Iowa
Iowa (/ˈaɪ.əwə/ ( listen))[6][7][8] is a
U.S. state
U.S. state in
the Midwestern United States, bordered by the
Mississippi River
Mississippi River to the
east and the
Missouri
Missouri and Big
Sioux
Sioux rivers to the west. It is bordered
by six states;
Wisconsin
Wisconsin to the northeast,
Illinois
Illinois to the east,
Missouri
Missouri to the south,
Nebraska
Nebraska to the west,
South Dakota
South Dakota to the
northwest, and
Minnesota
Minnesota to the north.
In colonial times,
Iowa
Iowa was a part of French
Louisiana
Louisiana and Spanish
Louisiana; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After
the
Louisiana
Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an
agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt.[9]
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy
made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced
manufacturing, processing, financial services, information technology,
biotechnology, and green energy production.[10][11]
Iowa
Iowa is the 26th
most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S
states. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines. Iowa
has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live.[12] Its
nickname is the Hawkeye State.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Geography
2.1 Boundaries
2.2 Geology and terrain
2.3 Ecology and environment
3 Climate
4 Prehistory
5 History
5.1 Early exploration and trade, 1673–1808
5.2
War of 1812
War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control
5.3 Trade and Indian removal, 1814–1832
5.4 U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832–1860
5.5 Civil War, 1861–1865
5.6 Agricultural expansion, 1865–1930
5.7 Depression, World War II, and the rise of manufacturing,
1930–1985
5.8 Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985–present
6 Demographics
6.1 Population
6.2 Settlement
6.3 Birth data
6.4 Religion
6.5 Language
7 Attractions
7.1 Central Iowa
7.2 Eastern Iowa
7.3 Western Iowa
7.4 Northeast and Northern Iowa
7.5 Statewide
8 Economy
8.1 Manufacturing
8.2 Agriculture
8.3 Health insurance
8.4 Other sectors
8.5 Taxation
9 Transportation
9.1 Interstate highways
9.2 Airports with scheduled flights
9.3 Railroads
10 Law and government
10.1 State
10.2 National
10.3 Political parties
10.4 Voter trends
10.5 Presidential caucus
10.6 Civil rights
11 Sister jurisdictions
12 Education
12.1 Primary and secondary schools
12.2 Colleges and universities
13 Culture
13.1 Arts
13.2 Sports
13.2.1 College sports
13.2.2 Baseball
13.2.3 Ice hockey
13.2.4 Soccer
13.2.5 Other sports
14 Notable Iowans
15 See also
16 Notes
17 References
18 External links
Etymology
Iowa
Iowa derives its name from the
Ioway
Ioway people, one of the many Native
American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European
exploration.[13]
Geography
Main article: Geography of Iowa
Boundaries
See also: List of counties in Iowa
Topography
Topography of Iowa, with counties and major streams
Iowa
Iowa is bordered by the
Mississippi River
Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri
River and the
Big Sioux River
Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a
line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude.[14][note 1] The
southern border is the
Des Moines River
Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line
along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the
U.S. Supreme Court
U.S. Supreme Court in
Missouri
Missouri v.
Iowa
Iowa (1849) after a standoff between
Missouri
Missouri and
Iowa
Iowa known as the Honey War.[15][16]
Iowa
Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely
by rivers.[17]
Iowa
Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two.
The state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County.[18]
Geology and terrain
DeSoto Lake at DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge
Fountain Springs Park
Fountain Springs Park in
Delaware
Delaware County, Iowa
Iowa's bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east.
In northwest Iowa,
Cretaceous
Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old; in
eastern
Iowa
Iowa
Cambrian
Cambrian bedrock dates to c. 500 million years ago.[19]
Iowa
Iowa is generally not flat; most of the state consists of rolling
hills.
Iowa
Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation,
soils, topography, and river drainage.[20]
Loess
Loess hills lie along the
western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet
thick.[21] Northeast
Iowa
Iowa along the
Mississippi River
Mississippi River is part of the
Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills and valleys which appear
almost mountainous.
Several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji
Lake, and
East Okoboji Lake
East Okoboji Lake in northwest
Iowa
Iowa (see
Iowa
Iowa Great Lakes).
To the east lies Clear Lake. Man-made lakes include Lake Odessa,[22]
Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and
Rathbun Lake. The state's northwest area has many remnants of the once
common wetlands, such as Barringer Slough.
Ecology and environment
Main article: Environment of Iowa
Iowa's natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in upland
areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected
river valleys, and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas.[20]
Most of
Iowa
Iowa is used for agriculture; crops cover 60% of the state,
grasslands (mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland)
cover 30%, and forests cover 7%; urban areas and water cover another
1% each.[23]
There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa; less than 1% of the
tallgrass prairie that once covered most of
Iowa
Iowa remains intact; only
about 5% of the state's prairie pothole wetlands remain, and most of
the original forest has been lost.[24] As of 2005[update]
Iowa
Iowa ranked
49th of U.S. states in public land holdings.[25] Threatened or
endangered animals in
Iowa
Iowa include the interior least tern, piping
plover,
Indiana
Indiana bat, pallid sturgeon, the
Iowa
Iowa
Pleistocene
Pleistocene land snail,
Higgins' eye pearly mussel, and the Topeka shiner.[26] Endangered or
threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern
prairie fringed orchid, Mead's milkweed, prairie bush clover, and
northern wild monkshood.[27]
The explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in
Iowa
Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in
air quality.[28] Other factors negatively affecting Iowa's environment
include the extensive use of older coal-fired power plants,[29]
fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production,[30] and
diminishment of the Jordan Aquifer.[31]
Climate
Köppen climate types in Iowa
Iowa
Iowa annual rainfall, in inches
Iowa
Iowa has a humid continental climate throughout the state (Köppen
climate classification Dfa) with extremes of both heat and cold. The
average annual temperature at
Des Moines
Des Moines is 50 °F (10 °C);
for some locations in the north the figure is under 45 °F
(7 °C), while Keokuk, on the
Mississippi
Mississippi River, averages
52 °F (11 °C). Winters are often harsh and snowfall is
common.
Spring ushers in the beginning of the severe weather season. Iowa
averages about 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year.[32] The 30
year annual average Tornadoes in
Iowa
Iowa is 47.[33] In 2008, twelve
people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa, making it the deadliest year
since 1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105,
matching the total from 2001.[34]
Iowa
Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity, with daytime
temperatures sometimes near 90 °F (32 °C) and occasionally
exceeding 100 °F (38 °C). Average winters in the state
have been known to drop well below freezing, even dropping below
−18 °F (−28 °C). Iowa's all-time hottest temperature
of 118 °F (48 °C) was recorded at Keokuk on July 20, 1934;
the all-time lowest temperature of −47 °F (−44 °C) was
recorded at Elkader on February 3, 1996.
Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various
Iowa
Iowa cities
(°F)[35]
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Davenport[36]
30/13
36/19
48/29
61/41
72/52
81/63
85/68
83/66
76/57
65/45
48/32
35/20
Des Moines[37]
31/14
36/19
49/30
62/41
72/52
82/62
86/67
84/65
76/55
63/43
48/31
34/18
Keokuk[38]
34/17
39/21
50/30
63/42
73/52
83/62
87/67
85/65
78/56
66/44
51/33
33/21
Mason City[39]
24/6
29/12
41/23
57/35
69/46
79/57
82/61
80/58
73/49
60/37
43/25
28/11
Sioux
Sioux City[40]
31/10
35/15
47/26
62/37
73/49
82/59
86/63
83/63
76/51
63/38
46/25
32/13
Iowa
Iowa has a relatively smooth gradient of varying precipitation across
the state, with areas in the southeast of the state receiving an
average of over 38 inches (97 cm) of rain annually, and the
northwest of the state receiving less than 28 inches (71 cm).[41]
The pattern of precipitation across
Iowa
Iowa is seasonal, with more rain
falling in the summer months. In Des Moines, roughly in the center of
the state, over two-thirds of the 34.72 inches (88.2 cm) of rain
falls from April through September, and about half of the average
annual precipitation falls from May through August.[42]
Prehistory
Excavation of the 3,800-year-old Edgewater Park Site.
