Italian bee

''Apis mellifera ligustica'' is the Italian bee which is a subspecies of the western honey bee (''Apis mellifera'').

Origin

The Italian honey bee is thought to originate from the continental part of Italy, south of the Alps, and north of Sicily. The subspecies may have survived the last ice age in Italy.
It is genetically a different subspecies than that from the Iberian peninsula and from Sicily. It is the most widely distributed of all honey bees, and has proven adaptable to most climates from subtropical to cool temperate, but it is less successful in humid tropical regions. Italian bees that originate from the Ligurian alps in northern Italy are often referred to as the Ligurian bee, which only survives on Kangaroo Island and thus is considered extinct in the wild.

Italian bees, having been conditioned to the warmer climate of the central Mediterranean, are less able to cope with the "hard" winters and cool, wet springs of more northern latitudes. They do not form such tight winter clusters. More food has to be consumed to compensate for the greater heat loss from the loose cluster. The tendency to raise broods late in autumn also increases food consumption. Noted beekeeper Thomas White Woodbury first introduced the Italian bee to Britain in 1859, and regarded it as vastly superior to the Old British Black bee ('' A. m. mellifera'').

Anatomy

* Color: Abdomen has brown and yellow bands. Among different strains of Italian bees, there are three different colors: Leather; bright yellow (golden); and very pale yellow (Cordovan).
* Size: Their bodies are smaller and their overhairs are shorter than those of the darker honeybee races.
* Tongue length: 6.3 to 6.6 mm
* Mean cubital index: 2.2 to 2.5

Characteristics

Brother Adam, a bee breeder and developer of the Buckfast bee, characterized the Italian bee in his book ''Breeding the Honeybee'':

While the Italian bee has many strong points, among the ''A.m. ligustica'' it has a large number of weak points:

Strengths

*shows strong disposition to breeding and very prolific
*cleanliness/excellent housekeeper (which some scientists think might be a factor in disease resistance)
*uses little propolis
*excellent foragers
*superb comb builder (writing in Switzerland in 1862, H. C. Hermann stated the comb of an Italian bee-cell occupied only 15 cells for every 16 of the common black bee, and the cubic content was larger by 30%)
*covers the honey with brilliant white cappings
*shows lower swarming tendency than other Western honey bee races
*for areas with continuous nectar flow and favorable weather throughout the summer
*industry
*gentleness
*a willingness to enter supers
*tendency to collect flower honey rather than honey dew (of value only in countries where the colour of the honey determines the price)Brother Adam, "Breeding the Honeybee" (Northern Bee Books: Mytholmroyd, 1987), pp. 96–98.

Weaknesses

*lacks vitality
*inclined to excessive brood rearing
*susceptibility to disease
*high consumption of stores
*more prone to drifting and robbing than the other principal races of Europe.
*the strong brood rearing disposition often results in large food consumption in late winter or early spring that causes spring dwindling and hence slow or tardy spring development
*brood rearing starts late and lasts long into late summer or autumn, irrespective of nectar flow
*tends to forage over shorter distances than either '' carnica'' or ''mellifera'', and may therefore be less effective in poorer nectar flows
*for cool maritime regions
*for areas with strong spring flow
*for areas with periods of dearth of nectar in the summer

Foraging behavior

''A. m. ligustica'' are more concerned with nectar processing behaviors, honey storage, and adult maintenance over brood expansion when compared to the African honey bee, ''A. m. scutellata''.

Selective breeding

Breeders of Italian bees, as well as other honey bee races, look for certain beneficial characteristics. Depending on the breeding goal, one or more of the following characteristics may be emphasized:

#Gentleness or excitability
#Resistance to various diseases including tracheal mite and Varroa mite
#Early spring buildup in population
#Wintering ability
#Tendency to limited swarming
#Ability to ripen honey rapidly
#Honeycomb cappings are white
#Minimal use of propolis
#Availability and queen cost
#Color
Source

George Imrie's pink pages

Worldwide distribution

*1853 introduced to Germany
*1854 introduced into the Poland by Dr. Jan Dzierżon
*1859 introduced into the United Kingdom
*1859 introduced to the United States
*1862 introduced to Australia, on 9 December into Victoria aboard the steam ship ''Alhambra'' There is strong evidence this introduction failed as the emerging Italian virgin queens hybridised with the English 'black' bee (source: Barrett, P. "The Immigrant Bees, 1788 to 1898", Vol. IV). Wilhelm Abram brought several queens from Italy to Sydney in December 1880 but it's probable they reached New South Wales through other hands earlier on.
*1866 introduced to Russian Empire
*1880 introduced to New Zealand
*1884 (Easter) introduced to Kangaroo Island in South Australia, sourced from Brisbane where they were previously imported in 1880 from Italy by Chas. Fullwood. Jas. Carroll received a hive of Italian bees in Brisbane, Queensland, in 1877 when Angus Mackay accompanied a hive aboard the City of New York, packaged by Harbison in California. After a week's stopover in Sydney, the bees arrived in Brisbane.Barrett, P. "The Immigrant Bees, 1788 to 1898", Vols. I-III) Honey from Kangaroo Island is marketed (in 2014) as being from the only pure Ligurian bees in the world.

References

External links

The Ligurian or Italian Alp-Bee
The Sydney Morning Herald 30 Oct 1862

Bee Culture
The Sydney Morning Herald 14 Aug 1914


list of organisms with sequenced genome etrieved 2011-12-22

{{Taxonbar, from=Q961761

Fauna of Italy
Western honey bee breeds
Subspecies