Daryna Dmytrivna Polotniuk (

née A birth name is the name of a person given upon birth. The term may be applied to the surname, the given name, or the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a birth certificate or birth re ...

Makohon; uk, Дарина Дмитрівна Полотнюк (Макогон); 5 May 1907 – 30 October 1982), better known by her

pen name A pen name, also called a ''nom de plume'' or a literary double, is a pseudonym (or, in some cases, a variant form of a real name) adopted by an author and printed on the title page or by-line of their works in place of their real name. A pen na ...

Iryna Vilde ( uk, Ірина Вільде), was a Ukrainian and Soviet writer and correspondent. Vilde's works are now considered classics of Ukrainian literature.

Childhood and education

Vilde was born on May 5, 1907 in

Chernivtsi Chernivtsi ( uk, Чернівці́}, ; ro, Cernăuți, ; see also other names) is a city in the historical region of Bukovina, which is now divided along the borders of Romania and Ukraine, including this city, which is situated on the upp ...

, Austria-Hungary. Her father was

Dmytro Makohon Dmytro ( uk, Дмитро́, Dmytró, ) is a Ukrainian name, derived from the Greek Demetrios. Nicknames of the name Dmytro include: Dima, Dimochka, Dimula, Dimusha, Dimusya, Metro (particularly in Canada), Mitya, Mitenka, Mityai, Mityaychik, Mityus ...

, a schoolteacher and writer, her mother, Adolphina Janiszewska, was a teacher. Vilde was married to Yevhen Polotniuk who in 1943 was executed by the Gestapo. With Polotniuk she had two children. She died after a long illness October 30, 1982 and was buried at the Lychakiv Cemetery in Lviv. In 1927, she graduated in Stanislav private school. Expelled from school in 1930 as part of anti-Ukrainian

Pacification Pacification may refer to: The restoration of peace through a declaration or peace treaty: *Pacification of Ghent, an alliance of several provinces of the Netherlands signed on November 8, 1576 *Treaty of Berwick (1639), or ''Pacification of Berwi ...

operation, she nonetheless graduated in 1932 from "University of John II Casimir in Lwow" (today University of Lviv). Soon after graduation, due to material deprivation, she was forced to get a job in the magazine ''Zhinocha dolia'' (Women's fate) in Kolomyia, where she worked until 1939.

Literary creativity

From 1930 to 1939, she published a number of short stories and novels about the life of the

Western Ukrainian Western Ukraine or West Ukraine ( uk, Західна Україна, Zakhidna Ukraina or , ) is the territory of Ukraine linked to the former Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian ...

intelligentsia, the petty bourgeoisie, and students. The first short story of the young writer ''Povist zyttia'' (Life Story) appeared in print in 1930. In 1935 she published the novel ''Metelyky na shpyl’kakh'' (Pinned Butterflies) under the pseudonym “Iryna Vilde”. The collection of works of Iryna Vilde

During the war period, and after the unification of

Western Ukraine Western Ukraine or West Ukraine ( uk, Західна Україна, Zakhidna Ukraina or , ) is the territory of Ukraine linked to the former Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austria ...

with Ukrainian SSR, she continued to describe the familiar themes of family in bourgeois society. Her works contain a huge number of characters — protagonists from all public spheres of

Galicia Galicia may refer to: Geographic regions * Galicia (Spain), a region and autonomous community of northwestern Spain ** Gallaecia, a Roman province ** The post-Roman Kingdom of the Suebi, also called the Kingdom of Gallaecia ** The medieval King ...

— the clergy,

employees Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract, one party, the employer, which might be a corporation, a not-for-profit organization, a co-operative, or any othe ...

, workers, peasantry,

petty bourgeoisie ''Petite bourgeoisie'' (, literally 'small bourgeoisie'; also anglicised as petty bourgeoisie) is a French term that refers to a social class composed of semi-autonomous peasants and small-scale merchants whose politico-economic ideological sta ...

, as well as information on the activities of various parties and public organizations, the

Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...

administration policy, the economy, education and culture. Among them are the anthology of short stories ''Khymerne sertse'' (The Whimsical Heart, 1936), the novelettes ''Metelyky na shpyl’kakh'' (Pinned Butterflies, 1936), the story ''Povnolitni dity'' (Grown-up Children, 1939), ''B’ie vos'ma'' (The Clock Strikes Eight, 1936). Her postwar works include: ''Nashi bat'ky roziishlysia'' (Our Parents Have Separated, 1946), ''Iii portret'' (Her Portrait 1948), ''Stezhynamy zhyttia'' (Along the Paths of Life, 1949), ''Ti z Kowalskoi'' (Those of Kowalska, 1947), ''Iabluni zatsvily vdruhe'' (The Apple Trees Have Blossomed Again, 1949), ''Povisti ta opovidannia'' (Tales and Stories" 1949 ), ''Zhyttia til’ky pochynaiet’sia'' (Life Is Just Beginning, 1961), ''Troiandy i ternia'' (Roses and Thorns, 1961), the novel ''Sestry Richynski'' (The Richynsky Sisters, 2 vols, 1958, 1964) and many others. ''Richynski Sisters'' is the most celebrated work of the writer. She was a member of the Writers' Union. Vilde wrote: "In order to achieve immortality a person must pass two exams: one in front of one's contemporaries, the second — before history."

Awards and honours

Vilde has been laureate of

literary award A literary award or literary prize is an award presented in recognition of a particularly lauded literary piece or body of work. It is normally presented to an author. Organizations Most literary awards come with a corresponding award ceremony. Ma ...

s named after Ivan Franko and Taras Shevchenko. In 1965, she was awarded the Order of Badge of Honor.

Death and legacy

Vilde died October 30, 1982. She was put into the UNESCO list of known people of the 20th century.

References

External links

Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vilde, Iryna

«Дика» письменниця Ірина Вільде

Vil’de, Irina

Сторінки пам’яті Володимира Івасюка. Спогади.

* ttp://view-through-ages.webnode.com.ua/news/iryna-vilde-polotniuk-/ Iryna Vilde (Polotniuk)* Ukrainian literature/Iryna Vilde {{DEFAULTSORT:Vilde, Iryna 1907 births 1982 deaths 20th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century Ukrainian women writers Writers from Chernivtsi People from the Duchy of Bukovina Second convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic University of Lviv alumni Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Recipients of the Shevchenko National Prize Pseudonymous women writers Socialist realism writers Soviet women writers Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery