A list of

Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...

historians is presented in this article, from the earliest times up to the present day, by historical periods and in alphabetically order for easier reference. Many of the earlier historians would have been known in their time as: "Irish Men and Women of Learning". A number of those listed below were scholars in different fields:

literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...

, mathematics,

theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...

biography A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. Unlike a profile or ...

narrative A narrative, story, or tale is any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether nonfictional (memoir, biography, news report, documentary, travelogue, etc.) or fictional ( fairy tale, fable, legend, thriller, novel, etc. ...

s, hagiography,

grammar In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraints, a field that includes domain ...

Legendary and Pre-Historic Era

* Fenius Farsaid

Early Medieval Era: 5th-12th centuries

* Adamnan, died 704 * Aileran the Wise, died 665 *

Bernard of Chartres Bernard of Chartres ( la, Bernardus Carnotensis; died after 1124) was a twelfth-century French Neo-Platonist philosopher, scholar, and administrator. Life The date and place of his birth are unknown. He was believed to have been the elder bro ...

Cadac-Andreas Cadac-Andreas, Irish scholar, fl. 798 – 814. Cadac-Andreas was an Irish scholar at the court of Charlemagne who roused the ire of Bishop Theodulphus for lengthy and pedantic approach to exegesis, which he apparently delighted in. A nameless ...

* Candidus * Clemens the Grammarian *

Cogitosus Cogitosus (fl. c. 650) was an Irish monk, who wrote the ''Vita Sanctae Brigidae''. Life Cogitosus was a monk of Kildare, an important monastery in Ireland, who wrote the oldest extant vita of Saint Brigid, '' Vita Sanctae Brigidae'', around 6 ...

, fl. c. 650? * Cummian *

Dicuil Dicuilus (or the more vernacular version of the name Dícuil) was an Irish monk and geographer, born during the second half of the 8th century. Background The exact dates of Dicuil's birth and death are unknown. Of his life nothing is known exce ...

Donatus of Fiesole Donatus of Fiesole (died 876) was an Irish teacher and poet, and Bishop of Fiesole. Biography Donatus was born in Ireland to noble parents towards the end of the eighth century. Despite there being little biographical detail in the tenth/el ...

Finnian of Moville Finnian of Movilla (–589) was an Irish Christian missionary. His feast day is 10 September. Origins and life Finnian (sometimes called Finbarr "the white head", a reference to his fair hair), was a Christian missionary in medieval Ir ...

, died 579 *

Iohannes Johannes is a Medieval Latin form of the personal name that usually appears as "John" in English language contexts. It is a variant of the Greek and Classical Latin variants (Ιωάννης, '' Ioannes''), itself derived from the Hebrew name '' Ye ...

Johannes Scottus Eriugena John Scotus Eriugena, also known as Johannes Scotus Erigena, John the Scot, or John the Irish-born ( – c. 877) was an Irish Neoplatonist philosopher, theologian and poet of the Early Middle Ages. Bertrand Russell dubbed him "the most ...

Mac Bethad Macbeth ( – 15 August 1057) was King of Scots from 1040 until his death. He ruled over the Kingdom of Alba, which covered only a portion of present-day Scotland. Little is known about Macbeth's early life, although he was the son of Findláe ...

, fl. 891 *

Marianus Scotus of Mainz Marianus Scotus (1028–1082 or 1083) was an Irish monk and chronicler. He authored the ''Chronica Clara'', a history of the world. Name Marianus Scotus is Latin for "Marian the Scot", although that term at the time was still inclusive of t ...

Martianus Hiberniensis Martin Hiberniensis (Martin the Irishman) (c. 819 - 875), was a teacher, scribe, and master of the cathedral school at Laon. Background Hiberniensis, "one of the greatest Irish Carolingian scholars," notes that he was an exile in the ''Annals o ...

Laon Laon () is a city in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. History Early history The holy district of Laon, which rises a hundred metres above the otherwise flat Picardy plain, has always held strategic importance. ...