Main articles:
Iowa archaeology
Iowa archaeology and Indians of Iowa
When American Indians first arrived in what is now
Iowa
Iowa more than
13,000 years ago, they were hunters and gatherers living in a
Pleistocene
Pleistocene glacial landscape. By the time European explorers and
traders visited Iowa, American Indians were largely settled farmers
with complex economic, social, and political systems. This
transformation happened gradually. During the Archaic period
(10,500–2,800 years ago), American Indians adapted to local
environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as
populations increased.[43]
More than 3,000 years ago, during the Late Archaic period, American
Indians in
Iowa
Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants. The subsequent
Woodland period
Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social
complexity, with increased use of mounds, ceramics, and specialized
subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD
900) increased use of maize and social changes led to social
flourishing and nucleated settlements.[43]
The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric
period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social
upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers
and traders. There were numerous Indian tribes living in
Iowa
Iowa at the
time of early European exploration. Tribes which were probably
descendants of the prehistoric
Oneota
Oneota include the Dakota, Ho-Chunk,
Ioway, and Otoe. Tribes which arrived in
Iowa
Iowa in the late prehistoric
or protohistoric periods include the Illiniwek, Meskwaki, Omaha, and
Sauk.[43]
History
Main article: History of Iowa
Early exploration and trade, 1673–1808
Iowa
Iowa in 1718. Modern state area highlighted.
The first known European explorers to document
Iowa
Iowa were Jacques
Marquette and
Louis Jolliet
Louis Jolliet who traveled the
Mississippi River
Mississippi River in 1673
documenting several Indian villages on the
Iowa
Iowa side.[44][45] The area
of
Iowa
Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until
1763. The French, before their impending defeat in the French and
Indian War, transferred ownership to their ally, Spain.[46] Spain
practiced very loose control over the
Iowa
Iowa region, granting trading
licenses to French and British traders, who established trading posts
along the
Mississippi
Mississippi and
Des Moines
Des Moines Rivers.[44]
Iowa
Iowa was part of a territory known as La Louisiane or Louisiana, and
European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indians.
The Sauk and
Meskwaki
Meskwaki effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi
in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Among the early
traders on the
Mississippi
Mississippi were Julien Dubuque, Robert La Salle, and
Paul Marin.[44] Along the
Missouri River
Missouri River at least five French and
English trading houses were built before 1808.[47] In 1800, Napoleon
Bonaparte took control of
Louisiana
Louisiana from Spain in a treaty.
After the 1803
Louisiana
Louisiana Purchase, Congress divided the Louisiana
Purchase into two parts—the Territory of Orleans and the District of
Louisiana. The latter, of which in was placed.
Iowa
Iowa was placed under
United States
United States jurisdiction of the Territory of Indiana, with William
Henry Harrison. Much of
Iowa
Iowa was mapped by
Zebulon Pike
Zebulon Pike in 1805,[48]
but it was not until the construction of
Fort Madison
Fort Madison in 1808 that the
U.S. established tenuous military control over the region.[49]
War of 1812
War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control
Plan of Fort Madison, 1810.
Fort Madison
Fort Madison was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance
over the Upper Mississippi, but it was poorly designed and disliked by
the Sauk and Ho-Chunk, many of whom allied with the British, who had
not abandoned claims to the territory.[49][50]
Fort Madison
Fort Madison was
defeated by British-supported Indians in 1813 during the War of 1812,
and Fort Shelby in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, also fell to the
British. Black Hawk took part in the siege of Fort Madison.[51][52]
After the war, the U.S. re-established control of the region through
the construction of Fort Armstrong,
Fort Snelling
Fort Snelling in Minnesota, and
Fort Atkinson in Nebraska.[53]
Trade and Indian removal, 1814–1832
A map of
Iowa
Iowa Indian Territory Accessions.
The U.S. encouraged settlement of the east side of the
Mississippi
Mississippi and
removal of Indians to the west. Trade continued in furs and lead, but
disease and forced population movement decimated Indian cultures and
economies. A disputed 1804 treaty between
Quashquame
Quashquame and William Henry
Harrison that surrendered much of
Illinois
Illinois to the U.S. enraged many
Sauk and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War. As punishment for the
uprising, and as part of a larger settlement strategy, treaties were
subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa.
The Sauk and
Meskwaki
Meskwaki were pushed out of the
Mississippi
Mississippi valley in
1832, out of the
Iowa River
Iowa River valley in 1843, and out of
Iowa
Iowa altogether
in 1846. Many
Meskwaki
Meskwaki later returned to
Iowa
Iowa and settled near Tama,
Iowa; the
Meskwaki
Meskwaki Settlement remains to this day. In 1856 the Iowa
Legislature
Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to
purchase the land; Indians were not usually permitted to do so. The
Ho-Chunk
Ho-Chunk were removed from
Iowa
Iowa in 1850, and the Dakota were removed
by the late 1850s. Western
Iowa
Iowa around modern Council Bluffs was used
as a way station for other tribes being moved west, including the
Potawatomi.
U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832–1860
Iowa
Iowa Territorial Seal.
The first American settlers officially moved to
Iowa
Iowa in June 1833.[54]
Primarily, they were families from Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York,
Indiana, Kentucky, and Virginia.[54] On July 4, 1838, the U.S.
Congress established the Territory of Iowa. President Martin Van Buren
appointed Robert Lucas governor of the territory, which at the time
had 22 counties and a population of 23,242.[55]
Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose
for statehood. On December 28, 1846,
Iowa
Iowa became the 29th state in the
Union when President
James K. Polk
James K. Polk signed Iowa's admission bill into
law. Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved,
and most of its land purchased from the Indians,
Iowa
Iowa set its
direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and
investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine
citizens, free and open society, and good government.[56]
Iowa
Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs. The first and
second
Iowa
Iowa State Fairs were held in the more developed eastern part
of the state at Fairfield. The first fair was held October 25–27,
1854, at a cost of around $323. Thereafter, the fair moved to
locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a
permanent home in Des Moines. The State Fair has been held every year
since except for the year 1898 due to the
Spanish–American War
Spanish–American War and
the
World's Fair
World's Fair being held in nearby Omaha, Nebraska. The fair was
also a
World War II
World War II wartime casualty from 1942–1945, as the
fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot.[57]
Civil War, 1861–1865
Jane and Samuel Kirkwood, 1852.
Iowa
Iowa supported the Union during the Civil War, voting heavily for
Abraham Lincoln, though there was a strong antiwar "Copperhead"
movement among settlers of southern origins and among
Catholics.[citation needed] There were no battles in the state,
although the battle of Athens, Missouri, 1861, was fought just across
the
Des Moines River
Des Moines River from Croton, Iowa, and shots from the battle
landed in Iowa.
Iowa
Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the
eastern cities.[58]
Much of Iowa's support for the Union can be attributed to Samuel J.
Kirkwood, its first wartime governor. Of a total population of
675,000, about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty. Iowa
contributed proportionately more men to Civil War military service
than did any other state, north or south, sending more than 75,000
volunteers to the armed forces, over one-sixth of whom were killed
before the Confederates surrendered at Appomattox.[58]
Most fought in the great campaigns in the
Mississippi Valley
Mississippi Valley and in
the South.[59]
Iowa
Iowa troops fought at Wilson's Creek in Missouri, Pea
Ridge in Arkansas, Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, Chattanooga,
Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg,
Iuka, and Corinth. They served with the Army of the Potomac in
Virginia
Virginia and fought under Union General
Philip Sheridan
Philip Sheridan in the
Shenandoah Valley. Many died and were buried at Andersonville. They
marched on General Nathaniel Banks' ill-starred expedition to the Red
River. Twenty-seven
Iowans
Iowans have been awarded the Medal of Honor, the
highest military decoration awarded by the
United States
United States government,
which was first awarded in the Civil War.[60]
Iowa
Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major
generals—Grenville Mellen Dodge, Samuel R. Curtis, Francis J.
Herron, and Frederick Steele—and saw many of its generals go on to
state and national prominence following the war.[58]
Agricultural expansion, 1865–1930
Iowa
Iowa farm, 1875.
Following the Civil War, Iowa's population continued to grow
dramatically, from 674,913 people in 1860 to 1,194,020 in 1880. The
introduction of railroads in the 1859s and 1860s transformed
Iowa
Iowa into
a major agricultural producer.
In 1917, the
United States
United States entered World War I and farmers as well as
all
Iowans
Iowans experienced a wartime economy. For farmers, the change was
significant. Since the beginning of the war in 1914,
Iowa
Iowa farmers had
experienced economic prosperity. In the economic sector,
Iowa
Iowa also has
undergone considerable change. Beginning with the first farm-related
industries developed in the 1870s,
Iowa
Iowa has experienced a gradual
increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations.
