Júlio César Ribeiro Vaughan (April 16, 1845 – November 1, 1890) was a Brazilian Naturalist novelist,

philologist Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defined as th ...

journalist A journalist is an individual that collects/gathers information in form of text, audio, or pictures, processes them into a news-worthy form, and disseminates it to the public. The act or process mainly done by the journalist is called journalism ...

and grammarian. He is famous for his controversial romance '' A Carne'' and for designing the flag of the State of São Paulo, which he wanted to be the

flag of Brazil The national flag of Brazil ( pt, bandeira do Brasil), is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto "''Ordem e Progresso''" ("Order and Progress"), within a y ...

. He is patron of the 24th chair of the

Brazilian Academy of Letters The Academia Brasileira de Letras (ABL) ( English: ''Brazilian Academy of Letters'') is a Brazilian literature, literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its found ...

Life

Ribeiro was born in 1845, in

Sabará Sabará is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Minas Gerais. The city belongs to Greater Belo Horizonte, the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region and to the associated microregion. It is a well preserved historic city and retains th ...

, to

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...

George Washington Vaughan and Maria Francisca Vaughan (''née'' Ribeiro). Initially

homeschooled Homeschooling or home schooling, also known as home education or elective home education (EHE), is the education of school-aged children at home or a variety of places other than a school. Usually conducted by a parent, tutor, or an onlin ...

by his mother, he later entered a school in Minas, and, in 1862, he moved to

Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...

to ingress at the

Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras The ''Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras'' (AMAN, en, Military Academy of Agulhas Negras - named after the Agulhas Negras summit) is the biggest among several schools of formation of combatant officers of the Brazilian Army. It originated in ...

. Three years later, he quit the Military School to dedicate himself to journalism. For that, he studied

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo and later became a teacher there. As a journalist, he founded and wrote for ''O Sorocabano'' in

Sorocaba Sorocaba () is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Sorocaba is the eighth-largest city in the state of São Paulo. Outside the Greater São Paulo region, it ranks behind only Campinas, São José dos Campos and Ribeirão Preto. It ...

; wrote for ''A Procelária'' and ''O Rebate'' in

São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...

, and also to ''O Estado de S. Paulo'', ''Diário Mercantil'', ''A Gazeta de

Campinas Campinas (, ''Plains'' or ''Meadows'') is a Brazilian municipality in São Paulo State, part of the country's Southeast Region. According to the 2020 estimate, the city's population is 1,213,792, making it the fourteenth most populous Brazilian ...

'' and the ''Almanaque de São Paulo'', where he published his studies on

Philology Philology () is the study of language in oral and writing, written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defin ...

. He published his controversial and heavily erotic romance '' A Carne'' (''The Flesh'') in 1888. At the time of its publication, it was panned by critics such as

José Veríssimo José Veríssimo Dias de Matos (8 April 1857 – 2 December 1916) was a writer, educator, journalist, literary critic, and founding member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. Biography José Veríssimo was born in Óbidos, Pará, the son of José ...

and Alfredo Pujol. The most vehement critic, however, was the

priest A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particu ...

Sena Freitas, who wrote an article in the ''Diário Mercantil'' named ''A Carniça'' (''The Carrion''). Ribeiro, a strong anti-clericalist, refuted Freitas' critics with the series of articles ''O Urubu Sena Freitas'' (''Sena Freitas, the

Vulture A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion. There are 23 extant species of vulture (including Condors). Old World vultures include 16 living species native to Europe, Africa, and Asia; New World vultures are restricted to North and ...

''). Those articles were later compiled and published under the name of ''Uma Polêmica Célebre'', in

1934 Events January–February * January 1 – The International Telecommunication Union, a specialist agency of the League of Nations, is established. * January 15 – The 8.0 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake, Nepal–Bihar earthquake strik ...

. He died in 1890, a victim of

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...

Works

* ''O Padre Belchior de Pontes'' (

1877 Events January–March * January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed ''Empress of India'' by the ''Royal Titles Act 1876'', introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . * January 8 – Great Sio ...

) * ''Gramática Portuguesa'' ( 1881) * ''Cartas Sertanejas'' (

1885 Events January–March * January 3– 4 – Sino-French War – Battle of Núi Bop: French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam. * January 4 – ...

) * '' A Carne'' (

1888 In Germany, 1888 is known as the Year of the Three Emperors. Currently, it is the year that, when written in Roman numerals, has the most digits (13). The next year that also has 13 digits is the year 2388. The record will be surpassed as late ...

) * ''Uma Polêmica Célebre'' (1934 — posthumous)

The flag of São Paulo

On July 16, 1888, Ribeiro designed the current flag of the State of São Paulo, although he planned it to be the flag of the Republic of Brazil. Bandeira do Estado de São Paulo

Trivia

He is the grandfather of

chronicler A chronicle ( la, chronica, from Greek ''chroniká'', from , ''chrónos'' – "time") is a historical account of events arranged in chronological order, as in a timeline. Typically, equal weight is given for historically important events and lo ...

Elsie Lessa, great-grandfather of writers Ivan Lessa and Sérgio Pinheiro Lopes and great-great-grandfather of writer Juliana Foster.

External links

Júlio Ribeiro's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ribeiro, Julio 1845 births 1890 deaths People from Sabará Brazilian people of American descent Brazilian grammarians 19th-century Brazilian novelists Brazilian erotica writers Brazilian journalists 19th-century Brazilian male writers Portuguese-language writers Linguists of Portuguese Patrons of the Brazilian Academy of Letters 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis Brazilian male novelists Tuberculosis deaths in São Paulo (state) Flag designers