in panel-2). * Panels 4-6: Inhabitants of

Tahiti Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Austra ...

, the largest island in

. O-too, King of

, in panel 6, on a throne beneath a banana tree between two coconut trees, with his daughter and sister in 1773. The scene is a heiva, a kind of dramatic dance accompanied by flutes, drums and a chorus of singing and clapping girls. * Panel 7: Inhabitants of Tanna (

New Hebrides New Hebrides, officially the New Hebrides Condominium (french: link=no, Condominium des Nouvelles-Hébrides, "Condominium of the New Hebrides") and named after the Hebrides, Hebrides Scottish archipelago, was the colonial name for the isla ...

Vanuatu Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (french: link=no, République de Vanuatu; bi, Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of ...

) visited by

in July 1774. There are three islanders in foreground. The double war canoe in the background was launched during Cook's stay in Pare,

. * Panels 8-9: Inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) visited by

for the third time in January 1779. Chief Kaneena is in the foreground of panel 9 and behind him, another chief watch Cook's death. Cook's two ships,

HMS Resolution Several ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS ''Resolution''. However, the first English warship to bear the name ''Resolution'' was actually the first rate ''Prince Royal'' (built in 1610 and rebuilt in 1641), which was renamed ''Resol ...

and the smaller HMS Discovery, are anchored off shore. The volcano in the background resembles

Mount Yasur Mount Yasur is a volcano on Tanna Island, Vanuatu, high above sea level, on the coast near Sulphur Bay, northeast of the taller Mount Tukosmera, which was active in the Pleistocene. It has a largely unvegetated pyroclastic cone with a nearly c ...

on the island of Tanna in

, and is unlike any in Hawaii. * Panels 10-11: Inhabitants of New Zealand, discovered by

Abel Tasman Abel Janszoon Tasman (; 160310 October 1659) was a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and merchant, best known for his voyages of 1642 and 1644 in the service of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). He was the first known European explorer to reach New ...

. In panel 10 Chief Kaoora, who killed a detachment of Captain Furneaux's crew, sits on a rock under two gris-gris trees. In panel 11 a New Zealand woman and child with warriors on a trail to the rear. * Panel 12: Inhabitants of the Straits of Prince William, 1778 (Sandwich Sound, Alaska). They resemble their neighbors, the natives of

. * Panel 13: Inhabitants of

Nomuka Nomuka is a small island in the southern part of the Haapai group of islands in Tonga. It is part of the Nomuka Group of islands, also called the Otu Muomua. Nomuka is 7 square kilometres in area. It has a large brackish lake (Ano Lahi) in the ...

with

on Rotterdam Island (now called Anamocka) in 1643. A vessel is filled with island natives during Cook's visit in 1777. * Panel 14: Inhabitants of

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

, visited by

in 1773. Natives picking bananas resemble natives of Tanna, their nearest neighbor. * Panels 15-16: Inhabitants of

Tongatapu Tongatapu is the main island of Tonga and the site of its capital, Nukualofa. It is located in Tonga's southern island group, to which it gives its name, and is the country's most populous island, with 74,611 residents (2016), 70.5% of the nation ...

, the main island of

and the most important of the

anchored in June 1777 accompanied by

Omai Mai (c.1751-late 1779), known as Omai in Britain, was a young Ra'iatean man who became the second Pacific Islander to visit Europe, after Ahu-toru who was brought to Paris by Bougainville in 1768. Life Ma'i, born c.1751, described himself ...

and Chief Finau 'Ulukalala and was received by King Fatafehi Paulaho at a great feast. The King stands beneath the banana tree with his favorite wife. In the background of panel 16 are Finau and

standing under tamarind trees watching wrestlers. * Panel 17: Inhabitants of Santa Christina in the

Marquesas Islands The Marquesas Islands (; french: Îles Marquises or ' or '; Marquesan: ' (North Marquesan) and ' ( South Marquesan), both meaning "the land of men") are a group of volcanic islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in ...

. King Honoo of Santa Christina and his Queen watch the Tongatabo fête with other inhabitants in the background under the tamarind trees. * Panel 18: Inhabitants of

, discovered by Álvaro de Mendaña in 1595 and visited by

in 1773. A man and two women are seated beneath a palm tree. People in middle distance of panels 18-19 are of

Cape Maria van Diemen Cape Maria van Diemen is the westernmost point of the North Island of New Zealand. A tombolo, it was originally an island composed mainly of basaltic-andesitic lava flows and dykes. Drifting sands joined it to the rest of the North Island during ...

New Holland (Australia) ''New Holland'' ( nl, Nieuw-Holland) is a historical European name for mainland Australia. The name was first applied to Australia in 1644 by the Dutch seafarer Abel Tasman. The name came for a time to be applied in most European maps to the ...

and

Admiralty Islands The Admiralty Islands are an archipelago group of 18 islands in the Bismarck Archipelago, to the north of New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean. These are also sometimes called the Manus Islands, after the largest island. These rainforest-co ...

. Jacques Julien Houton de la Billardière visited the later in 1791–94 while searching for Marquis de La Pérouse. * Panel 19: Inhabitants of

Easter Island Easter Island ( rap, Rapa Nui; es, Isla de Pascua) is an island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania. The island is most famous for its nearl ...

, which was allegedly discovered by the English buccaneer Captain John Davis in 1686 and visited by

in 1773. Two people in foreground are of

. * Panel 20: Inhabitants of

Palau Palau,, officially the Republic of Palau and historically ''Belau'', ''Palaos'' or ''Pelew'', is an island country and microstate in the western Pacific. The nation has approximately 340 islands and connects the western chain of the ...

, where English sea captain

Henry Wilson Henry Wilson (born Jeremiah Jones Colbath; February 16, 1812 – November 22, 1875) was an American politician who was the 18th vice president of the United States from 1873 until his death in 1875 and a senator from Massachusetts from 1855 ...

sailing on the Antelope was shipwrecked in August 1783. In foreground are King Aba-Thule and his wife Ludee, who returned to Europe with Wilson on a boat built in

. The

Art Gallery of New South Wales The Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW), founded as the New South Wales Academy of Art in 1872 and known as the National Art Gallery of New South Wales between 1883 and 1958, is located in The Domain, Sydney, Australia. It is the most import ...

(Australia),

Historic Deerfield Historic Deerfield is a museum dedicated to the heritage and preservation of Deerfield, Massachusetts, and history of the Connecticut River Valley. Its historic houses, museums, and programs provide visitors with an understanding of New Engla ...

(Deerfield, Massachusetts), the

Honolulu Museum of Art The Honolulu Museum of Art (formerly the Honolulu Academy of Arts) is an art museum in Honolulu, Hawaii. The museum is the largest of its kind in the state, and was founded in 1922 by Anna Rice Cooke. The museum has one of the largest single co ...

and the

Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (FAMSF), comprising the de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park and the Legion of Honor in Lincoln Park, is the largest public arts institution in the city of San Francisco. The permanent collection of the ...

usually have Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique on display. In 1995 the Mackelvie Trust acquired a significant panel from Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique - sections 15, 16 and 17 - which is held by the

Auckland Art Gallery Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki is the principal public gallery in Auckland, New Zealand. It has the most extensive collection of national and international art in New Zealand and frequently hosts travelling international exhibitions. Set be ...

in Auckland, New Zealand.

Trivia

William Bligh Vice-Admiral William Bligh (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817) was an officer of the Royal Navy and a colonial administrator. The mutiny on the HMS ''Bounty'' occurred in 1789 when the ship was under his command; after being set adrift i ...

Mutiny on the Bounty The mutiny on the Royal Navy vessel occurred in the South Pacific Ocean on 28 April 1789. Disaffected crewmen, led by acting-Lieutenant Fletcher Christian, seized control of the ship from their captain, Lieutenant William Bligh, and set h ...

fame was

sailing master The master, or sailing master, is a historical rank for a naval officer trained in and responsible for the navigation of a sailing vessel. The rank can be equated to a professional seaman and specialist in navigation, rather than as a militar ...

(depicted in panel 8), and explorer

George Vancouver Captain George Vancouver (22 June 1757 – 10 May 1798) was a British Royal Navy officer best known for his 1791–1795 expedition, which explored and charted North America's northwestern Pacific Coast regions, including the coasts of what are ...

was a 21-year-old midshipman on HMS Discovery.

