The Indian
Ocean

Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic
divisions, covering 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi)
(approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface).[1] It is
bounded by
Asia

Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by
Australia, and on the south by the
Southern Ocean

Southern Ocean or, depending on
definition, by Antarctica.[2] It is named after India.[3] The Indian
Ocean

Ocean is known as Ratnākara (Sanskrit: रत्नाकर), "the
mine of gems" in ancient
Sanskrit

Sanskrit literature, and as Hind Mahāsāgar
(Hindi: हिन्द महासागर), in Hindi.[citation
needed]
Contents
1 Geography
1.1 Marginal seas
2 Climate
3 Oceanography
4 Geology
5 Marine life
6 History
6.1 First settlements
6.2 Era of discovery
6.3 Industrial era
6.4 Contemporary era
7 Trade
7.1 Major ports and harbours
8 Bordering countries and territories
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Notes
10.2 Sources
11 External links
Geography[edit]
A -17th century- 1658
Naval

Naval Map by Janssonius depicting the Indian
Ocean,
India
.jpg/580px-Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic).jpg)
India and Arabia.
The borders of the Indian Ocean, as delineated by the International
Hydrographic Organization in 1953 included the
Southern Ocean

Southern Ocean but not
the marginal seas along the northern rim, but in 2000 the IHO
delimited the
Southern Ocean

Southern Ocean separately, which removed waters south of
60°S from the Indian Ocean, but included the northern marginal
seas.[4] Meridionally, the Indian
Ocean

Ocean is delimited from the Atlantic
Ocean

Ocean by the 20° east meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas, and
from the
Pacific Ocean

Pacific Ocean by the meridian of 146°55'E, running south
from the southernmost point of Tasmania. The northernmost extent of
the Indian
Ocean

Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian
Gulf.[citation needed]
The Indian
Ocean

Ocean covers 70,560,000 km2
(27,240,000 sq mi), including the
Red Sea

Red Sea and the Persian
Gulf but excluding the Southern Ocean, or 19.5% of the world's oceans;
its volume is 264,000,000 km3 (63,000,000 cu mi) or
19.8% of the world's oceans' volume; it has an average depth of
3,741 m (12,274 ft) and a maximum depth of 7,906 m
(25,938 ft).[5]
The ocean's continental shelves are narrow, averaging 200 kilometres
(120 mi) in width. An exception is found off Australia's western
coast, where the shelf width exceeds 1,000 kilometres (620 mi).
The average depth of the ocean is 3,890 m (12,762 ft). Its
deepest point is
Diamantina Deep in Diamantina Trench, at 8,047 m
(26,401 ft) deep;
Sunda Trench

Sunda Trench has a depth of
7,258–7,725 m (23,812–25,344 ft). North of 50° south
latitude, 86% of the main basin is covered by pelagic sediments, of
which more than half is globigerina ooze. The remaining 14% is layered
with terrigenous sediments. Glacial outwash dominates the extreme
southern latitudes.[citation needed]
The major choke points include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, the
Lombok Strait, the
Strait of Malacca

Strait of Malacca and the Palk Strait. Seas include
the Gulf of Aden, Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Great
Australian Bight, Laccadive Sea, Gulf of Mannar,
Mozambique

Mozambique Channel,
Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf,
Red Sea

Red Sea and other tributary water bodies.
The Indian
Ocean

Ocean is artificially connected to the Mediterranean Sea
through the Suez Canal, which is accessible via the Red Sea. All of
the Indian
Ocean

Ocean is in the
Eastern Hemisphere

Eastern Hemisphere and the centre of the
Eastern Hemisphere

Eastern Hemisphere is in this ocean.[citation needed]
Marginal seas[edit]
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Marginal seas, gulfs, bays and straits of the Indian
Ocean

Ocean include:
Andaman Sea
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
Great Australian Bight
Gulf of Mannar
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Tadjoura
Gulf of Bahrain
Gulf of Carpentaria
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Khambat
Gulf of Oman
Indonesian Seaway (including the Malacca, Sunda and Torres Straits)
Laccadive Sea
Mozambique

Mozambique Channel
Palk Strait

Palk Strait connecting
Arabian Sea

Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Sea of Zanj
Strait of
Bab-el-Mandeb

Bab-el-Mandeb connecting Arabian Sea
Strait of Hormuz

Strait of Hormuz connecting Persian Gulf
Climate[edit]
The climate north of the equator is affected by a monsoon climate.
Strong north-east winds blow from October until April; from May until
October south and west winds prevail. In the
Arabian Sea

Arabian Sea the violent
Monsoon

Monsoon brings rain to the Indian subcontinent. In the southern
hemisphere, the winds are generally milder, but summer storms near
Mauritius

Mauritius can be severe. When the monsoon winds change, cyclones
sometimes strike the shores of the
Arabian Sea

Arabian Sea and the Bay of
Bengal.[citation needed]
The Indian
Ocean

Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world. Long-term ocean
temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian
Ocean, at about 0.7–1.2 °C (1.3–2.2 °F) during
1901–2012.[6] Indian
Ocean

Ocean warming is the largest among the tropical
oceans, and about 3 times faster than the warming observed in the
Pacific. Research indicates that human induced greenhouse warming, and
changes in the frequency and magnitude of
El Niño

El Niño events are a
trigger to this strong warming in the Indian Ocean.[6]
Oceanography[edit]
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Among the few large rivers flowing into the Indian
Ocean

Ocean are the
Zambezi, Shatt al-Arab, Indus, Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, Ganges,
Brahmaputra, Jubba and Irrawaddy. The ocean's currents are mainly
controlled by the monsoon. Two large gyres, one in the northern
hemisphere flowing clockwise and one south of the equator moving
anticlockwise (including the
Agulhas Current

Agulhas Current and Agulhas Return
Current), constitute the dominant flow pattern. During the winter
monsoon, however, currents in the north are reversed.
Deep water circulation is controlled primarily by inflows from the
Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea, and
Antarctic

Antarctic currents. North of 20°
south latitude the minimum surface temperature is 22 °C
(72 °F), exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) to the east.
Southward of 40° south latitude, temperatures drop quickly.
Precipitation and evaporation leads to salinity variation in all
oceans, and in the Indian
Ocean

Ocean salinity variations are driven by: (1)
river inflow mainly from the Bay of Bengal, (2) fresher water from the
Indonesian Throughflow; and (3) saltier water from the
Red Sea

Red Sea and
Persian Gulf.[7] Surface water salinity ranges from 32 to 37 parts per
1000, the highest occurring in the
Arabian Sea

Arabian Sea and in a belt between
southern
Africa

Africa and south-western Australia. Pack ice and icebergs are
found throughout the year south of about 65° south latitude. The
average northern limit of icebergs is 45° south latitude.
Geology[edit]
Bathymetric map of the Indian Ocean
Main category: Landforms of the Indian Ocean
As the youngest of the major oceans,[8] the Indian
Ocean

Ocean has active
spreading ridges that are part of the worldwide system of mid-ocean
ridges. In the Indian
Ocean

Ocean these spreading ridges meet at the
Rodrigues Triple Point

Rodrigues Triple Point with the Central Indian Ridge, including the
Carlsberg Ridge, separating the
African Plate

African Plate from the Indian Plate;
the
Southwest Indian Ridge

Southwest Indian Ridge separating the
African Plate

African Plate form the
Antarctic

Antarctic Plate; and the
Southeast Indian Ridge

Southeast Indian Ridge separating the
Australian Plate

Australian Plate from the
Antarctic

Antarctic Plate.[citation needed] The
Central Ridge runs north on the in-between across of the Arabian
Peninsula and
Africa

Africa into the Mediterranean Sea.[citation needed]
A series of ridges and seamount chains produced by hotspots pass over
the Indian Ocean. The
Réunion hotspot

Réunion hotspot (active 70–40 million years
ago) connects
Réunion

Réunion and the
Mascarene Plateau

Mascarene Plateau to the
Chagos-Laccadive Ridge

Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and the
Deccan Traps

Deccan Traps in north-western India;
the
Kerguelen hotspot

Kerguelen hotspot (100–35 million years ago) connects the
Kerguelen Islands

Kerguelen Islands and
Kerguelen Plateau

Kerguelen Plateau to the
Ninety East Ridge

Ninety East Ridge and
the
Rajmahal Traps

Rajmahal Traps in north-eastern India; the Marion hotspot
(100–70 million years ago) possibly connects Prince Edward Islands
to the Eighty Five East Ridge.[9] These hotspot tracks have been
broken by the still active spreading ridges mentioned above.[citation
needed]
Marine life[edit]
Among the tropical oceans, the western Indian
Ocean

Ocean hosts one of the
largest concentration of phytoplankton blooms in summer, due to the
strong monsoon winds. The monsoonal wind forcing leads to a strong
coastal and open ocean upwelling, which introduces nutrients into the
upper zones where sufficient light is available for photosynthesis and
phytoplankton production. These phytoplankton blooms support the
marine ecosystem, as the base of the marine food web, and eventually
the larger fish species. The Indian
Ocean

Ocean accounts for the second
largest share of the most economically valuable tuna catch.[10] Its
fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries
for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia,
Japan, South Korea, and
Taiwan

Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly
for shrimp and tuna.[11]
Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a
toll on the marine ecosystem. A study on the phytoplankton changes in
the Indian
Ocean

Ocean indicates a decline of up to 20% in the marine
phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean, during the past six decades.[12]
The tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half
century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the ocean
warming adding further stress to the fish species.[12]
Endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and
whales.[11]
An Indian
Ocean

Ocean garbage patch was discovered in 2010 covering at least
5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles).
Riding the southern Indian
Ocean

Ocean Gyre, this vortex of plastic garbage
constantly circulates the ocean from
Australia

Australia to Africa, down the
Mozambique

Mozambique Channel, and back to
Australia

Australia in a period of six years,
except for debris that get indefinitely stuck in the centre of the
gyre.[citation needed]
In 2016, UK researchers from
Southampton University

Southampton University identified six new
animal species at hydrothermal vents beneath the Indian Ocean. These
new species were a "Hoff" crab, a "giant peltospirid" snail, a
whelk-like snail, a limpet, a scaleworm and a polychaete worm.[13]
History[edit]
The economically important
Silk Road

Silk Road (red) and spice trade routes
(blue) were blocked by the
Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire in c. 1453 with the fall of
the Byzantine Empire. This spurred exploration, and a new sea route
around
Africa

Africa was found, triggering the Age of Discovery.
First settlements[edit]
The history of the Indian
Ocean

Ocean is marked by maritime trade; cultural
and commercial exchange probably date back at least seven thousand
years.[14] During this period, independent, short-distance oversea
communications along its littoral margins have evolved into an
all-embracing network. The début of this network was not the
achievement of a centralised or advanced civilisation but of local and
regional exchange in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and Arabian Sea.
Sherds of Ubaid (2500–500 BCE) pottery have been found in the
western Gulf at Dilmun, present-day Bahrain; traces of exchange
between this trading centre and Mesopotamia. Sumerian traded grain,
pottery, and bitumen (used for reed boats) for copper, stone, timber,
tin, dates, onions, and pearls.[15] Coast-bound vessels transported
goods between the
Harappa

Harappa civilisation (2600–1900 BCE) in India
(modern-day
Pakistan

Pakistan and Gujarat in India) and the
Persian Gulf

Persian Gulf and
Egypt.[14]
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, an Alexandrian guide to the world
beyond the Red Sea — including
Africa

Africa and India — from
the first century CE, not only gives insights into trade in the region
but also shows that Roman and Greek sailors had already gained
knowledge about the monsoon winds.[14] The contemporaneous settlement
of
Madagascar

Madagascar by Indonesian sailors shows that the littoral margins of
the Indian
Ocean

Ocean were being both well-populated and regularly
traversed at least by this time. Albeit the monsoon must have been
common knowledge in the Indian
Ocean

Ocean for centuries.[14]
The world's earliest civilizations in
Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia (beginning with
Sumer), ancient Egypt, and the
Indian subcontinent