* Muirchu moccu Machtheni * Pseudo-Augustine, fl. c. 655 *

Ruben of Dairinis Ruben of Dairinis (died 725) was an Irish scholar. He was, along with Cú Chuimne of Iona Iona (; gd, Ì Chaluim Chille (IPA: �iːˈxaɫ̪ɯimˈçiʎə, sometimes simply ''Ì''; sco, Iona) is a small island in the Inner Hebrides, off the Ros ...

Secundinus Secundinus (fl. 5th century), or Sechnall ( Modern Irish: ''Seachnall'') as he was known in Irish, was founder and patron saint of Domhnach Sechnaill, Co. Meath, who went down in medieval tradition as a disciple of St Patrick and one of the firs ...

Sedulius Scottus Sedulius Scotus or Scottus ( fl. 840–860) was an Irish teacher, Latin grammarian, and scriptural commentator who lived in the 9th century. During the reign of the Emperor Lothair (840–855), he was one of a colony of Irish teachers at Liège. ...

( Suadbar) fl. pre-844 * Tirechan * Tuan mac Cairill, fl. pre-579 * Ultan of Ardbraccan, died 657

Late Medieval Era: 12th-16th centuries

Diarmaid Ó Cúlacháin Diarmaid Ó Cúlacháin, Irish historian and scribe, died 1221. Ó Cúlacháin was a native of what is now County Mayo. His precise location within the county is uncertain, though he is associated with two successive coarbs or erenaghs of Augha ...

, died 1221 * Adhamh O Cianain, died 1373 *

Gilla Isa Mor mac Donnchadh MacFhirbhisigh Gilla may refer to: People Irish masculine given name * ( fl. 1072) * (died 1084) * (died 1143) * (died 1153) * (died 1172) * (died 1204) * (died 1224) * (died 1301) * (died 1405), Irish musician * (died 1442), Lord of Iar Connacht a ...

, fl. 1390-1418 * Giolla na Naomh Mac Aodhagáin, fl. c. 1400 *

Lawrence Walsh Lawrence Edward Walsh (January 8, 1912 – March 19, 2014) was an American lawyer, a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and United States Deputy Attorney General who was appoi ...

, fl. 1588 * Muireadach Albanach O Dalaigh, fl. c. 1220 * Seán Mor O Dubhagain, died 1372

Early Modern Era: 17th-19th centuries

* Aonghus Ruadh na nAor O Dalaigh, died 1617 *

James Ussher James Ussher (or Usher; 4 January 1581 – 21 March 1656) was the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland between 1625 and 1656. He was a prolific scholar and church leader, who today is most famous for his ident ...

, Archbishop of Armagh, 1581-1656 * Thomas Carve, died 1672 * Charles O Conor, 1710-1791 * Cu Choigcriche O Cleirigh, c. 1662/1664 *

Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh (fl. 1624–1664) was an Irish historian and genealogist, known in English as Peregrine O'Clery. Life and work Ó Cléirigh was a son of Diarmaid Ó Cléirigh, and thus a third-cousin once removed to Brother Míche ...

, fl. 1627-1636 * Daniel O'Daly, died 1662 * Daibhidh O Duibhghennain, fl.1651-1696/1706 * Nicholas French, died 1678 *

Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh (), also known as Dubhaltach Óg mac Giolla Íosa Mór mac Dubhaltach Mór Mac Fhirbhisigh, Duald Mac Firbis, Dudly Ferbisie, and Dualdus Firbissius (fl. 1643 – January 1671) was an Irish scribe, translator, histori ...

, fl. 1643-1671 * Edward Ledwich, 1738-1823 * Eoin O Gnimh, fl. 1699 * John Colgan, OFM, 1592-1657 * Luke Wadding, OFM, 1588-1657 * George Petrie, 1790-1866 *

James Hardiman James Hardiman (1782–1855), also known as Séamus Ó hArgadáin, was a librarian at Queen's College, Galway. Hardiman is best remembered for his '' History of the Town and County of Galway'' (1820) and '' Irish Minstrelsy'' (1831), one of the f ...