Depression, World War II, and the rise of manufacturing, 1930–1985
The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy
happened slowly. The
Great Depression
Great Depression and
World War II
World War II accelerated the
shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms, and began a trend
of urbanization. The period since
World War II
World War II has witnessed a
particular increase in manufacturing operations. While agriculture
continued to be the state's dominant industry,
Iowans
Iowans also produce a
wide variety of products including refrigerators, washing machines,
fountain pens, farm implements, and food products.
The Farm Crisis of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa, causing
poverty not seen since the Depression.[61] The crisis spurred a major,
decade-long population decline.[62]
Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985–present
After bottoming out in the 1980s, Iowa's economy began to become
increasingly less dependent on agriculture, and by the early 21st
century was characterized by a mix of manufacturing, biotechnology,
finance and insurance services, and government services.[63] The
population of
Iowa
Iowa has increased at a faster rate than the U.S. as a
whole,[62] and
Iowa
Iowa now has a predominantly urban population.[64] The
Iowa
Iowa Economic Development Authority, created in 2011 has replaced the
Iowa
Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a
source of economic information.[65]
Demographics
Population
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1840
43,112
—
1850
192,214
345.8%
1860
674,913
251.1%
1870
1,194,020
76.9%
1880
1,624,615
36.1%
1890
1,912,297
17.7%
1900
2,231,853
16.7%
1910
2,224,771
−0.3%
1920
2,404,021
8.1%
1930
2,470,939
2.8%
1940
2,538,268
2.7%
1950
2,621,073
3.3%
1960
2,757,537
5.2%
1970
2,824,376
2.4%
1980
2,913,808
3.2%
1990
2,776,755
−4.7%
2000
2,926,324
5.4%
2010
3,046,355
4.1%
Est. 2017
3,145,711
3.3%
Source: 1910–2010[66]
2015 estimate[67]
The
United States
United States Census Bureau estimates the population of
Iowa
Iowa was
3,123,899 on July 1, 2015, a 2.55% increase since the 2010 Census.[67]
Of the residents of Iowa, 72.2% were born in Iowa, 23.2% were born in
a different US state, 0.5% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island
areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.1% were foreign
born.[68]
Immigration from outside the
United States
United States resulted in a net increase
of 29,386 people, while migration within the country produced a net
loss of 41,140 people. 6.5% of Iowa's population were reported as
under the age of five, 22.6% under 18, and 14.7% were 65 or older.
Males made up approximately 49.6% of the population.[69] The
population density of the state is 52.7 people per square mile.[70]
The center of population of
Iowa
Iowa is in Marshall County, in the city of
Marshalltown.[69]
As of the 2010 Census, the population of
Iowa
Iowa was 3,046,355. The
gender makeup of the state was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 23.9% of
the population were under the age of 18; 61.2% were between the ages
of 18 and 64; and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older.[71]
The racial makeup of
Iowa
Iowa as of the 2010 Census was:[71]
White: 91.3% (88.7% non-Hispanic)
Black or African American: 2.9%
American Indian and
Alaska
Alaska Native: 0.4%
Asian: 1.7%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.1%
Other race: 1.8%
Two or more races: 1.8%
Iowa
Iowa Racial Breakdown of Population
Racial composition
1990[72]
2000[73]
2010[74]
White
96.6%
93.9%
91.3%
Black or African American
1.7%
2.1%
2.9%
American Indian and
Alaska
Alaska Native
0.3%
0.3%
0.4%
Asian
0.9%
1.3%
1.7%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
–
–
0.1%
Other race
0.5%
1.3%
1.8%
Two or more races
–
1.1%
1.8%
Iowa
Iowa population density map
Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0% of the population in 2010:
3.8% were of Mexican, 0.2% Puerto Rican, about 0.0% Cuban, and 0.9%
other Hispanic or Latino origin. According to the 2010–2015 American
Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups were German (35.9%),
Irish (13.7%), English (8.5%), American (6.2%), and Norwegian
(5.2%).[75]
Settlement
Percent population changes by counties in Iowa, 2000–2009. Dark
green counties have gains of more than 5%.[76]
Iowa's population is more urban than rural, with 61 percent living in
urban areas in 2000, a trend that began in the early 20th century.[64]
Urban counties in
Iowa
Iowa grew 8.5% from 2000 to 2008, while rural
counties declined by 4.2%.[77] The shift from rural to urban has
caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as Dallas,
Johnson, Linn, Polk, and Scott, at the expense of more rural
counties.[78]
Iowa, in common with other Midwestern states (especially Kansas,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), is feeling the brunt of
rural flight, although
Iowa
Iowa has been gaining population since
approximately 1990. Some smaller communities, such as Denison and
Storm Lake, have mitigated this population loss through gains in
immigrant laborers.[79]
Another demographic problem for
Iowa
Iowa is the brain drain, in which
educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in
higher education or employment. During the 1990s,
Iowa
Iowa had the second
highest exodus rate for single, educated young adults, second only to
North Dakota.[80] Significant loss of educated young people
contributes to economic stagnation and the loss of services for
remaining citizens.
See also:
List of cities in Iowa
List of cities in Iowa and List of largest
Iowa
Iowa cities by
population
Iowa's largest cities and their surrounding areas
Recorded by the
United States
United States Census Bureau
Rank
City
2014 city population[81]
2010 city population[82]
Change
Metropolitan Statistical Area
2016 metro population
2010 metro population
2016 metro change
1
Des Moines
209,220
203,433
7000284467121853390♠+2.84%
Des Moines–West Des Moines
634,725
569,633
7001114270065112099♠+11.43%
2
Cedar Rapids
129,195
126,326
7000227110808542980♠+2.27%
Cedar Rapids
267,799
257,940
7000382220671473990♠+3.82%
3
Davenport
104,589
99,685
7000491949641370320♠+4.92%
Quad Cities
386,630
379,090
7000198897359466090♠+1.99%
4
Sioux
Sioux City
82,517
82,684
3000798026220308640♠−0.20%
Sioux
Sioux City
168,806
168,563
6999144159750360400♠+0.14%
5
Iowa
Iowa City
73,415
67,862
7000818278270607999♠+8.18%
Iowa
Iowa City
168,828
152,586
7001106444890094770♠+10.64%
6
Waterloo
68,364
68,406
3001386018770283320♠−0.06%
Waterloo–Cedar Falls
169,993
167,819
7000129544330498930♠+1.30%
7
Council Bluffs
62,245
62,230
6998241041298409070♠+0.02%
Omaha–Council Bluffs
924,129
865,350
7000679251170046800♠+6.79%
8
West Des Moines
63,325
56,609
7001118638379056330♠+11.86%
Des Moines–West Des Moines
611,549
9
Ames
63,266
58,965
7000729415755108960♠+7.29%
Ames
97,090
89,542
7000842956378012550♠+8.43%
10
Dubuque
58,436
57,637
7000138626229678850♠+1.39%
Dubuque
96,370
93,653
7000290113504105580♠+2.90%
11
Ankeny
53,801
45,582
7001180312404019130♠+18.03%
Des Moines–West Des Moines
611,549
12
Urbandale
43,150
39,463
7000934292881940040♠+9.34%
Des Moines–West Des Moines
611,549
13
Cedar Falls
40,859
39,260
7000407284768211919♠+4.07%
Waterloo–Cedar Falls
169,993
14
Bettendorf
36,822
33,217
7001108528765391220♠+10.85%
Quad Cities
386,630
15
Marion
36,774
34,768
7000576967326277040♠+5.77%
Cedar Rapids
267,799
Birth data
Population age comparison between rural Pocahontas County and urban
Polk County, illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban
centers in Iowa.[83]
Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both
by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.
Live Births by Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race
2013[84]
2014[85]
2015[86]
White:
35,240 (90.1%)
35,528 (89.5%)
35,279 (89.3%)
Non-Hispanic White
32,302 (82.6%)
32,423 (81.7%)
32,028 (81.1%)
Black
2,232 (5.7%)
2,467 (6.2%)
2,597 (6.6%)
Asian
1,353 (3.5%)
1,408 (3.5%)
1,364 (3.4%)
Native
269 (0.7%)
284 (0.7%)
242 (0.6%)
Hispanic (of any race)
3,175 (8.1%)
3,315 (8.3%)
3,418 (8.6%)
Total Iowa
39,094 (100%)
39,687 (100%)
39,482 (100%)
Religion
Amana Colonies
Amana Colonies were founded by German Pietists.
Religion in
Iowa
Iowa (2014)[87]
religion
percent
Protestant
60%
No religion
21%
Catholic
18%
Muslim
1%
No answer
1%
A 2001 survey from the
City University of New York
.png/300px-Seal_of_the_City_University_of_New_York_(CUNY).png)
City University of New York found 52% of Iowans
are Protestant, while 23% are Catholic, and other religions made up
6%. 13% responded with non-religious, and 5% did not answer.[88] A
survey from the
Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) in 2010
found that the largest Protestant denominations were the United
Methodist Church with 235,190 adherents and the Evangelical Lutheran
Church in America with 229,557. The largest non Protestant religion
was Catholicism with 503,080 adherents. The state has a great number
of Reformed denominations. The
Presbyterian Church (USA)
Presbyterian Church (USA) had almost
290 congregations and 51,380 members followed by the Reformed Church
in America with 80 churches and 40,000 members, and the United Church
of Christ had 180 churches and 39,000 members.[89]
The study Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000[90] found in
the southernmost two tiers of
Iowa
Iowa counties and in other counties in
the center of the state, the largest religious group was the United
Methodist Church; in the northeast part of the state, including
Dubuque and Linn counties (where
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids is located), the
Catholic Church
Catholic Church was the largest; and in ten counties, including three
in the northern tier, the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was
the largest. The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical
Christian denominations. Dubuque is home to the Archdiocese of
Dubuque, which serves as the ecclesiastical province for all 3 other
dioceses in the state and for all the Catholics in the entire state of
Iowa.
Historically, religious sects and orders who desired to live apart
from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa, such as the
Amish
Amish and
Mennonite
Mennonite near Kalona and in other parts of eastern Iowa
such as Davis County and Buchanan County.[91] Other religious sects
and orders living apart include
Quakers
Quakers around West Branch and Le
Grand, German
Pietists
Pietists who founded the Amana Colonies, followers of
Transcendental Meditation
Transcendental Meditation who founded Maharishi Vedic City, and Order
of Cistercians of the Strict Observance monks and nuns at the New
Melleray and Our Lady of the
Mississippi
Mississippi Abbies near Dubuque.
As of 2016[update] about 6,000 Jews live in Iowa, with about 3000 of
them in Des Moines.[92]
Language
English is the most common language used in Iowa, used by 94% of the
population.[93]
William Labov and colleagues, in the monumental Atlas
of North American English[94] found the English spoken in
Iowa
Iowa divides
into multiple linguistic regions. Natives of northern
Iowa
Iowa –
including
Sioux
Sioux City, Fort Dodge, and the Waterloo region – tend to
speak the dialect linguists call North Central American English, which
is also found in North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and
Michigan. Natives of central and southern
Iowa
Iowa – including such
cities as Council Bluffs, Davenport, Des Moines, and
Iowa City
.jpg/500px-Iowa_City,_Iowa_(21850425031).jpg)
Iowa City –
tend to speak the North Midland dialect also found in eastern
Nebraska, central Illinois, and central Indiana.[95] Natives of
East-Central
Iowa
Iowa – including cities such as Cedar Rapids, Dubuque,
and Clinton tend to speak with the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, a
dialect that extends from this area and east across the Great Lakes
Region.[96]
After English, Spanish is the second-most-common language spoken in
Iowa, with 120,000 people in
Iowa
Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin[97] and
47,000 people born in Hispanic America.[98] The third-most-common
language is German, spoken by 17,000 people in Iowa;[93] two notable
German dialects used in
Iowa
Iowa include
Amana German spoken around the
Amana Colonies, and
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania German, spoken among the
Amish
Amish in
Iowa. The
Babel Proclamation of 1918 banned the speaking of German in
public. Around Pella, residents of Dutch descent once spoke the Pella
Dutch dialect.
No other language is spoken by more than 0.5 percent of the Iowa
population.[93] The only indigenous language used regularly in
Iowa
Iowa is
Meskwaki, used around the
Meskwaki
Meskwaki Settlement.[99]
Attractions
Central Iowa
Skyline of Des Moines, Iowa's capital and largest city.
Des Moines
Des Moines is the largest city in
Iowa
Iowa and the state's political and
economic center. It is home to the
Iowa
Iowa State Capitol, the State
Historical Society of
Iowa
Iowa Museum, Drake University,
Des Moines
Des Moines Art
Center, Greater
Des Moines
Des Moines Botanical Garden, Principal Riverwalk, the
Iowa
Iowa State Fair, Terrace Hill, and the World Food Prize. Nearby
attractions include Adventureland and
Prairie Meadows Racetrack
Prairie Meadows Racetrack Casino
in Altoona,
Living History Farms
Living History Farms in Urbandale, Trainland USA in
Colfax, and the
Iowa Speedway
Iowa Speedway and Valle Drive-In in Newton.
The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at
Iowa
Iowa State University, Ames.
Ames is the home of
Iowa
Iowa State University, the
Iowa
Iowa State Center, and
Reiman Gardens.
Boone hosts the biennial
Farm Progress Show and is home to the Mamie
Doud Eisenhower museum, the Boone & Scenic Valley Railroad, and
Ledges State Park.
The
Meskwaki
Meskwaki Settlement west of Tama is the only American Indian
settlement in
Iowa
Iowa and is host to a large annual Pow-wow.
The
Clint Eastwood
Clint Eastwood movie The Bridges of Madison County, based on the
popular novel of the same name, took place and was filmed in Madison
County. Also in Madison County is the
John Wayne
John Wayne Birthplace Museum in
Winterset.
Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Newton,
Indianola, Pella, Knoxville, Marshalltown, Perry, and Story City.
Eastern Iowa
Old Capitol,
Iowa
Iowa City.
Inside the Davenport Skybridge.
Iowa City
Iowa City is home to the University of Iowa, which includes the Iowa
Writers' Workshop, and the Old Capitol building. Because of the
extraordinary history in the teaching and sponsoring of creative
writing that emanated from the
Iowa Writers' Workshop
Iowa Writers' Workshop and related
programs,
Iowa City
Iowa City was the first American city designated by the
United Nations
United Nations as a "City of Literature" in the
UNESCO
UNESCO Creative Cities
Network.
The
Herbert Hoover National Historic Site
Herbert Hoover National Historic Site and Herbert Hoover
Presidential Library and Museum are in West Branch.
The
Amana Colonies
Amana Colonies are a group of settlements of German Pietists
comprising seven villages listed as National Historic Landmarks.
The
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids Museum of Art has collections of paintings by Grant
Wood and Marvin Cone.
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids is also home to the National Czech
& Slovak Museum & Library and Iowa's only National Trust for
Historic Preservation Site,
Brucemore
Brucemore mansion.
Brucemore, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
Davenport boasts the Figge Art Museum, River Music Experience, Putnam
Museum, Davenport Skybridge, Quad City Symphony Orchestra, Ballet Quad
Cities, and plays host to the annual
Bix Beiderbecke
Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz
Festival, and the Quad City Air Show, which is the largest airshow in
the state.
Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include West
Liberty, Fairfield, Burlington, Mount Pleasant, Fort Madison,
LeClaire, Mount Vernon, Ottumwa, Washington, and Wilton.
Along Interstate 80 near
Walcott, Iowa
Walcott, Iowa lies the world's largest truck
stop,
Iowa
Iowa 80.
Western Iowa
View of Grotto of the Redemption's Lower Arcade: Small Stations of the
Cross, West Bend.
Some of the most dramatic scenery in
Iowa
Iowa is found in the unique Loess
Hills. The
Iowa Great Lakes
Iowa Great Lakes include several resort areas such as
Spirit Lake, Arnolds Park, and the
Okoboji
Okoboji Lakes. The Sanford Museum
and Planetarium in Cherokee,
Grotto of the Redemption
Grotto of the Redemption in West Bend,
Arnolds Park Amusement Park (one of the oldest amusement parks in the
country) in Arnolds Park,
The Danish Immigrant Museum
The Danish Immigrant Museum in Elk Horn, and
the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in
Fort Dodge
Fort Dodge are regional
destinations.
Every year in early May, the city of Orange City holds the annual
Tulip Festival, a celebration of the strong Dutch heritage in the
region.[100]
Historic Fourth Street,
Sioux
Sioux City.
Sioux
Sioux City boasts a revitalized downtown, attractions include the
Sergeant Floyd
Sergeant Floyd Monument,
Sergeant Floyd
Sergeant Floyd River Museum, and the Orpheum
Theater.
Loess
Loess Hills east of Mondamin.