Indian subcontinent (beginning with the
Indus Valley civilization), which began along the valleys of the
Tigris-Euphrates,
Nile

Nile and Indus rivers respectively, all developed
around the Indian Ocean. Civilizations soon arose in Persia (beginning
with Elam) and later in
Southeast Asia
.svg/440px-Southeast_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Southeast Asia (beginning with
Funan).[citation needed]
During Egypt's first dynasty (c. 3000 BCE), sailors were sent out
onto its waters, journeying to Punt, thought to be part of present-day
Somalia. Returning ships brought gold and myrrh. The earliest known
maritime trade between
Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley (c. 2500 BC)
was conducted along the Indian Ocean. Phoenicians of the late 3rd
millennium
BCE

BCE may have entered the area, but no settlements
resulted.[citation needed]
The Indian Ocean's relatively calmer waters opened the areas bordering
it to trade earlier than the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. The powerful
monsoons also meant ships could easily sail west early in the season,
then wait a few months and return eastwards. This allowed ancient
Indonesian peoples to cross the Indian
Ocean

Ocean to settle in Madagascar
around 1 CE.[16]
Era of discovery[edit]
In the 2nd or 1st century BCE,
Eudoxus of Cyzicus

Eudoxus of Cyzicus was the first Greek
to cross the Indian Ocean. The probably fictitious sailor
Hippalus

Hippalus is
said to have discovered the direct route from
Arabia

Arabia to
India
.jpg/580px-Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic).jpg)
India around
this time.[17] During the 1st and 2nd centuries AD intensive trade
relations developed between Roman
Egypt

Egypt and the Tamil kingdoms of the
Cheras, Cholas and
Pandyas

Pandyas in Southern India. Like the Indonesian
peoples above, the western sailors used the monsoon to cross the
ocean. The unknown author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
describes this route, as well as the commodities that were traded
along various commercial ports on the coasts of the Horn of
Africa

Africa and
India
.jpg/580px-Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic).jpg)
India circa 1 CE. Among these trading settlements were Mosylon
and
Opone

Opone on the
Red Sea

Red Sea littoral.[citation needed]
Unlike the
Pacific Ocean

Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the Polynesians
reached most of the far flung islands and atolls and populated them,
almost all the islands, archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean
were uninhabited until colonial times. Although there were numerous
ancient civilizations in the coastal states of
Asia

Asia and parts of
Africa, the
Maldives

Maldives were the only island group in the Central Indian
Ocean

Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished.[18] Maldivian
ships used the Indian
Monsoon

Monsoon Current to travel to the nearby
coasts.[19]
From 1405 to 1433 Admiral
Zheng He

Zheng He led large fleets of the Ming
Dynasty on several treasure voyages through the Indian Ocean,
ultimately reaching the coastal countries of East Africa.[20]
British heavy cruisers Dorsetshire and Cornwall under Japanese air
attack and heavily damaged on 5 April 1942
In 1497 Portuguese navigator
Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good
Hope and became the first European to sail to
India
.jpg/580px-Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic).jpg)
India and later the Far
East. The European ships, armed with heavy cannon, quickly dominated
trade.
Portugal

Portugal achieved pre-eminence by setting up forts at the
important straits and ports. Their hegemony along the coasts of Africa
and
Asia

Asia lasted until the mid 17th century. Later, the Portuguese were
challenged by other European powers. The Dutch East
India
.jpg/580px-Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic).jpg)
India Company
(1602–1798) sought control of trade with the East across the Indian
Ocean.
France

France and Britain established trade companies for the area.
From 1565
Spain
.jpg/340px-Hispasat_30W-6_Mission_(39951085264).jpg)
Spain established a major trading operation with the Manila
Galleons in the
Philippines

Philippines and the Pacific. Spanish trading ships
purposely avoided the Indian Ocean, following the Treaty of
Tordesillas with Portugal. By 1815, Britain became the principal power
in the Indian Ocean.[citation needed]
Industrial era[edit]
The opening of the
Suez Canal

Suez Canal in 1869 revived European interest in the
East, but no nation was successful in establishing trade dominance.
Since
World War II

World War II the United Kingdom was forced to withdraw from the
area, to be replaced by India, the USSR, and the United States. The
last two tried to establish hegemony[citation needed] by negotiating
for naval base sites. Developing countries bordering the ocean,
however, seek to have it made a "zone of peace"[citation needed] so
that they may use its shipping lanes freely. The United Kingdom and
United States

United States maintain a military base on
Diego Garcia

Diego Garcia atoll in the
middle of the Indian Ocean.[citation needed]
Contemporary era[edit]
On 26 December 2004 the countries surrounding the Indian
Ocean

Ocean were
hit by a tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian
Ocean

Ocean earthquake. The waves
resulted in more than 226,000 deaths and over 1 million people were
left homeless.[citation needed]
In the late 2000s the ocean evolved into a hub of pirate activity. By
2013, attacks off the Horn region's coast had steadily declined due to
active private security and international navy patrols, especially by
the Indian Navy.[21]
Malaysian Airlines Flight 370, a Boeing 777 airliner with 239 persons
on board, disappeared on 8 March 2014 and is alleged to have crashed
into the southeastern Indian
Ocean

Ocean about 2,000km from the coast of
southwest Western Australia. Despite an extensive search, the
whereabouts of the remains of the aircraft are unknown.[citation
needed]
Trade[edit]
Main article: Indian
Ocean

Ocean trade
The sea lanes in the Indian
Ocean

Ocean are considered among the most
strategically important in the world with more than 80 percent of the
world’s seaborne trade in oil transits through Indian
Ocean

Ocean and its
vital choke points, with 40 percent passing through the Strait of
Hormuz, 35 percent through the
Strait of Malacca

Strait of Malacca and 8 percent through
the Bab el-Mandab Strait.[22]
A dhow off the coast of Kenya
The Indian
Ocean

Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East,
Africa, and East
Asia

Asia with
Europe

Europe and the Americas. It carries a
particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from
the oil fields of the
Persian Gulf

Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Large reserves of
hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia,
Iran, India, and Western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's
offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean.[11] Beach sands
rich in heavy minerals, and offshore placer deposits are actively
exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, Pakistan, South
Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
Major ports and harbours[edit]
Main article: List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean
The
Port of Singapore

Port of Singapore is the busiest port in the Indian Ocean, located
in the
Strait of Malacca

Strait of Malacca where it meets the Pacific. Mumbai, Chennai,
Kolkata, Kochi, Mormugao Port, Mundra, Port Blair, Visakhapatnam,
Paradip, Ennore, and Tuticorin are the major Indian ports. South Asian
ports include Chittagong in Bangladesh, Colombo,
Hambantota

Hambantota and Galle
in Sri Lanka,
Chabahar

Chabahar in
Iran

Iran and ports of Karachi,
Sindh

Sindh province
and Gwadar,
Balochistan

Balochistan province in Pakistan.
Aden

Aden is a major port in
Yemen

Yemen and controls ships entering the Red Sea. Major African ports on
the shores of the Indian
Ocean

Ocean include:
Mombasa

Mombasa (Kenya), Dar es
Salaam,
Zanzibar

Zanzibar (Tanzania), Durban, East London,
Richard's Bay

Richard's Bay (South
Africa), Beira (Mozambique), and
Port Louis

Port Louis (Mauritius).
Zanzibar

Zanzibar is
especially famous for its spice export. Other major ports in the
Indian
Ocean

Ocean include Muscat (Oman),
Yangon

Yangon (Burma), Jakarta, Medan
(Indonesia),
Fremantle

Fremantle (port servicing Perth, Australia) and Dubai
(UAE).
Chinese companies have made investments in several Indian
Ocean

Ocean ports,
including Gwadar, Hambantota,
Colombo

Colombo and Sonadia. This has sparked a
debate about the strategic implications of these investments.[23].
India
.jpg/580px-Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic).jpg)
India is heavily investing in the
Chabahar

Chabahar port in Iran.
Bordering countries and territories[edit]
Small islands dot the continental rims. Island nations within the
ocean are
Madagascar

Madagascar (the world's fourth largest island), Bahrain,
Comoros, Maldives, Mauritius,
Seychelles

Seychelles and Sri Lanka. The
archipelago of
Indonesia

Indonesia and the island nation of
East Timor

East Timor border
the ocean on the east.
Heading roughly clockwise, the states and territories (in italics)
with a coastline on the Indian
Ocean

Ocean (including the
Red Sea

Red Sea and
Persian Gulf) are:
Africa
South Africa
Mozambique
Madagascar
French Southern and Antarctic Lands

French Southern and Antarctic Lands (FRA)
France

France (
Mayotte
.svg/240px-Flag_of_Mayotte_(local).svg.png)
Mayotte and Réunion)
Mauritius
Comoros
Tanzania
Seychelles
Kenya
Somalia
Djibouti
Eritrea
Sudan
Egypt
Asia
Israel
Jordan
Saudi Arabia
Yemen
Oman
United Arab Emirates
Qatar
Bahrain
Kuwait
Iraq
Iran
Pakistan
India
Maldives
British Indian
Ocean

Ocean Territory (UK)
Sri Lanka
Bangladesh
Myanmar
Thailand
Malaysia
Singapore
Indonesia
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
_Islands.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands.svg.png)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (AUS)
Christmas Island

Christmas Island (AUS)
Timor-Leste
Australasia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Ashmore and Cartier Islands (AUS)
Indonesia
Australia
Southern Indian Ocean
Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Heard Island and McDonald Islands (AUS)
French Southern and Antarctic Lands

French Southern and Antarctic Lands (FRA)
Prince Edward Islands

Prince Edward Islands (RSA)
See also[edit]
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Geography portal
Weather portal
Iranrud
List of islands in the Indian Ocean
List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean
Piracy in Somalia
Indian
Ocean

Ocean literature
Indian
Ocean

Ocean Research Group
Indian
Ocean

Ocean
Naval

Naval Symposium
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Rais 1986, p. 33
^ "'Indian Ocean' — Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online". Retrieved 7
July 2012. ocean E of Africa, S of Asia, W of Australia, & N of
Antarctica

Antarctica area ab 73,427,795 square kilometres
(28,350,630 sq mi)
^ Harper, Douglas. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology
Dictionary. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
^ IHO 1953; IHO 2002
^ Eakins & Sharman 2010
^ a b Roxy, Mathew Koll; Ritika, Kapoor; Terray, Pascal; Masson,
Sébastien (2014-09-11). "The Curious Case of Indian
Ocean

Ocean Warming".
Journal of Climate. 27 (22): 8501–8509. Bibcode:2014JCli...27.8501R.
doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1. ISSN 0894-8755.
^ Han & McCreary Jr 2001, Introduction, p. 859
^ Stow 2006, Map of Indian Ocean, p. 127
^ Müller, Royer & Lawver 1993, Fig. 1, p. 275
^ FAO 2016
^ a b c CIA World Factbook 2015
^ a b Roxy 2016
^ "New marine life found in deep sea vents". BBC News. 15 December
2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ a b c d Alpers 2013, Chapter 1. Imagining the Indian Ocean, pp.
1–2
^ Alpers 2013, Chapter 2. The Ancient Indian Ocean, pp. 19–22
^ Fitzpatrick & Callaghan 2009
^ UNESCO & Greatest Imporium
^ UNESCO 2004, Els maldivians: Mariners llegedaris, pp. 32–38
^ Romero-Frias 2016
^ Dreyer 2007, p. 1
^ Bloomberg & 22 July 2013
^ Diplomat, Sergei DeSilva-Ranasinghe, The. "Why the Indian Ocean
Matters". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
^ Brewster 2014
Sources[edit]
Alpers, E. A. (2013). The Indian
Ocean

Ocean in World History. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533787-7. Lay summary.
Arnsdorf, Isaac (22 July 2013). "West
Africa