, 1782-1855 * John O'Donovan, 1806-1861 *

John O'Hart John O'Hart (1824–1902) was an Irish genealogist. He was born in Crossmolina, County Mayo, Ireland. A committed Roman Catholic and Irish nationalist, O'Hart had originally planned to become a priest but instead spent two years as a poli ...

, 1824-1902 * Sylvester O'Halloran, 1728-1807 * Lughaidh O Cleirigh, fl. 1595-1630 * Matthew O Conor, 1773-1844 * Michael O'Clery, c. 1590-1643 *

Owen Connellan Owen Connellan (1797 – 4 August 1871) was an Irish scholar who translated the Annals of the Four Masters into English in 1846. Life He was born in County Sligo, the son of a farmer who claimed descent from Lóegaire mac Néill, High King ...

, 1800-1869 *

Peregrine O'Duignan Peregrine, Latin ''Peregrinus'', is a name originally meaning "one from abroad", that is, a foreigner, traveller, or pilgrim. It may refer to: * Peregrine falcon, a bird of prey People Peregrine * Peregrine (martyr) (died 182 AD), Roman Cathol ...

, fl. 1627-1636 * Rev. Charles O Conor, 1767-1828 *

Ruaidhri O Flaithbheartaigh Roderick O'Flaherty ( ga, Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh; 1629–1718 or 1716) was an Irish historian. Biography He was born in County Galway and inherited Moycullen Castle and estate. O'Flaherty was the last ''de jure'' Lord of Iar Connacht, ...

, 1629-1716/1718 *

Seathrún Céitinn Geoffrey Keating ( ga, Seathrún Céitinn; c. 1569 – c. 1644) was a 17th-century historian. He was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, and is buried in Tubrid Graveyard in the parish of Ballylooby-Duhill. He became an Irish Catholic priest and a ...

Geoffrey Keating Geoffrey Keating ( ga, Seathrún Céitinn; c. 1569 – c. 1644) was a 17th-century historian. He was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, and is buried in Tubrid Graveyard in the parish of Ballylooby-Duhill. He became an Irish Catholic priest and a ...

, died 1643 *

Sir James Ware Sir James Ware (26 November 1594 – 1 December 1666) was an Irish historian. Personal details Born at Castle Street, Dublin on 26 November 1594, James Ware was the eldest son of Sir James Ware (1568–1632) and Mary Bryden, daughter of Ambrose ...

, 1594-1666 * Sir

John Thomas Gilbert Sir John Thomas Gilbert, LLD, FSA, RIA (born 23 January 1829, Dublin - died 23 May 1898, Dublin) was an Irish archivist, antiquarian and historian. Life John Thomas Gilbert was the second son of John Gilbert, an English Protestant, who was Por ...

, 1829-1898 *

Sir William Petty Sir William Petty FRS (26 May 1623 – 16 December 1687) was an English economist, physician, scientist and philosopher. He first became prominent serving Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth in Ireland. He developed efficient methods to su ...

, 1623-1687 *

Standish Hayes O'Grady Standish Hayes O'Grady ( ga, Anéislis Aodh Ó Grádaigh; 19 May 1832 – 16 October 1915) was an Irish antiquarian. He was born at Erinagh House, Castleconnell, County Limerick, the son of Admiral Hayes O'Grady. He was a cousin of the writer St ...

, 1832-1915 * Tadhg mac Daire Mac Bruaideadha, fl. 1616-1652 *

Tuileagna Ó Maoil Chonaire Tuileagna Ó Maoil Chonaire ( fl. 1585) was an Irish poet. A member of the Ó Maolconaire bardic family of Connacht, Tuileagna is known from a number of extant works, including ''Labhram ar iongnaibh Éireann'', addressed to Sir Nicholas Wals ...

, fl. 1638-1673 *

Whitley Stokes Whitley Stokes, CSI, CIE, FBA (28 February 1830 – 13 April 1909) was an Irish lawyer and Celtic scholar. Background He was a son of William Stokes (1804–1878), and a grandson of Whitley Stokes the physician and anti-Malthusian (1763� ...