Council Bluffs, the major city of southwest Iowa, sits at the base of
the
Loess
Loess Hills National Scenic Byway. With three casino resorts, the
city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills
Trails Center,
Union Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad Museum, the Grenville M. Dodge
House, and the
Lewis and Clark
Lewis and Clark Monument.
Northwest
Iowa
Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of wind
turbine farms in the world. Other western communities with vibrant
historic downtown areas include Storm Lake, Spencer, Le Mars,
Glenwood, Carroll, Atlantic, Red Oak, Denison, Creston, Mount Ayr, Sac
City, and Walnut.
Northeast and Northern Iowa
"Northern Iowa" redirects here. For the University of Northern Iowa,
see University of Northern Iowa.
Ruins of historic Fort Atkinson.
The
Driftless Area
Driftless Area of northeast
Iowa
Iowa has many steep hills and deep
valleys, checkered with forest and terraced fields. Effigy Mounds
National Monument in Allamakee and Clayton Counties has the largest
assemblage of animal-shaped prehistoric mounds in the world.
Waterloo is home of the
Grout Museum
Grout Museum and is headquarters of the Silos
& Smokestacks National Heritage Area. Cedar Falls is home of the
University of Northern Iowa.
Dubuque is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the
National
Mississippi River
Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium and the Port of
Dubuque.
Dyersville is home to the famed Field of Dreams baseball diamond.
Maquoketa Caves State Park, near Maquoketa, contains more caves than
any other state park.
Fort Atkinson State Preserve
Fort Atkinson State Preserve in Fort Atkinson has the remains of an
original 1840s
Dragoon
Dragoon fortification.
Fort Dodge
Fort Dodge is home of The Fort historical museum and the Blanden Art
Museum, and host Frontiers Days which celebrate the town history.
Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include
Decorah, McGregor, Mason City, Elkader, Guttenberg, Algona,
Spillville, Charles City, and Independence.
Statewide
RAGBRAI
RAGBRAI – the Register's Annual Great Bike Ride Across
Iowa
Iowa –
attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel. It has crossed
the state on various routes each year since 1973.
Iowa
Iowa is home to more
than 70 wineries,[101] and hosts five regional wine tasting
trails.[102] Many
Iowa
Iowa communities hold farmers' markets during warmer
months; these are typically weekly events, but larger cities can host
multiple markets.[103]
Economy
Iowa
Iowa state quarter with reverse image based on a painting by American
artist Grant Wood.
See also:
Iowa
Iowa locations by per capita income
CNBC's list of "Top States for Business in 2010" has recognized Iowa
as the sixth best state in the nation. Scored in 10 individual
categories,
Iowa
Iowa was ranked 1st when it came to the "Cost of Doing
Business"; this includes all taxes, utility costs, and other costs
associated with doing business.
Iowa
Iowa was also ranked 10th in
"Economy", 12th in "Business Friendliness", 16th in "Education", 17th
in both "Cost of Living" and "Quality of Life", 20th in "Workforce",
29th in "Technology and Innovation", 32nd in "Transportation" and the
lowest ranking was 36th in "Access to Capital".[104]
Iowa
Iowa gross state products by industry, 2006.[105]
While
Iowa
Iowa is often viewed as a farming state, in reality agriculture
is a small portion of a diversified economy, with manufacturing,
biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services
contributing substantially to Iowa's economy.[63] This economic
diversity has helped
Iowa
Iowa weather the late 2000s recession better than
most states, with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of
the nation.[106][107]
If the economy is measured by gross domestic product, in 2005 Iowa's
GDP was about US $124 billion.[108] If measured by gross state
product, for 2005 it was US $113.5 billion.[109] Its per capita
income for 2006 was US $23,340.[109]
On July 2, 2009,
Standard and Poor's
Standard and Poor's rated the state of Iowa's credit
as AAA (the highest of its credit ratings, held by only 11 U.S. state
governments).[110]
As of December 2015, the state's unemployment rate is 3.4%.[111]
Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the largest sector of Iowa's economy, with
$20.8 billion (21%) of Iowa's 2003 gross state product. Major
manufacturing sectors include food processing, heavy machinery, and
agricultural chemicals. Sixteen percent of Iowa's workforce is
dedicated to manufacturing.[63]
Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing. Besides
processed food, industrial outputs include machinery, electric
equipment, chemical products, publishing, and primary metals.
Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa
include ConAgra Foods, Wells Blue Bunny, Barilla, Heinz, Tone's
Spices, General Mills, and Quaker Oats. Meatpacker
Tyson Foods
Tyson Foods has 11
locations, second only to its headquarter state Arkansas.[112]
Major non-food manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa
include 3M, ALCOA, Amana Corporation, Dexter
Apache
Apache Holdings, Inc.,
Electrolux/Frigidaire, Emerson Process Management, Fisher Controls
International, Hagie Manufacturing Company, HON Industries, The HON
Company, SSAB, John Deere, Lennox Manufacturing, Maytag Corporation,
Pella Corporation, Procter & Gamble, Rockwell Collins, Terex,
Vermeer Company, and Winnebago Industries.[citation needed]
Agriculture
Harvesting corn in Linn County.
Farm in rural Northwest Iowa
Eastern
Iowa
Iowa cornfield in June.
Directly and indirectly, agriculture has been a major component of
Iowa's economy. As of 2007 the direct production and sale of raw
agricultural products contributed only about 3.5% of Iowa's gross
state product.[113] In 2002 the impact of the indirect role of
agriculture in Iowa's economy, including agriculture-affiliated
business, was calculated at 16.4% in terms of value added and 24.3% in
terms of total output. This was lower than the economic impact of
non-farm manufacturing, which accounted for 22.4% of total value added
and 26.5% of total output.[114] Iowa's main agricultural products are
hogs, corn, soybeans, oats, cattle, eggs, and dairy products.
Iowa
Iowa is
the nation's largest producer of ethanol and corn and some years is
the largest grower of soybeans. In 2008, the 92,600 farms in Iowa
produced 19% of the nation's corn, 17% of the soybeans, 30% of the
hogs, and 14% of the eggs.[115]
Mural in Mt. Ayr Post Office, "The Corn Parade" by Orr C. Fischer,
commissioned as part of the New Deal.[116]
As of 2009[update] major
Iowa
Iowa agricultural product processors include
Archer Daniels Midland, Ajinomoto, Cargill, Inc., Diamond V Mills,
Garst Seed Company, Heartland Pork Enterprises, Hy-Vee, Monsanto
Company,
Pioneer Hi-Bred
Pioneer Hi-Bred International, and Quaker Oats.[117][citation
needed]
Health insurance
As of 2014, there were 16 organizations offering health insurance
products in Iowa, per the State of
Iowa
Iowa Insurance Division.[118] Iowa
was the 4th out of 10 states with the biggest drop in competition
levels of health insurance between 2010 and 2011, per the 2013 annual
report on the level of competition in the health insurance industry by
the American Medical Association[119] using 2011 data from
HealthLeaders-Interstudy, the most comprehensive source of data on
enrollment in health maintenance organization (HMO), preferred
provider organization (PPO), point-of-service (POS) and
consumer-driven health care plans.[120] According to the AMA annual
report from 2007
Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield
Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield had provided 71% of
the state's health insurance.[121]
The
Iowa
Iowa Insurance Division "Annual report to the
Iowa
Iowa Governor and
the
Iowa
Iowa Legislature" from November 2014 looked at the 95% of health
insurers by premium, which are 10 companies. It found Wellmark Inc. to
dominate the 3 health insurance markets it examined (individual, small
group and large group) at 52-67%.[122]:2 Wellmark HealthPlan of Iowa
and Wellmark Inc had the highest risk-based capital percentages of all
10 providers at 1158% and 1132%, respectively.[122]:31 Rising RBC is
an indication of profits.[122]:31
Other sectors
Iowa
Iowa has a strong financial and insurance sector, with approximately
6,100 firms,[63] including AEGON, Nationwide Group,
Aviva
Aviva USA, Farm
Bureau Financial Services, Voya Financial, Marsh Affinity Group,
MetLife,
Principal Financial
Principal Financial Group, Principal Capital Management,
Wells Fargo, and
Wells Fargo
Wells Fargo Financial Services.
Iowa
Iowa is host to at least two business incubators,
Iowa
Iowa State
University Research Park and the BioVentures Center at the University
of Iowa.[123] The Research Park hosts about 50 companies, among them
NewLink Genetics, which develops cancer immunotherapeutics, and the
U.S. animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim, Vetmedica.[123]
Ethanol
Ethanol plant under construction in Butler County.