Africa Pirates Seen Threatening
Oil and Shipping". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Brewster, D. (2014). "Beyond the String of Pearls: Is there really a
Security Dilemma in the Indian Ocean?". Journal of the Indian Ocean
Region. 10 (2). doi:10.1080/19480881.2014.922350. Retrieved 25 July
2015.
"Oceans: Indian Ocean". CIA – The World Factbook. 2015. Retrieved 25
July 2015.
Cabrero, Ferran (2004). "Cultures del món: El desafiament de la
diversitat" (PDF) (in Portuguese). UNESCO. Retrieved 25 July
2015.
Dreyer, E. L. (2007). Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming
Dynasty, 1405–1433. New York: Pearson Longman.
ISBN 9780321084439.
Eakins, B. W.; Sharman, G. F. (2010). "Volumes of the World's Oceans
from ETOPO1". Boulder, CO: NOAA National Geophysical Data Center.
Retrieved 25 July 2015.
El-Abbadi, M. "The greatest emporium in the inhabited world". UNESCO.
Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Fitzpatrick, S.; Callaghan, R. (2009). "Seafaring simulations and the
origin of prehistoric settlers to Madagascar" (PDF). In Clark, G. R.;
O'Connor, S.; Leach, B. F. Islands of Inquiry: Colonisation, Seafaring
and the Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes. ANU E Press.
pp. 47–58. ISBN 9781921313905. Retrieved 25 July
2015.
Han, W.; McCreary Jr, J. P. (2001). "Modelling salinity distributions
in the Indian Ocean" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (C1):
859–877. Bibcode:2001JGR...106..859H. doi:10.1029/2000jc000316.
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"Limits of Oceans and Seas" (PDF). International Hydrographic
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Special

Special Publication N°23. 1953. Retrieved 25 July
2015.
"The Indian
Ocean

Ocean and its sub-divisions". International Hydrographic
Organization,
Special

Special Publication N°23. 2002. Retrieved 25 July
2015.
Müller, R. D.; Royer, J. Y.; Lawver, L. A. (1993). "Revised plate
motions relative to the hotspots from combined Atlantic and Indian
Ocean

Ocean hotspot tracks" (PDF). Geology. 21 (3): 275–278.
Bibcode:1993Geo....21..275D.
doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0275:rpmrtt>2.3.co;2. Archived
from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Parker, Laura (April 2014). "Plane Search Shows World's Oceans Are
Full of Trash". National Geographic News. Retrieved 25 July
2015.
Rais, R. B. (1986). The Indian
Ocean

Ocean and the Superpowers. Routledge.
ISBN 0-7099-4241-9.
Romero-Frias, Xavier (2016). "Rules for Maldivian Trading Ships
Travelling Abroad (1925) and a Sojourn in Southern Ceylon". Politeja.
40: 69–84. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Roxy, M. K. (2016). "A reduction in marine primary productivity driven
by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean". Geophysical Research
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University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77664-6.
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External links[edit]
Look up indian ocean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Indian
Ocean

Ocean (category)
"The Indian
Ocean

Ocean in World History" (Flash). Sultan Qaboos Cultural
Center. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
"The Indian
Ocean

Ocean Trade: A Classroom Simulation" (PDF). African
Studies Center, Boston University. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
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Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean
Africa
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Eritrea
France
Mayotte
Réunion
Kenya
Madagascar
Mauritius
Mozambique
Rodrigues

Rodrigues (Mauritius)
Seychelles
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Tanzania
Zanzibar, Tanzania
Asia
Bangladesh
British Indian
Ocean

Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago

Chagos Archipelago - United Kingdom
Christmas Island

Christmas Island (Australia)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
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Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)
India
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Maldives
Myanmar
Oman
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Timor-Leste
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Other
Antarctica
Australian
Antarctic

Antarctic Territory
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Antarctic

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Australia
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Regions of the world
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Regions of Africa
Central Africa
Guinea region
Gulf of Guinea
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Mayombe
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Congolese rainforests
Ouaddaï highlands
Ennedi Plateau
East Africa
African Great Lakes
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Swahili coast
Virunga Mountains
Zanj
Horn of Africa
Afar Triangle
Al-Habash
Barbara
Danakil Alps
Danakil Desert
Ethiopian Highlands
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Tadjoura
Indian
Ocean

Ocean islands
Comoros

Comoros Islands
North Africa
Maghreb
Barbary Coast
Bashmur
Ancient Libya
Atlas Mountains
Nile

Nile Valley
Cataracts of the Nile
Darfur
Gulf of Aqaba
Lower Egypt
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Middle Egypt
Nile

Nile Delta
Nuba Mountains
Nubia
The Sudans
Upper Egypt
Western Sahara
West Africa
Pepper Coast
Gold Coast
Slave Coast
Ivory Coast
Cape Palmas
Cape Mesurado
Guinea region
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Guinean Forests of West Africa
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Southern Africa
Madagascar
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Northern Highlands
Rhodesia
North
South
Thembuland
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Macro-regions
Aethiopia
Arab world
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Gibraltar Arc
Greater Middle East
Islands of Africa
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
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MENASA
Middle East
Mittelafrika
Negroland
Northeast Africa
Portuguese-speaking African countries
Sahara
Sahel
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sudan

Sudan (region)
Sudanian Savanna
Tibesti Mountains
Tropical Africa
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Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle East
Aral Sea
Aralkum Desert
Caspian Sea
Dead Sea
Sea of Galilee
Transoxiana
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Greater Khorasan
Ariana
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Sistan
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Trans-
Karakoram

Karakoram Tract
Siachen Glacier
North
Inner Asia
Northeast
Far East
Russian Far East
Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga
Extreme North
Siberia
Baikalia

Baikalia (Lake Baikal)
Transbaikal
Khatanga Gulf
Baraba steppe
Kamchatka Peninsula
Amur Basin
Yenisei Gulf
Yenisei Basin
Beringia
Sikhote-Alin
East
Japanese archipelago
Northeastern
Japan