, 1830-1909 * William Lecky, 1838-1903

Modern historians

James Auchmuty James Johnston Auchmuty, , (29 November 1909 – 15 October 1981) was an Irish born historian and inaugural vice-chancellor of the University of Newcastle, Australia. Early life Auchmuty was born in Portadown, County Armagh, Ireland, the elder ...

, 1909-1981 * Thomas Bartlett * J. C. Beckett * Lord Bew *

D. A. Binchy Daniel Anthony Binchy (1899–1989) was a scholar of Irish linguistics and Early Irish law. He was educated at Clongowes Wood College (1910–16), University College Dublin (UCD), and the King's Inns (1917–20), after which he was called t ...

, 1899-1989 * Martin J. Blake, 1853-1931 *

Peter Brown (historian) Peter Robert Lamont Brown (born 26 July 1935) is Rollins Professor of History Emeritus at Princeton University. He is credited with having brought coherence to the field of Late Antiquity, and is sometimes regarded as the inventor of the fiel ...

Ann Buckley Ann Buckley is an Irish musicologist, born in Dublin. Buckley studied at University College Cork (B.Mus., 1971; M.A. 1972), Doctoraal (University of Amsterdam, 1976) and a Ph.D. A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or ') ...

Turtle Bunbury James Bunbury (born 21 February 1972), known as Turtle Bunbury, is an Irish author, historian, and television presenter. He has published a number of books such as the ''Vanishing Ireland'' series, ''Easter Dawn -The 1916 Rising'', ''The Glori ...

Francis John Byrne Francis John Byrne (1934 – 30 December 2017) was an Irish historian. Born in Shanghai where his father, a Dundalk man, captained a ship on the Yellow River, Byrne was evacuated with his mother to Australia on the outbreak of World War II. ...

* Nicholas Canny * James Carney, 1914-1989 * Christine Casey *

Helena Concannon Helena Concannon (; 28 October 1878 – 27 February 1952) was an Irish historian, writer, language scholar and Fianna Fáil politician. Born in Maghera, County Londonderry, she attended secondary school in Dublin in Loreto North Great Georges S ...

, 1878-1952 * R.V. Comerford *

Colm Connolly Colm Felix Connolly (born October 18, 1964) is the Chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. He formerly served as United States Attorney for the District of Delaware. Biography and ...

* John de Courcy Ireland, 1911-2006 *

Seán Cronin Seán Cronin (29 August 1922 – 9 March 2011) was a journalist and former Irish Army officer and twice Irish Republican Army chief of staff.Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, ''The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers Pa ...

Louis Cullen Louis Michael Cullen (born 1932) is an Irish diplomat, academic, historian, author and Japanologist.Edmund Curtis Edmund CurtisIrish: ''Éamon Cuirtéis'' (1881–1943), was born in Lancashire to Irish parents. He worked in a rubber factory until he was 15 when he continued with his education. His education was paid for through donations when it was heard ...

, 1881-1943 * Maurice Curtis * Fr. Patrick Dinneen SJ, 1860-1934 *

Maureen Donovan O'Sullivan Mary Josephine Donovan O'Sullivan was Professor of History at Queens College, Galway (now NUI Galway) from 1914 to 1957. Biography One of ten children, four of whom survived infancy, Donovan was born at Fair Hill Road in Galway on 24 November ...

, 1887-1966 * Eamonn Duffy *

Owen Dudley Edwards Owen Dudley Edwards (born 27 March 1938) is an Irish historian and former Reader in Commonwealth and American History at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. He is the son of Professor Robert Dudley Edwards and brother to the Irish writer, ...

* Robin Dudley Edwards * Marianne Elliott *

Ronan Fanning Ronan Fanning (6 May 1941 18 January 2017) was an Irish historian. Biography The son of an Irish doctor and English Montessori teacher, Fanning was educated at St Michael's College, Dublin and C.B.C. Monkstown. He received his undergraduate d ...