Ethanol
Ethanol production consumes approximately one-third of Iowa's corn
production, and renewable fuels account for 8% of the state's gross
domestic product. A total of 39 ethanol plants produced
3.1 billion US gallons (12,000,000 m3) of fuel in 2009.[124]
Wind turbines near Williams.
Renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and
western Iowa, with wind turbine electrical generation increasing
exponentally since 1990.[11] In 2010, wind power in
Iowa
Iowa accounted for
15.4% of electrical energy produced, and 3675 megawatts of generating
capacity had been installed at the end of the year.[125]
Iowa
Iowa ranked
first of U.S. states in percentage of total power generated by wind
and second in wind generating capacity behind Texas.[125] Major
producers of turbines and components in
Iowa
Iowa include
Acciona Energy of
West Branch, TPI Composites of Newton, and
Siemens
Siemens Energy of Fort
Madison.
In 2016,
Iowa
Iowa was the headquarters for three of the top 2,000
companies for revenue.[126] They include Principal Financial, Rockwell
Collins, and American Equity Investment.[127][128][129]
Iowa
Iowa is also
headquarters to other companies including Hy-Vee, Pella Corporation,
Vermeer Company, Kum & Go gas stations, Von Maur, Pioneer Hi-Bred,
and Fareway.[130][131][132][133][134][135][136]
Taxation
Iowa
Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals, estates, and
trusts. There are nine income tax brackets, ranging from 0.36% to
8.98%, as well as four corporate income tax brackets ranging from
6-12%, giving
Iowa
Iowa the country's highest marginal corporate tax
rate.[137] The state sales tax rate is 6%, with non-prepared food
having no tax.[138]
Iowa
Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be
imposed by counties after an election.[139] Property tax is levied on
the taxable value of real property.
Iowa
Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing
authorities. Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority.
The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county,
city or rural township, school district and special levies. Iowa
allows its residents to deduct their federal income taxes from their
state income taxes.[140]
Transportation
The current state license plate design, introduced in 2018.
Interstate highways
Iowa's major interstates, larger cities, and counties.
Iowa
Iowa has four primary interstate highways. Interstate 29 (I-29)
travels along the state's western edge through Council Bluffs and
Sioux
Sioux City. I-35 travels from the
Missouri
Missouri state line to the Minnesota
state line through the state's center, including Des Moines. I-74
begins at I-80 just northeast of Davenport. I-80 travels from the
Nebraska
Nebraska state line to the
Illinois
Illinois state line through the center of
the state, including Council Bluffs,
Des Moines, Iowa
Des Moines, Iowa City, and the
Quad Cities. I-380 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway, which travels
from I-80 near
Iowa City
Iowa City through
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids ending in Waterloo and
is part of the
Avenue of the Saints
Avenue of the Saints highway.
Iowa
Iowa is among the few
jurisdictions where municipalities install speed cameras on interstate
highways providing a substantial revenue source from out of state
drivers.[141]
Airports with scheduled flights
Iowa
Iowa is served by several regional airports including the Des Moines
International Airport, the Eastern
Iowa
Iowa Airport, in Cedar Rapids, Quad
City International Airport, in Moline, Illinois, and Eppley Airfield,
in Omaha, Nebraska. Smaller airports in the state include the
Davenport Municipal Airport (Iowa), Dubuque Regional Airport, Fort
Dodge Regional Airport, Mason City Municipal Airport,
Sioux
Sioux Gateway
Airport, Southeast
Iowa
Iowa Regional Airport, and Waterloo Regional
Airport.[citation needed]
Railroads
Amtrak's
California Zephyr
California Zephyr serves the south of
Iowa
Iowa with stops at
Burlington, Mount Pleasant, Ottumwa, Osceola, and Creston on its daily
route between
Chicago
Chicago and
Emeryville, California
Emeryville, California (across the bay from
San Francisco).
Fort Madison
Fort Madison is served by Amtrak's Southwest Chief,
running daily between
Chicago
Chicago and Los Angeles.[citation needed]
Law and government
See: Governor of Iowa,
Iowa
Iowa General Assembly, and
Iowa
Iowa State Capitol
The
Iowa
Iowa State Capitol, completed in 1886, is the only state capitol
to feature five domes, a central golden dome surrounded by four
smaller domes.
The Supreme Court of Iowa, located on Court Avenue across from the
state capitol in Des Moines, is the state's highest court.
State
As of 2017[update] the
Governor of Iowa
Governor of Iowa is
Kim Reynolds
.jpg/440px-Kim_Reynolds_by_Gage_Skidmore_(cropped).jpg)
Kim Reynolds (R).
Other statewide elected officials are:
Adam Gregg
Adam Gregg (R) – Lieutenant Governor
Paul Pate
Paul Pate (R) – Secretary of State
Mary Mosiman (R) – Auditor of State
Michael Fitzgerald (D) – Treasurer of State
Bill Northey
Bill Northey (R) – Secretary of Agriculture
Tom Miller (D) – Attorney General
The
Code of Iowa
Code of Iowa contains Iowa's statutory laws. It is periodically
updated by the
Iowa
Iowa Legislative Service Bureau, with a new edition
published in odd-numbered years and a supplement published in
even-numbered years.
Iowa
Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or alcoholic beverage control state.
National
Further information: List of
United States
United States Senators from Iowa
The two U.S. Senators:
Chuck Grassley
Chuck Grassley (R), in office since 1981
Joni Ernst
Joni Ernst (R), in office since 2015
The four U.S. Congressmen:
Rod Blum
Rod Blum (R) – First district
Dave Loebsack
Dave Loebsack (D) – Second district
David Young (R) – Third district
Steve King
Steve King (R) – Fourth district
After the 2010 census and the resulting redistricting,
Iowa
Iowa lost one
seat, falling to 4 seats in the House of Representatives. Incumbent
congressmen
Leonard Boswell
Leonard Boswell (D) and Tom Latham (R) ran against each
other in the new Third district; Latham won.
Steve King
Steve King represented
the old Fifth district.
Political parties
Main article: Political party strength in Iowa
Samuel J. Kirkwood, founder of the
Iowa
Iowa Republican Party,
abolitionist, and Iowa's Civil War Governor
Treemap
Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election
In Iowa, the term "political party" refers to political organizations
which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for
president or governor in the "last preceding general election".[142]
Iowa
Iowa recognizes two political parties – the Republican Party and the
Democratic Party. Third parties, officially termed "nonparty political
organizations", can appear on the ballot as well. Five of these have
had candidates on the ballot in
Iowa
Iowa since 2004 for various positions:
the Constitution Party, the Green Party, the Libertarian Party, the
Pirate Party, and the Socialist Workers Party.[143][144]
Voter trends
Presidential elections results
Year
Republican
Democratic
2016
51.15% 800,983
41.74% 653,669
2012
46.18% 730,617
51.99% 822,544
2008
44.74% 677,508
54.04% 818,240
2004
49.92% 751,957
49.28% 741,898
2000
48.22% 634,373
48.60% 638,517
1996
39.92% 492,644
50.31% 620,258
1992
37.33% 504,890
43.35% 586,353
1988
44.8% 545,355
55.1% 670,557
1984
53.32% 703,088
45.97% 605,620
As a result of the 2010 elections, each party controls one house of
the
Iowa
Iowa General Assembly: the House has a Republican majority, while
the Senate has a Democratic majority. Since the defeat of incumbent
Democrat
Chet Culver
Chet Culver in 2010, Iowa's governor has been Republican
Terry Branstad, who served as governor from 1983 to 1999. On December
14, 2015, Branstad became the longest serving governor in US history,
serving (at that time) 20 years, 11 months, and 3 days; eclipsing
George Clinton, who served 21 years until 1804.[145]
As of February 1, 2016, there were 2,095,639 registered voters.[146]
Presidential caucus
Main article:
Iowa
Iowa caucuses
The state gets considerable attention every four years because the
Iowa
Iowa caucus, gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state
conventions, is the first presidential caucus in the country. The
caucuses, held in January or February of the election year, involve
people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their
candidates, rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a
presidential primary election.[citation needed] Along with the New
Hampshire primary the following week, Iowa's caucuses have become the
starting points for choosing the two major-party candidates for
president.[147] The national and international media give
Iowa
Iowa and New
Hampshire extensive attention, which gives
Iowa
Iowa voters leverage.[148]
Those who enter the caucus race often expend enormous effort to reach
voters in each of Iowa's 99 counties.[citation needed]
Civil rights
The Union Block building, Mount Pleasant, scene of early civil rights
and women's rights activities
In the 19th century
Iowa
Iowa was among the earliest states to enact
prohibitions against race discrimination, especially in education, but
was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century. In the very
first decision of the Supreme Court of Iowa–In Re the Matter of
Ralph,[149] decided July 1839–the Court rejected slavery in a
decision that found a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on
Iowa
Iowa soil, 26 years before the end of the Civil War.[150] The state
did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851, more than 100 years
before the
U.S. Supreme Court
U.S. Supreme Court would ban miscegenation statutes
nationwide.[151]
The
Iowa
Iowa Supreme Court decided Clark v. The Board of Directors[152] in
1868, ruling that racially segregated "separate but equal" schools had
no place in Iowa, 85 years before Brown v. Board of Education.[150] By
1875, a number of additional court rulings effectively ended
segregation in
Iowa
Iowa schools.[153] Social and housing discrimination
continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s.[154]
The Court heard Coger v. The North Western Union Packet Co.[155] in
1873, ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91
years before the
U.S. Supreme Court
U.S. Supreme Court reached the same decision.[150]
In 1884, the
Iowa
Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination
by businesses, reading: "All persons within this state shall be
entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations,
advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants,
chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where
refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses,
theaters, and all other places of amusement." However, the courts
chose to narrowly apply this act, allowing de facto discrimination to
continue.[156] Racial discrimination at public businesses was not
deemed illegal until 1949, when the court ruled in State of
Iowa
Iowa v.