Japan Arc
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Korean Peninsula
Gobi Desert
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Greater Khingan
Mongolian Plateau
Inner Asia
Inner Mongolia
Outer Mongolia
China proper
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Himalayas
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Northern Silk Road
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Guanzhong
Huizhou
Wu
Jiaozhou
Zhongyuan
Shaannan
Ordos Loop
Loess Plateau
Shaanbei
Hamgyong Mountains
Central Mountain Range
Japanese Alps
Suzuka Mountains
Leizhou Peninsula
Gulf of Tonkin
Yangtze River Delta
Pearl River Delta
Yenisei Basin
Altai Mountains
Wakhan Corridor
Wakhjir Pass
West
Greater Middle East
MENA
MENASA
Middle East
Red Sea
Caspian Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Zagros Mountains
Persian Gulf
Pirate Coast
Strait of Hormuz
Greater and Lesser Tunbs
Al-Faw Peninsula
Gulf of Oman
Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Aden
Balochistan
Arabian Peninsula
Najd
Hejaz
Tihamah
Eastern Arabia
South Arabia
Hadhramaut
Arabian Peninsula
.png/500px-Arabian_Peninsula_(orthographic_projection).png)
Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
Tigris–Euphrates
Mesopotamia
Upper Mesopotamia
Lower Mesopotamia
Sawad
Nineveh plains
Akkad (region)
Babylonia
Canaan
Aram
Eber-Nari
Suhum
Eastern Mediterranean
Mashriq
Kurdistan
Levant
Southern Levant
Transjordan
Jordan

Jordan Rift Valley
Israel
Levantine Sea
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Galilee
Gilead
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Samaria
Arabah
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Sinai Peninsula
Arabian Desert
Syrian Desert
Fertile Crescent
Azerbaijan
Syria
Palestine
Iranian Plateau
Armenian Highlands
Caucasus
Caucasus

Caucasus Mountains
Greater Caucasus
Lesser Caucasus
North Caucasus
South Caucasus
Kur-Araz Lowland
Lankaran Lowland
Alborz
Absheron Peninsula
Anatolia
Cilicia
Cappadocia
Alpide belt
South
Greater India
Indian subcontinent
Himalayas
Hindu Kush
Western Ghats
Eastern Ghats
Ganges

Ganges Basin
Ganges

Ganges Delta
Pashtunistan
Punjab
Balochistan
Kashmir
Kashmir

Kashmir Valley
Pir Panjal Range
Thar Desert
Indus Valley
Indus River

Indus River Delta
Indus Valley Desert
Indo-Gangetic Plain
Eastern coastal plains
Western Coastal Plains
Meghalaya subtropical forests
MENASA
Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests
Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
Doab
Bagar tract
Great Rann of Kutch
Little Rann of Kutch
Deccan Plateau
Coromandel Coast
Konkan
False Divi Point
Hindi

Hindi Belt
Ladakh
Aksai Chin
Gilgit-Baltistan
Baltistan
Shigar Valley
Karakoram
Saltoro Mountains
Siachen Glacier
Bay of Bengal
Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Mannar
Trans-
Karakoram

Karakoram Tract
Wakhan Corridor
Wakhjir Pass
Lakshadweep
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman Islands
Nicobar Islands
Maldive Islands
Alpide belt
Southeast
Mainland
Indochina
Malay Peninsula
Maritime
Peninsular Malaysia
Sunda Islands
Greater Sunda Islands
Lesser Sunda Islands
Indonesian Archipelago
Timor
New Guinea
Bonis Peninsula
Papuan Peninsula
Huon Peninsula
Huon Gulf
Bird's Head Peninsula
Gazelle Peninsula
Philippine Archipelago
Luzon
Visayas
Mindanao
Leyte Gulf
Gulf of Thailand
East Indies
Nanyang
Alpide belt
Asia-Pacific
Tropical Asia
Ring of Fire
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Regions of Europe
North
Nordic
Northwestern
Scandinavia
Scandinavian Peninsula
Fennoscandia
Baltoscandia
Sápmi
West Nordic
Baltic
Baltic Sea
Gulf of Bothnia
Gulf of Finland
Iceland
Faroe Islands
East
Danubian countries
Prussia
Galicia
Volhynia
Donbass
Sloboda Ukraine
Sambia Peninsula
Amber Coast
Curonian Spit
Izyum Trail
Lithuania Minor
Nemunas Delta
Baltic
Baltic Sea
Vyborg Bay
Karelia
East Karelia
Karelian Isthmus
Lokhaniemi
Southeastern
Balkans
Aegean Islands
Gulf of Chania
North Caucasus
Greater Caucasus
Kabardia
European Russia
Southern Russia
Central
Baltic
Baltic Sea
Alpine states
Alpide belt
Mitteleuropa
Visegrád Group
West
Benelux
Low Countries
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British Isles
English Channel
Channel Islands
Cotentin Peninsula
Normandy
Brittany
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South
Italian Peninsula
Insular Italy
Tuscan Archipelago
Aegadian Islands
Iberia
Al-Andalus
Baetic System
Gibraltar Arc
Southeastern
Mediterranean
Crimea
Alpide belt
Germanic
Celtic
Slavic countries
Uralic
European Plain
Eurasian Steppe
Pontic–Caspian steppe
Wild Fields
Pannonian Basin
Great Hungarian Plain
Little Hungarian Plain
Eastern Slovak Lowland
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Regions of North America
Northern
Eastern Canada
Western Canada
Canadian Prairies
Central Canada
Northern Canada
Atlantic Canada
The Maritimes
French Canada
English Canada
Acadia
Acadian Peninsula
Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
Peace River Country
Cypress Hills
Palliser's Triangle
Canadian Shield
Interior Alaska-
Yukon

Yukon lowland taiga
Newfoundland (island)
Vancouver Island
Gulf Islands
Strait of Georgia
Canadian
Arctic

Arctic Archipelago
Labrador Peninsula
Gaspé Peninsula
Avalon Peninsula
Bay de Verde Peninsula
Brodeur Peninsula
Melville Peninsula
Bruce Peninsula
Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)
Cook Peninsula
Gulf of Boothia
Georgian Bay
Hudson Bay
James Bay
Greenland
Pacific Northwest
Inland Northwest
Northeast
New England
Mid-Atlantic
Commonwealth
West
Midwest
Upper Midwest
Mountain States
Intermountain West
Basin and Range Province
Oregon Trail
Mormon Corridor
Calumet Region
Southwest
Old Southwest
Llano Estacado
Central United States
Tallgrass prairie
South
South Central
Deep South
Upland South
Four Corners
East Coast
West Coast
Gulf Coast
Third Coast
Coastal states
Eastern United States
Appalachia
Trans-Mississippi
Great North Woods
Great Plains
Interior Plains
Great Lakes
Great Basin
Great Basin

Great Basin Desert
Acadia
Ozarks
Ark-La-Tex
Waxhaws
Siouxland
Twin Tiers
Driftless Area
Palouse
Piedmont
Atlantic coastal plain
Outer Lands
Black Dirt Region
Blackstone Valley
Piney Woods
Rocky Mountains
Mojave Desert
The Dakotas
The Carolinas
Shawnee Hills
San Fernando Valley
Tornado Alley
North Coast
Lost Coast
Emerald Triangle
San Francisco Bay

San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Bay
North Bay (
San Francisco Bay

San Francisco Bay Area)
East Bay (
San Francisco Bay

San Francisco Bay Area)
Silicon Valley
Interior Alaska-
Yukon

Yukon lowland taiga
Gulf of Mexico
Lower Colorado River Valley
Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
Colville Delta
Arkansas Delta
Mobile–Tensaw River Delta
Mississippi Delta
Mississippi River Delta
Columbia River Estuary
Great Basin
High Desert
Monterey Peninsula
Upper Peninsula of Michigan
Lower Peninsula of Michigan
Virginia Peninsula
Keweenaw Peninsula
Middle Peninsula
Delmarva Peninsula
Alaska Peninsula
Kenai Peninsula
Niagara Peninsula
Beringia
Belt regions
Bible Belt
Black Belt
Corn Belt
Cotton Belt
Frost Belt
Rice Belt
Rust Belt
Sun Belt
Snow Belt
Latin
Northern Mexico
Baja California Peninsula
Gulf of California
Colorado River Delta
Gulf of Mexico
Soconusco
Tierra Caliente
La Mixteca
La Huasteca
Bajío
Valley of Mexico
Mezquital Valley
Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
Yucatán Peninsula
Basin and Range Province
Western Caribbean Zone
Isthmus of Panama
Gulf of Panama
Pearl Islands
Azuero Peninsula
Mosquito Coast
West Indies
Antilles
Greater Antilles
Lesser Antilles
Leeward
Leeward Antilles
Windward
Lucayan Archipelago
Southern Caribbean
Aridoamerica
Mesoamerica
Oasisamerica
Northern
Middle
Anglo
Latin
French
Hispanic
American Cordillera
Ring of Fire
LAC
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Regions of Oceania
Australasia
Gulf of Carpentaria
New Guinea
Bonis Peninsula
Papuan Peninsula
Huon Peninsula
Huon Gulf
Bird's Head Peninsula
Gazelle Peninsula
New Zealand
South Island
North Island
Coromandel Peninsula
Zealandia
New Caledonia
Solomon Islands (archipelago)
Vanuatu
Kula Gulf
Australia
Capital Country
Eastern Australia
Lake Eyre basin
Murray–Darling basin
Northern Australia
Nullarbor Plain
Outback
Southern Australia
Maralinga
Sunraysia
Great Victoria Desert
Gulf of Carpentaria
Gulf St Vincent
Lefevre Peninsula
Fleurieu Peninsula
Yorke Peninsula
Eyre Peninsula
Mornington Peninsula
Bellarine Peninsula
Mount Henry Peninsula
Melanesia
Islands Region
Bismarck Archipelago
Solomon Islands Archipelago
Fiji
New Caledonia
Papua New Guinea
Vanuatu
Micronesia
Caroline Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Palau
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Northern Mariana Islands
Wake Island
Polynesia
Easter Island
Hawaiian Islands
Cook Islands
French Polynesia
Austral Islands
Gambier Islands
Marquesas Islands
Society Islands
Tuamotu
Kermadec Islands
Mangareva Islands
Samoa
Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Ring of Fire
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Regions of South America
East
Amazon basin
Atlantic Forest
Caatinga
Cerrado
North
Caribbean South America
West Indies
Los Llanos
The Guianas
Amazon basin
Amazon rainforest
Gulf of Paria
Paria Peninsula
Paraguaná Peninsula
Orinoco Delta
South
Tierra del Fuego
Patagonia
Pampas
Pantanal
Gran Chaco
Chiquitano dry forests
Valdes Peninsula
West
Andes
Tropical Andes
Wet Andes
Dry Andes
Pariacaca mountain range
Altiplano
Atacama Desert
Latin
Hispanic
American Cordillera
Ring of Fire
LAC
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Polar regions
Antarctic
Antarctic

Antarctic Peninsula
East Antarctica
West Antarctica
Eklund Islands
Ecozone
Extreme points
Islands
Arctic
Arctic

Arctic Alaska
British
Arctic

Arctic Territories
Canadian
Arctic

Arctic Archipelago
Finnmark
Greenland
Northern Canada
Northwest Territories
Nunavik
Nunavut
Russian Arctic
Sakha
Sápmi
Yukon
North American Arctic
v
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Earth's oceans and seas
Arctic

Arctic Ocean
Amundsen Gulf
Barents Sea
Beaufort Sea
Chukchi Sea
East Siberian Sea
Greenland

Greenland Sea
Gulf of Boothia
Kara Sea
Laptev Sea
Lincoln Sea
Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
Pechora Sea
Queen Victoria Sea
Wandel Sea
White Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Adriatic Sea
Aegean Sea
Alboran Sea
Archipelago Sea
Argentine Sea
Baffin Bay
Balearic Sea
Baltic Sea
Bay of Biscay
Bay of Bothnia
Bay of Campeche
Bay of Fundy
Black Sea
Bothnian Sea
Caribbean Sea
Celtic Sea
English Channel
Foxe Basin
Greenland

Greenland Sea
Gulf of Bothnia
Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Lion
Gulf of Guinea
Gulf of Maine
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Gulf of Sidra
Gulf of Venezuela
Hudson Bay
Ionian Sea
Irish Sea
Irminger Sea
James Bay
Labrador Sea
Levantine Sea
Libyan Sea
Ligurian Sea
Marmara Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Myrtoan Sea
North Sea
Norwegian Sea
Sargasso Sea
Sea of Åland
Sea of Azov
Sea of Crete
Sea of the Hebrides
Thracian Sea
Tyrrhenian Sea
Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean
Andaman Sea
Arabian Sea
Bali Sea
Bay of Bengal
Flores Sea
Great Australian Bight
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Oman
Gulf of Suez
Java Sea
Laccadive Sea
Mozambique

Mozambique Channel
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Timor

Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean
Arafura Sea
Banda Sea
Bering Sea
Bismarck Sea
Bohai Sea
Bohol Sea
Camotes Sea
Celebes Sea
Ceram Sea
Chilean Sea
Coral Sea
East China Sea
Gulf of Alaska
Gulf of Anadyr
Gulf of California
Gulf of Carpentaria
Gulf of Fonseca
Gulf of Panama
Gulf of Thailand
Gulf of Tonkin
Halmahera Sea
Koro Sea
Mar de Grau
Molucca Sea
Moro Gulf
Philippine Sea
Salish Sea
Savu Sea
Sea of Japan
Sea of Okhotsk
Seto Inland Sea
Shantar Sea
Sibuyan Sea
Solomon Sea
South China Sea
Sulu Sea
Tasman Sea
Visayan Sea
Yellow Sea
Southern Ocean
Amundsen Sea
Bellingshausen Sea
Cooperation Sea
Cosmonauts Sea
Davis Sea
D'Urville Sea
King Haakon VII Sea
Lazarev Sea
Mawson Sea
Riiser-Larsen Sea
Ross Sea
Scotia Sea
Somov Sea
Weddell Sea
Landlocked seas
Aral Sea
Caspian Sea
Dead Sea
Salton Sea
Book
Category
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Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent
Inland rivers
Beas
Betwa
Bhagirathi
Brahmaputra
Chambal
Chenab
Damodar
Godavari
Gandaki
Ganges
Ghaghara
Indus
Jhelum
Kali
Kaveri
Kosi
Krishna
Luni
Mahanadi
Mahaweli
Meghna
Narmada
Padma
Ravi
Sarasvati
Sankosh
Sharda
Son
Sutlej
Tapti
Yamuna
Inland lakes, deltas, etc.
Ganges

Ganges Basin
Ganges

Ganges Delta
Indus Delta
Dal Lake
Pookode Lake
Skeleton Lake
Chilika Lake
Lake Powai
Borith Lake
Saiful Muluk
Gosaikunda
Nizam Sagar
Red Hills Lake
Malampuzha
Kerala backwaters
Pulicat Lake
Coastal
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Mannar
Laccadive Sea
Palk Strait
Categories
Lakes of
Bangladesh

Bangladesh /
India
.jpg/580px-Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic).jpg)
India / Nepal / Pakistan
Reservoirs and dams in India
Rivers of
Bangladesh

Bangladesh / Bhutan /
India
.jpg/580px-Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic).jpg)
India / Nepal / Pakistan
v
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Ocean

Ocean currents and gyres
Currents
Arctic

Arctic Ocean
East Greenland
North Icelandic
Norwegian
Transpolar Drift Stream
Atlantic Ocean
Angola
Antilles
Azores
Baffin Island
Benguela
Brazil
Canary
Cape Horn
Caribbean
East Greenland
East Iceland
Falkland
Florida
Guinea
Gulf Stream
Irminger
Labrador
Lomonosov
Loop
North Atlantic
North Brazil
North Equatorial
Norwegian
Portugal
Slope Jet
South Atlantic
South Equatorial
West Greenland
West Spitsbergen
Indian Ocean
Agulhas
Agulhas Return
East Madagascar
Equatorial Counter
Indian Monsoon
Indonesian Throughflow
Leeuwin
Madagascar
Mozambique
North Madagascar
Somali
South Australian
South Equatorial
West Australian
Pacific Ocean
Alaska
Aleutian
California
Cromwell
Davidson
East Australian
East Korea Warm
Equatorial Counter
Humboldt
Indonesian Throughflow
Kamchatka
Kuroshio
Mindanao
North Equatorial
North Korea Cold
North Pacific
Oyashio
South Equatorial
Tasman Front
Southern Ocean
Antarctic

Antarctic Circumpolar
Tasman Outflow
Gyres
Major gyres
Indian
Ocean

Ocean Gyre
North Atlantic Gyre
South Atlantic Gyre
North Pacific Gyre
South Pacific Gyre
Other gyres
Beaufort Gyre
Ross Gyre
Weddell Gyre
Related
Atmospheric circulation
Boundary current
Coriolis force
Ekman transport
Marine debris
Marine garbage patches
Great Pacific
Indian Ocean
North Atlantic
South Pacific
Thermohaline circulation
v
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Geography of Sri Lanka
Climate
Climate
Climatic regions
Dry Zone
Wet Zone
Natural disasters
Geology
Indian Plate
Gems
Central Highlands
Hanthana Mountain Range
Knuckles Mountain Range
Extreme points
Highest
North
South
East
West
Landforms
Beaches
Islands
Lagoons
Lakes
Mountains
Rivers
Valleys
Waterfalls
Bordering entities
Bay of Bengal
Gulf of Mannar
India
Indian Ocean
Palk Strait
Subdivisions
Provinces
Districts
DS Divisions
GN Divisions
Settlements
Cities
Towns
Environment
Environmental issues
Deforestation
Biogeographic classification
Biosphere Reserves
Ecoregions
Forests
National Parks
Protected Areas
Sanctuaries
Wildlife
Fauna
Flora
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 145299573
GND: 4026737-4
BNF: cb15297514t (data)
HDS: 1