* Brian Farrell *

Diarmaid Ferriter Diarmaid Ferriter (born February 1972) is an Irish historian, broadcaster and university professor. He has written eleven books on the subject of Irish history, and co-authored another. Ferriter attended St. Benildus College in Kilmacud in Dub ...

* Roy Foster * Tom Garvin *

Joe Graham Anthony Joseph "Joe" Graham (30 January 1944 - 9 December 2021), was a Belfast-based Irish people, Irish writer and historian. He founded ''Rushlight: The Belfast Magazine'' in 1972. Joseph Graham was born in Belfast, the eighth of twelve child ...

1944- *

Alice Stopford Green __NOTOC__ Alice Stopford Green (30 May 1847 – 28 May 1929) was an Irish historian and nationalist. She was born Alice Sophia Amelia Stopford in Kells, County Meath. Her father Edward Adderley Stopford was Rector of Kells and Archdeacon of ...

(1847–1929) *

Aubrey Gwynn Aubrey Osborn Gwynn (17 February 1892 – 18 May 1983) was an Irish Jesuit historian. Life Aubrey Gwynn was born in Dublin on 17 February 1892. His father was the author and sometime Member of Parliament Stephen Gwynn; his paternal grandfather ...

, SJ, 1892-1983 *

Stephen Gwynn Stephen Lucius Gwynn (13 February 1864 – 11 June 1950) was an Irish journalist, biographer, author, poet and Protestant Nationalist politician. As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party he represented Galway city as its Member of Parliame ...

, 1864-1950 * Gerard Anthony Hayes-McCoy, 1911-1975 *

Kathleen Hughes Kathleen Hughes (born Elizabeth Margaret von Gerkan; November 14, 1928) is an American actress. Early life Hughes' uncle, F. Hugh Herbert, was a playwright who authored ''Kiss and Tell'' and ''The Moon Is Blue''. Her desire to act was inspired ...

, 1926-1977 * James Kelly (1959- ) *

Dermot Keogh Dermot Keogh (born 12 May 1945) is Professor of History and Emeritus Jean Monnet Professor of European Integration Studies at University College, Cork University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork (UCC) ( ga, Coláiste n ...

John Joseph Lee John Joseph Lee (born 9 July 1942) (commonly known as J.J. Lee), is an Irish historian and former senator. He has held the chairs of Modern History in University College Cork and Professor of History and Glucksman Professor for Irish Studies an ...

F. S. L. Lyons Francis Stewart Leland Lyons (11 November 1923 – 21 September 1983) was an Irish historian and academic who was Provost of Trinity College Dublin from 1974 to 1981. Biography Known as Le among his friends and family, Lyons was born in Derry, ...

* Kevin B. Nowlan (1921-2013) *

Dermot MacDermot Sir Dermot MacDermot (1906–1989), styled Prince of Coolavin, Chief of the Name, head of the MacDermot clan, and a descendant of the Kings of Moylurg. MacDermot attended Stonyhurst College, and went on to Trinity College Dublin, where he was ...

, died 1989 *

Edward MacLysaght Edgeworth Lysaght, later Edward Anthony Edgeworth Lysaght, and from 1920 Edward MacLysaght ( ga, Éamonn Mac Giolla Iasachta; 6 November 1887 – 4 March 1986) was a genealogist of twentieth century Ireland. His numerous books on Irish surnames ...

, 1887-1986 *

Eoin MacNeill Eoin MacNeill ( ga, Eoin Mac Néill; born John McNeill; 15 May 1867 – 15 October 1945) was an Irish scholar, Irish language enthusiast, Gaelic revivalist, nationalist and politician who served as Minister for Education from 1922 to 1925, Cea ...

, 1867-1945 *

Gearóid Mac Niocaill Gearóid Mac Niocaill (1932–2004) was one of the foremost twentieth-century scholars and interpreters of late medieval Irish tracts. Life Gearóid was born in Hull, England in 1932 to an Irish mother. His lifelong work in the Irish language bu ...

