Insurance in India

Insurance in India covers both the public and private sector organisations. It is listed in the Constitution of India in the Seventh Schedule as a Union List subject, meaning it can only be legislated by the Central Government only.

The insurance sector has gone through a number of phases by allowing private companies to solicit insurance and also allowing foreign direct investment. India allowed private companies in insurance sector in 2000, setting a limit on FDI to 26%, which was increased to 49% in 2014, and further increased to 74% in May 2021. Since the privatisation in 2001, the largest life-insurance company in India, Life Insurance Corporation of India has held a monopoly until up to date but its market share slowly slipping to private giants like HDFC Life, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance, General Insurance Corporation of India and Exide Life Insurance.

History

Insurance in this current form has its history dating back to 1818, when ''Oriental Life Insurance Company'' was started by Anita Bhavsar in Kolkata to cater to the needs of European community. The pre-independence era in India saw discrimination between the lives of foreigners (English) and Indians with higher premiums being charged for the latter. In 1870, ''Bombay Mutual Life Assurance Society'' became the first Indian insurer.

At the dawn of the twentieth century, many insurance companies were founded. In the year 1912, the Life Insurance Companies Act and the Provident Fund Act were passed to regulate the insurance business. The Life Insurance Companies Act, 1912 made it necessary that the premium-rate tables and periodical valuations of companies should be certified by an actuary. However, the disparity still existed as discrimination between Indian and foreign companies. The oldest existing insurance company in India is the National Insurance Company, which was founded in 1906, and is still in business.

The Government of India issued an Ordinance on 19 January 1956 nationalising the Life Insurance sector and Life Insurance Corporation came into existence in the same year. The Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) absorbed 154 Indian, 16 non-Indian insurers and also 75 provident societies—245 Indian and foreign insurers in all. In 1972 with the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act was passed by the Indian Parliament, and consequently, General Insurance business was nationalized with effect from 1 January 1973. 107 insurers were amalgamated and grouped into four companies, namely National Insurance Company Ltd., the New India Assurance Company Ltd., the Oriental Insurance Company Ltd and the United India Insurance Company Ltd. The General Insurance Corporation of India was incorporated as a company on 22 November 1972 as a private company under Companies Act, 1956 in Bombay and received its Certificate for Commencement of Business on 1 January 1973.

The LIC had monopoly until the late 90s when the Insurance sector was reopened to the private sector. But, now there are 23 private life insurance companies in India. Before that, the industry consisted of only two state insurers: Life Insurers (Life Insurance Corporation of India, LIC) and General Insurers (General Insurance Corporation of India, GIC). GIC had four subsidiary companies. With effect from December 2000, these subsidiaries have been de-linked from the parent company and were set up as independent insurance companies: Oriental Insurance Company Limited, New India Assurance Company Limited, National Insurance Company Limited and United India Insurance Company.

Industry structure

By 2020 Indian Insurance is a US$280 billion industry. However, only 500 million people (36.23% of the total population of 1 billion) are covered under Mediclaim[]. With more and more private companies in the sector, this situation is expected to grow more. ECGC, ESIC and AIC provide insurance services for niche markets. So, their scope is limited by legislation but enjoy some special powers.
The majority of Western Countries have state run medical systems so have less need for medical insurance. In the UK, for example, the corporate cover of employees, when added to the individual purchase of coverage gives approximately 11–12% of the population on cover []- due largely to usage of the state financed National Health Service (NHS), whereas in developed nations with a more limited state system, like USA, about 92% of the total population are covered under same insurance scheme.

Insurance repository

On 16 September 2013, IRDA launched "insurance repository" services in India. It is a unique concept and first to be introduced in India. This system enables policy holders to buy and keep insurance policies in dematerialised or electronic form. Policyholders can hold all their insurance policies in an electronic format in a single account called electronic insurance account (eIA). Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India has issued licences to four entities to act as Insurance Repository:

*CDSL Insurance Repository Limited
*Karvy Insurance repository Limited
*NSDL Database Management Limited
*CAMS Repository Services Limited

Legal structure

The insurance sector went through a full circle of phases from being unregulated to completely regulated and then currently being partly deregulated. It is governed by a number of acts.

The Insurance Act of 1938 was the first legislation governing all forms of insurance to provide strict state control over insurance business. Life insurance in India was completely nationalised on 19 January 1956, through the Life Insurance Corporation Act. All 245 insurance companies operating then in the country were merged into one entity, the Life Insurance Corporation of India.

The General Insurance Business Act of 1972 was enacted to nationalise about 107 general insurance companies then and subsequently merging them into four companies. All the companies were amalgamated into National Insurance, New India Assurance, Oriental Insurance and United India Insurance, which were headquartered in each of the four metropolitan cities. Until 1999, there were no private insurance companies in India. The government then introduced the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act in 1999, thereby de-regulating the insurance sector and allowing private companies. Furthermore, foreign investment was also allowed and capped at 26% holding in the Indian insurance companies.

In 2006, the Actuaries Act was passed by parliament to give the profession statutory status on par with Chartered Accountants, Notaries, Cost & Works Accountants, Advocates, Architects and Company Secretaries.A minimum capital of 80 million(Rs. 4 billion) is required by legislation to set up an insurance business.

Authorities

The primary regulator for insurance in India is the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) which was established in 1999 under the government legislation called the ''Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999''.

The industry recognises examinations conducted by the IAI (for 280 actuaries), III (for 2.2 million retail agents, 490 brokers, 175 bancassurers, 125 corporate agents and 29 third-party administrators) and IIISLA (for 8,200 surveyors and loss assessors). There are nine licensed web aggregators. TAC is the sole data repository for the non-life industry. Insurance Brokers Association of India (IBAI) is a trade association for brokers while GI Council and LI Council are platforms for insurers. AIGIEA, AIIEA, AIIEF, AILICEF, AILIEA, FLICOA, GIEAIA, GIEU and NFIFWI cater to the employees of the insurers. In addition, there are a dozen Ombudsman offices to address client grievances.

Insurance education

A number of institutions provide specialist education for the insurance industry, these include;

* National Insurance Academy, Pune, specialized in teaching, conducting research and providing consulting services in the insurance sector. NIA offers a two-year PGDM programme in insurance. NIA was founded as Ministry of Finance initiative with capital support from the public insurance companies, both Life (LIC) and Non-Life (GIC, National, Oriental, United & New India).
* Institute of Insurance and Risk Management, Hyderabad, was established by the regulator IRDA. The institute offers Postgraduate diploma in Life, General Insurance, Risk Management and Actuarial Sciences. The institute is a global learning and research centre in insurance, risk management, actuarial sciences. They provide consulting services for the financial industry.
* Amity School of Insurance Banking and Actuarial science (ASIBAS) of Amity University, Noida and established in 2000, offers MBA programmes in Insurance, Insurance and Banking, and MSc/BSc actuarial sciences to a Post Graduate Diploma in Actuarial Sciences.
* Pondicherry University offers an MBA in insurance management. Pondicherry University is the only central university which offers insurance management in India.
* BIMT is a graduate business school located in Greater Noida, established in 1988, offers a PGDM-IBM programme in insurance business management. This programme was launched in 2000 by the Centre for Insurance and Risk Management and is accredited by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority. Life Office Management Association (LOMA), USA is BIMTECH's educational partner and BIMTECH is an approved centre for LOMA examination. The Chartered Insurance Institute (CII), UK has accorded recognition (by way of credits) to the BIMTECH PGDM-IBM programme. Their two-year PGDM programme in insurance business has been recognised as equivalent to the Associate level of the Insurance Institute of India, Mumbai.
* National Law University, Jodhpur offers a two-year MBA and one year MS (for engineering graduates) programme in insurance.

To become an insurance advisor in India, Insurance Act, 1938 mandates that the individual has to be "a Major with sound mind". After the advent of IRDA as insurance regulator, it has framed various regulations, viz. training hours, examination and fees which are amended from time to time. Since November 2011 IRDA has introduced a syllabus (IC-33) conceived and developed by CII, London. The syllabus mainly aims to make an Insurance Agent a financial professional.

See also

* List of insurance companies in India
* Life insurance in India
* Agricultural insurance in India
* Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
* Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana
* Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana

References

{{Insurance in India