Katz that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race; the
case began when
Edna Griffin was denied service at a Des Moines
drugstore.[157] Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa
Civil Rights Act of 1965.[158]
As with racial equality,
Iowa
Iowa was a vanguard in women's rights in the
mid-19th century, but was slow to give women the right to vote. In
1847, the
University of Iowa
University of Iowa became the first public university in the
U.S. to admit men and women on an equal basis.[159] In 1869, Iowa
became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of
law, with the Court ruling women may not be denied the right to
practice law in
Iowa
Iowa and admitting
Arabella A. Mansfield
Arabella A. Mansfield to the
practice of law.[150] Several attempts to grant full voting rights to
Iowa
Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919. In 1894 women were
given "partial suffrage", which allowed them to vote on issues, but
not for candidates. It was not until the Nineteenth Amendment to the
United States
United States Constitution was ratified in 1920 that women had full
suffrage in Iowa.[160] Although
Iowa
Iowa supported the Federal Equal
Rights Amendment, in 1980 and 1992
Iowa
Iowa voters rejected an Equal
Rights Amendment to the state constitution.[161]
Iowa
Iowa did add the word
"women" to the
Iowa
Iowa Constitution in 1998. After Amendment, it reads:
"All men and women are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain
inalienable rights – among which are those of enjoying and defending
life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and
pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness." [162]
In the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement, court decisions in Iowa
clarified and expanded citizens' rights. The landmark U.S. Supreme
Court case Tinker v.
Des Moines
Des Moines Independent Community School District
(1969) confirmed the right of students to express political views. The
state's law criminalizing same-sex sexual activity was repealed in
June 1976, 27 years before Lawrence v. Texas.
On April 3, 2009, the
Iowa
Iowa Supreme Court decided Varnum v. Brien,[163]
holding in a unanimous decision,[164] the state's law forbidding
same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. This made
Iowa
Iowa the third state
in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same-sex marriage.[165]
[166] (See LGBT rights in Iowa.)
Sister jurisdictions
Iowa
Iowa has nine official partner jurisdictions:[167]
Yamanashi Prefecture,
Japan
Japan (1960)
Yucatán,
Mexico
Mexico (1964)
Hebei
.svg/550px-Hebei_in_China_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Hebei Province, People's Republic of
China
China (1983)
Terengganu,
Malaysia
Malaysia (1987)
Taiwan, Republic of
China
China (1989)
Stavropol Krai, USSR/
Russia
Russia (1989)
Cherkasy Oblast,
Ukraine
Ukraine (1996)
Veneto
Veneto Region,
Italy
Italy (1997)
Republic of
Kosovo
Kosovo (2013)
Education
Primary and secondary schools
See also: List of school districts in Iowa
Iowa
Iowa is often credited with the start of the high school movement in
the U.S. Around 1910, secondary schools as we know them today were
established across the state, which was unprecedented at the time. As
the high school movement gathered pace and went beyond Iowa, there was
clear evidence of how more time spent in school led to greater
income.[citation needed]
The four-year graduation rate for high schoolers was 90% in 2015.[168]
The state has the top graduation rate in the nation.[169]
Iowa
Iowa has 365
school districts,[170] and has the 12th lowest student-to-teacher
ratio of 13.8.[171] Teacher pay is ranked 42nd, with the average
salary being $39,284.[171]
The
Iowa
Iowa State Board of Education works with the
Iowa
Iowa Department of
Education to provide oversight, supervision, and support for the
state's education system that includes all public elementary and
secondary schools, nonpublic schools that receive state accreditation,
area education agencies, community colleges, and teacher preparation
programs. The State Board consists of ten members: nine voting members
who are appointed by the governor for six-year terms and subject to
Senate confirmation; and one nonvoting student member who serves a
one-year term, also appointed by the governor. The
Iowa
Iowa Board of
Educational Examiners is an autonomous board in control of teacher
licensure standards and professional discipline; it has a majority of
licensed teachers as members and is the oldest state educational
board.[citation needed]
Colleges and universities
Christ the King Chapel at
Saint Ambrose University
Saint Ambrose University in Davenport.
Palmer Chiropractic College
Palmer Chiropractic College in Davenport is the first school of
chiropractic in the world.
Alexander Dickman Hall, located at
Upper Iowa University
Upper Iowa University in Fayette.
See also: List of colleges and universities in Iowa
The
Iowa
Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers
appointed by the governor to provide policymaking, coordination, and
oversight of the state's public universities, two special K-12
schools, and affiliated centers.
Iowa's three public universities include:
Iowa
Iowa State University, Ames
University of Iowa,
Iowa
Iowa City
University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls
The special K-12 schools include the
Iowa School for the Deaf
Iowa School for the Deaf in
Council Bluffs and the
Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School
Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School in Vinton.
Both
Iowa State University
Iowa State University and the
University of Iowa
University of Iowa are major
research institutions and members of the prestigious Association of
American Universities. In addition to the three state universities,
Iowa
Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities.
Private colleges and universities include:
Buena Vista University, Storm Lake
Clarke University, Dubuque
Des Moines
Des Moines University, Des Moines
Divine Word College, Epworth
Drake University, Des Moines
Emmaus Bible College, Dubuque
Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary, Ankeny
Graceland University, Lamoni
Iowa
Iowa Wesleyan College, Mount Pleasant
Kaplan University, Cedar Falls, Cedar Rapids, Council Bluffs,
Davenport, Mason City, and Urbandale
Loras College, Dubuque
Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield
Mount Mercy University, Cedar Rapids
Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport
Saint Ambrose University, Davenport
University of Dubuque, Dubuque
Upper
Iowa
Iowa University, Fayette
Waldorf College, Forest City
William Penn University, Oskaloosa
Private liberal arts colleges include:
Ashford University, Clinton
Briar Cliff University,
Sioux
Sioux City
Central College, Pella
Coe College, Cedar Rapids
Cornell College, Mount Vernon
Dordt College,
Sioux
Sioux Center
Grand View University, Des Moines
Grinnell College, Grinnell
Loras College, Dubuque
Luther College, Decorah
Morningside College,
Sioux
Sioux City
Northwestern College, Orange City
Simpson College, Indianola
Wartburg College, Waverly
Culture
Arts
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September
2017)
Sports
See also: Sports teams from Iowa
The state has four major college teams playing in Division I for all
sports. In football,
Iowa State University
Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
compete in the
Football Bowl Subdivision
Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), whereas the University
of Northern
Iowa
Iowa and
Drake University
Drake University compete in the Football
Championship Subdivision (FCS). Although
Iowa
Iowa has no professional
major league sports teams,
Iowa
Iowa has minor league sports teams in
baseball, basketball, hockey, and other sports.