Gearóid Mac Eoin Gearóid Mac Eoin (25 January 1929) is an Irish academic whose studies have focused especially on aspects of Irish language, literature and history. Background and education Mac Eoin was educated in Limerick and New Ross, where he attended ...

F. X. Martin Francis Xavier Martin, OSA (Irish: ''Proinsias Xavier Ó Máirtín''; 2 October 1922 – 13 February 2000) was an Irish cleric, historian and activist. Life Francis Xavier Martin was born 2 October 1922 in Ballylongford, County Kerry, Ireland. F ...

, 1922-2000 * Carmel McCaffrey * Robert B. McDowell * Hugh McFadden * Hiram Morgan, 1960- *

Kenneth Nicholls Kenneth W. Nicholls, Irish academic and historian, is a widely respected Irish historian. Nicholls came to national and international prominence as the author of ''Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages'', first published in 1972, ...

Donnchadh Ó Corráin Donnchadh Ó Corráin (28 February 1942 – 25 October 2017) was an Irish historian and Professor Emeritus of Medieval History at University College Cork. He earned his BA in history and Irish from that institution, graduating in 1964. He was ...

Dáibhí Ó Cróinín Dáibhí Iarla Ó Cróinín (born 29 August 1954) is an Irish historian and authority on Hiberno-Latin texts, noted for his significant mid-1980s discovery in a manuscript in Padua of the "lost" Irish 84-year Easter table. Ó Cróinín was Prof ...

Patrick Denis O'Donnell Patrick Denis O'Donnell (9 January 1922 – 1 January 2005) was an Irish Military history, military historian, writer, former UN peace-keeper, and Commandant of the Irish Defence Forces. Background He was born in the Kerries Tralee, County Kerry ...

* Pádraig Ó Fiannachta *

Cormac Ó Gráda Cormac Ó Gráda (born 1945) is an Irish economic historian and professor emeritus of economics at University College Dublin. His research has focused on the economic history of Ireland, Irish demographic changes, the Great Irish Famine (as wel ...

Nollaig Ó Muraíle Nollaig Ó Muraíle is an Irish scholar. He published an acclaimed edition of Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh's ''Leabhar na nGenealach'' in 2004. He was admitted to the Royal Irish Academy in 2009. Life and career A native of Knock, County Mayo, Ó ...

T. F. O'Rahilly Thomas Francis O'Rahilly ( ga, Tomás Ó Rathile; 11 November 1882 – 16 November 1953)Ó Sé, Diarmuid.O'Rahilly, Thomas Francis (‘T. F.’). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. (ed.) James McGuire, James Quinn. Cambridge, United Kingdom: C ...

, 1883-1953 * Pádraig Ó Riain *

Matthew Potter Matthew Potter is an Irish academic who serves as the current curator of Limerick Museum. He is a published historian with a primary focus on governmental history and is an Honorary Fellow of the Department of History of the University of Lim ...

Barry Raftery Barry Raftery (16 August 1944 – 22 August 2010) was an Irish archaeologist and academic. He is best known for his pioneering work in wetland archaeology and Iron Age hillforts in Ireland. He was Professor of Celtic Archaeology in University Col ...

Sharon Slater Sharon Slater is an Irish historian and author. Her work primarily focuses on the history of Limerick, Ireland using the name Limerick's Life. Following a mentorship from Frank Prendergast she attended the University of Limerick and received an ...

ATQ Stewart Anthony Terence Quincey Stewart (8 July 192916 December 2010), known professionally as A. T. Q. Stewart or Tony Stewart, was a Northern Irish historian, teacher and academic, and a best-selling author on the subject of the politics of Ulster and N ...

* Fr. Paul Walsh, 1885-1941 *

Patrick Weston Joyce Patrick Weston Joyce, commonly known as P. W. Joyce (1827 – 7 January 1914) was an Irish historian, writer and music collector, known particularly for his research in Irish etymology and local place names of Ireland. Biography He was born i ...

1827-1914 * Michael Coleman Kelly1960- * Arthur Keaveney 1951-2020 {{div col end Historians