References

* Bioletti, Susie, Davey, Ranson and Peel, Rose. “Made in Maçon: Investigations into the production of wallpaper.” In ''Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique,'' edited by Susan Hall, 21–26. Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. * Bougainville, L. Antoine de. ''Voyage Round the World.'' Translated by J.R. Forster. London: J. Exshar, 1772. * Butler, Roger. “Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique: in England, America and Australia.” In ''Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique,'' edited by Susan Hall, 15–20. Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. * Crick, Clare. “Two Wallpapers by Dufour et Compagnie.” ''Pharos '78'', (June 1978). * Dang, Rachelle. “Southern Oceans.” Accessed April 23, 2019. http://www.rachelledang.com/. * de Champagny, Jean-Baptiste de Nompère. ''Notices sur les objets envoyés à l'exposition des produits de l'industrie Française''. Paris: Ministre de L'Interieur, 1806. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=HzlEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=notices+sur+les+objets+envoyes+a+l%27exposition+des+produits+de+l%27industrie+francaise+redigees+et+imprimees+par+ordre+de+S.E.M.+de+champagny+Paris+1806&source=bl&ots=fYCwwI_G_D&sig=ACfU3U1R7Y8yPMfXPPrJiBOs2wIuHn26PA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy1bqNgMzhAhWX4XMBHUEZDA4Q6AEwBnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=dufour&f=false. * Encyclopædia Britannica. “Pompeii.” Accessed May 1, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/place/Pompeii. * Entwisle, E.A. “Jacquemart et Bérnard and Other Makers.” In ''French Scenic Wallpapers 1800-1860,'' 41–46. London: F. Lewis Publishers Ltd, 1972. * Futernick, Robert. “Conservation of Scenic Wallpapers: “Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique”.” ''Journal of the American Institute for Conservation'' 20, no. 2, (Spring 1981): 139-146. * Honolulu Academy of Arts. ''Honolulu Academy of Arts, Selected works''. Honolulu, Hawaii: Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1990. * Joseph Dufour. “Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique: tableau pour d’écoration en papier peint.''”'' translated by Peter Rudd, In ''Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique,'' edited by Susan Hall, 32-40. Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. * Lee, Mary Wood, Bachman, Konstanze and Fletcher, Shelley. “Sauvages de la Mer du Pacifique: Treatment of an early 19th century wallpaper depicting the voyages and death of Captain Cook.” ''AIC preprints'', (May 30–June 2, 1977): 92–103. * Massey University. “Imagining Paradise: Embroidering Myth.” Accessed April 23, 2019. https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/8349/02_whole.pdf. * McClelland, Nancy. ''Historic Wallpapers.'' America: Lippincott, 1924. * National Gallery of Australia. “Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique.” Accessed April 23, 2019. https://artsearch.nga.gov.au/detail.cfm?irn=126293. * National Gallery of Australia. “Paper conservation: ''Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique'' Made in Mâcon: Investigations into the production of wallpaper.” Accessed March 10, 2019. https://nga.gov.au/conservation/Paper/LesSauv.cfm. * Nouvel-Kammerer, Odile. “Reasons for Silence.” In ''French Scenic Wallpaper 1795–1865,'' 13-37. France: Flammarion, 2000. * Nouvel-Kammerer, Odile. “Scenic wallpaper, social mirror: Themes Reflecting a New View of Everyday Life.” In ''French Scenic Wallpaper 1795–1865,'' 103-135. France: Flammarion, 2000. * Oxford Reference. “Neoclassicism.” Accessed April 23, 2019. http://www.oxfordreference.com.virtual.anu.edu.au/view/10.1093/acref/9780191807671.001.0001/acref-9780191807671-e-956. * Prints + Printmaking. “Les Sauvages de la mer Pacifique.” Accessed April 15, 2019, http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/works/35731/. * Reihana, Lisa. “Artist talks.” Accessed April 20, 2019. http://www.inpursuitofvenus.com/artist-talks. * Reihana, Lisa. “Venice Biennial.” Accessed April 20, 2019. http://www.inpursuitofvenus.com/venice-biennial. * Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. ''Discourse on the Origin of Inequality''. Translated by Donald A. Cress. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub.Co., 1992. * Said, Edward. ''Orientalism.'' New York: Random House, 1979. * Webb, Vivienne. “Biographical and catalogue notes.” In ''Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique,'' edited by Susan Hall, 42-43. Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. * Webb, Vivienne. “List of holdings.” In ''Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique,'' edited by Susan Hall, 44-47. Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. * Webb, Vivienne. “Voyages.” In ''Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique,'' edited by Susan Hall, 7-14. Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000.

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charvet, Jean-Gabriel 1750 births 1829 deaths People from Ardèche French designers French draughtsmen 18th-century French painters French male painters 19th-century French painters 19th-century French male artists 18th-century French male artists