The following table shows the
Iowa
Iowa sports teams with average
attendance over 8,000. All of the following teams are NCAA Division I
football, basketball, or wrestling teams:[172][173][174][175]
Iowa
Iowa sports teams (attendance > 8,000)
Team
Location
Attendance
Iowa Hawkeyes
Iowa Hawkeyes football
Iowa
Iowa City
67,512
Iowa State Cyclones
Iowa State Cyclones football
Ames
52,197
Iowa Hawkeyes
Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball
Iowa
Iowa City
14,976
Iowa State Cyclones
Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball
Ames
14,192
Northern Iowa Panthers
Northern Iowa Panthers football
Cedar Falls
12,490
Iowa State Cyclones
Iowa State Cyclones women's basketball
Ames
9,289
Iowa
Iowa Hawkeye Wrestling
Iowa
Iowa City
8,358
College sports
The state has four NCAA Division I college teams. In NCAA FBS, the
University of Iowa
University of Iowa Hawkeyes play in the
Big Ten Conference
Big Ten Conference and the
Iowa State University
Iowa State University Cyclones compete in the Big 12 Conference. The
two intrastate rivals compete annually for the
Cy-Hawk Trophy
Cy-Hawk Trophy as part
of the
Iowa
Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series.
In NCAA FCS, the
University of Northern Iowa
University of Northern Iowa Panthers play at the
Missouri
Missouri Valley Conference and
Missouri
Missouri Valley Football Conference
(despite the similar names, the conferences are administratively
separate), whereas the
Drake University
Drake University Bulldogs play at the Missouri
Valley Conference in most sports and Pioneer League for football.
Modern Woodmen Park
Modern Woodmen Park is home to the
Quad Cities
Quad Cities baseball team
Baseball
Des Moines
Des Moines is home to the
Iowa
Iowa Cubs, a Class AAA team in the Pacific
Coast League and affiliate of the
Chicago
Chicago Cubs.
Iowa
Iowa has four Class A
minor league teams in the Midwest League: the Burlington Bees, Cedar
Rapids Kernels, Clinton LumberKings, and the
Quad Cities
Quad Cities River
Bandits. The
Sioux
Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association
of Independent Professional Baseball.
Ice hockey
Des Moines
Des Moines is home to the
Iowa
Iowa Wild, who are affiliated with the
Minnesota
Minnesota Wild and are members of the American Hockey League. The Quad
City Mallards games are played in Moline,
Illinois
Illinois as part of the
ECHL.
The
United States
United States Hockey League has five teams in Iowa: the Cedar
Rapids RoughRiders,
Sioux
Sioux City Musketeers, Waterloo Black Hawks, Des
Moines Buccaneers, and the Dubuque Fighting Saints. The North Iowa
Bulls play in the
North American 3 Hockey League
North American 3 Hockey League in Mason City.
Soccer
The
Des Moines
Des Moines Menace of the
USL Premier Development League
USL Premier Development League play their
home games at Valley Stadium in West Des Moines, Iowa. Starting in the
2015-16 season of the Major Arena Soccer League, the Cedar Rapids
Rampage plays in the U.S. Cellular Center. As well as the Cedar Rapids
Rampage United plays at Kingston Stadium.
Other sports
Iowa
Iowa has two professional basketball teams. The
Iowa
Iowa Wolves, an NBA G
League team that plays in Des Moines, is owned and affiliated with the
Minnesota
Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA. The
Sioux
Sioux City Hornets play in the
American Basketball Association.
Iowa
Iowa has three professional football teams. The
Sioux
Sioux City Bandits
play in the
Champions Indoor Football
Champions Indoor Football league. The
Iowa
Iowa Barnstormers
play in the
Indoor Football League
Indoor Football League at
Wells Fargo
Wells Fargo Arena in Des Moines.
The
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids Titans play in the
Indoor Football League
Indoor Football League at the U.S.
Cellular Center.
The
Iowa Speedway
Iowa Speedway oval track has hosted auto racing championships such
as the IndyCar Series,
NASCAR Nationwide Series
NASCAR Nationwide Series and NASCAR Truck
Series since 2006. Also, the
Knoxville Raceway
Knoxville Raceway dirt track hosts the
Knoxville Nationals, one of the classic sprint car racing events.
The
John Deere
John Deere Classic is a
PGA Tour
PGA Tour golf event held in the Quad
Cities since 1971. The
Principal Charity Classic
Principal Charity Classic is a Champions Tour
event since 2001. The
Des Moines
Des Moines Golf and Country Club hosted the 1999
U.S. Senior Open
U.S. Senior Open and has scheduled the 2017 Solheim Cup.
Notable Iowans
President Herbert Hoover
Vice President Henry Wallace
Main article: List of people from Iowa
Iowa
Iowa was the birthplace of U.S. President Herbert Hoover, Vice
President Henry A. Wallace, and two first ladies,
Lou Henry Hoover
Lou Henry Hoover and
Mamie Eisenhower. Other national leaders who lived in
Iowa
Iowa include
President Ronald Reagan, President Richard Nixon, John L. Lewis, Harry
Hopkins, Carrie Chapman Catt, Jefferson Davis, Chief Black Hawk, and
John Brown.
Five Nobel Prize winners hail from Iowa: Norman Borlaug, recipient of
the Nobel Peace Prize; Thomas Cech, recipient of the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry; Alan J. Heeger, also a recipient of the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry; John Mott, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize; and Stanley
B. Prusiner, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Other notable scientists who worked or were born in
Iowa
Iowa include
astronomer and space pioneer James A. Van Allen, ecologist Aldo
Leopold, computer pioneer John Vincent Atanasoff, inventor and plant
scientist George Washington Carver, geochemist Clair Cameron
Patterson, and
Intel
Intel founder Robert Noyce.
Notable writers, artists, and news personalities from
Iowa
Iowa include
Bill Bryson, Corey Taylor, George Gallup, Susan Glaspell, Mauricio
Lasansky, Tomas Lasansky, Harry Reasoner, Phil Stong, and Grant Wood.
Musicians, actors, and entertainers from
Iowa
Iowa include Tom Arnold,
Julia Michaels, Bix Beiderbecke, Johnny Carson,
Tionne Watkins
Tionne Watkins of TLC
(group), Buffalo Bill Cody, Simon Estes, Nathan Jonas Jordison, Corey
Taylor, Shawn Crahan, William Frawley, Charlie Haden, Ashton Kutcher,
Cloris Leachman, Glenn Miller, Kate Mulgrew, Eric Christian Olsen,
Donna Reed, George Reeves, Brandon Routh, Jean Seberg, John Wayne,
Brooks Wheelan, Andy Williams, Meredith Willson, and Elijah Wood.
Olympic gold medal winning athletes from
Iowa
Iowa include Tom Brands, Dan
Gable, Shawn Johnson, and Cael Sanderson.
Iowa
Iowa athletes inducted into
the Baseball Hall of Fame include Cap Anson, Fred Clarke, and Bob
Feller. In college football,
Jay Berwanger was the first winner of the
Downtown Athletic Club
Downtown Athletic Club Trophy in 1935, later renamed the Heisman
Trophy and won by
Nile Kinnick
Nile Kinnick in 1939. In professional football, Kurt
Warner was the
Super Bowl XXXIV
Super Bowl XXXIV MVP winner and a two-time NFL MVP
award winner.
Frank Gotch
Frank Gotch was a World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion,
Zach Johnson
Zach Johnson won the 2007 Masters Golf Tournament and the 2015 British
Open, and
Jeremy Hellickson
.jpg/500px-Jeremy_Hellickson_in_2017_(36916424921).jpg)
Jeremy Hellickson won the 2011 American League Rookie of the
Year award pitching for the Tampa Bay Rays. Former WWE Heavyweight
Champion, Seth Rollins, is from Davenport, IA. The first UFC
Welterweight Champion and a member of the UFC Hall of Fame, Pat
Miletich, was born in Daventport.
See also
Iowa
Iowa portal
United States
United States portal
Outline of Iowa
Outline of Iowa – organized list of topics about Iowa
Index of Iowa-related articles
Notes
^ It should be noted that the
Missouri
Missouri and
Mississippi
Mississippi river
boundaries are as they were mapped in the 19th century, which can vary
from their modern courses.
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Tzeltal Rebellion →
Pueblo Revolt
Pueblo Revolt →
Pima Revolt
Pima Revolt →
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Ferdinand VII of Spain
_-_Prado.jpg/484px-Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_in_his_robes_of_state_(1815)_-_Prado.jpg)
Ferdinand VII of Spain (also reigned after Joseph I)
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v
t
e
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Coordinates: 42°N 93°W / 42°N 93°W / 42; -93
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 153594323
LCCN: n79081387
ISNI: 0000 0004 0396 2037
GND: 4109226-0
SUDOC: 17656456X
BNF: