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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines,.
In the recognized regional languages of the Philippines: * akl, Republika it Pilipinas * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republika sang Filipinas * ibg, Republika nat Filipinas * ilo, Republika ti Filipinas * ivv, Republika nu Filipinas * pam, Republika ning Filipinas * krj, Republika kang Pilipinas * mdh, Republika nu Pilipinas * mrw, Republika a Pilipinas * pag, Republika na Filipinas * xsb, Republika nin Pilipinas * sgd, Republika nan Pilipinas * tgl, Republika ng Pilipinas * tsg, Republika sin Pilipinas * war, Republika han Pilipinas * yka, Republika si Pilipinas In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines: * es, República de las Filipinas * ar, جمهورية الفلبين, Jumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. In the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a total area of 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in Island groups of the Philippines, three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the south. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, twelfth-most-populous country, with diverse Ethnic groups in the Philippines, ethnicities and Culture of the Philippines, cultures. Manila is Capital of the Philippines, the country's capital, and Cities of the Philippines#Largest cities, its most populated city is Quezon City. Both are within Metro Manila. Negritos, the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by Models of migration to the Philippines, waves of Austronesian peoples. The adoption of Animism, Hinduism with Buddhist influence, and Islam established History of the Philippines (900–1565), island-kingdoms ruled by datus, rajas, and List of Muslim states and dynasties, sultans. Overseas trade with neighbors such as the late Tang dynasty, Tang or Southern Song, Song empire brought Sinitic-speaking Sangley / "wikt:langlang, Langlang" merchants to the archipelago, which would gradually settle in and Interethnic marriage, intermix. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese Empire, Portuguese explorer leading a fleet for Crown of Castile, Castile, marked the beginning of Spanish Colonization in the Philippines, Spanish colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer named the archipelago in honor of Philip II of Spain, King Philip II of Crown of Castile, Castile. Spanish colonization via New Spain, beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming ruled by the Crown of Castile, as part of the Spanish Empire, for more than 300 years. Catholic Church, Catholic Christianity became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of Spanish treasure fleet, trans-Pacific trade. Spaniard, Hispanic immigrants from Latin American Asian, Latin America and Iberia would also selectively colonize. The Philippine Revolution began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and Hong Kong Junta, Filipino revolutionaries declared the First Philippine Republic. The ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the United States controlling the territory until the Philippines campaign (1941–1942), Japanese invasion of the islands during World War II. After Philippines campaign (1944–1945), the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese, the Philippines became independent in 1946. The country has had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos, a decades-long dictatorship in People Power Revolution, a nonviolent revolution. The Philippines is an emerging market and a newly industrialized country, whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It is a founding member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, ASEAN, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit; it is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Its location as an island country on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes it prone to Earthquakes in the Philippines, earthquakes and Typhoons in the Philippines, typhoons. The Philippines has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant Megadiverse countries, level of biodiversity.
Unification and colonization by the Crown of Castile began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from New Spain (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Nueva España'') in 1565. Many Filipinos were brought to New Spain History of Spanish slavery in the Philippines, as slaves and forced crew. Intramuros, Spanish Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1571, Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific. The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of divide and rule, divide and conquer, bringing most of what is the present-day Philippines under one unified administration. Disparate barangays were deliberately Reductions, consolidated into towns, where Friars in Spanish Philippines, Catholic missionaries could more easily convert their inhabitants to Christianity, which was initially Religious Syncretism, Syncretist. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Mexico City-based New Spain, Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered from Madrid after the Mexican War of Independence. Manila became the western hub of Spanish treasure fleet, trans-Pacific trade by Manila galleons built in Bicol Region, Bicol and Cavite.
During its rule, Spain nearly bankrupted its treasury quelling Philippine revolts against Spain, indigenous revolts and defending against external military attacks, including Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas, Moro piracy, a 17th-century Battles of La Naval de Manila, war against the Dutch, 18th-century British occupation of Manila, and conflict with Muslims in the south.
Administration of the Philippines was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain, and abandoning it or trading it for other territory was debated. This course of action was opposed because of the islands' economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the region. The colony survived on an annual subsidy from the Spanish crown averaging 250,000 pesos, usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the Americas. British occupation of Manila, British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 during the Seven Years' War, and Spanish rule was restored with the Treaty of Paris (1763), 1763 Treaty of Paris. The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the ''Reconquista''. The Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years; Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo during the last quarter of the 19th century, and the Muslim Moro people, Moro in the Sultanate of Sulu acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.
Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and Filipino society began to change. Social identity changed, with the term ''Filipino'' encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of solely referring to Spanish Filipino, Spaniards born in the Philippines.
Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after Gomburza, three activist Catholic priests were executed on questionable grounds. This inspired the Propaganda Movement, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, and Mariano Ponce, which advocated political reform in the Philippines. Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalized many who had been loyal to Spain. Attempts at reform met with resistance; Andrés Bonifacio founded the Katipunan secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.
The Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin began the Philippine Revolution in 1896. Internal disputes led to the Tejeros Convention, at which Bonifacio lost his position and Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the new leader of the revolution. The 1897 Pact of Biak-na-Bato resulted in the Hong Kong Junta government in exile. The Spanish–American War began the following year, and reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and Philippine Declaration of Independence, declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. In December 1898, the islands were Treaty of Paris (1898), ceded by Spain to the United States with Puerto Rico and Guam after the Spanish–American War.
The First Philippine Republic was promulgated on January 21, 1899. Lack of recognition by the United States led to an Battle of Manila (1899), outbreak of hostilities that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic, escalated into the Philippine–American War.
The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, primarily due to famine and disease. Many Filipinos were transported by the Americans to List of concentration and internment camps#Philippines, concentration camps, where thousands died. After the fall of the First Philippine Republic in 1902, an Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, American civilian government was established with the Philippine Organic Act (1902), Philippine Organic Act. American forces continued to secure and extend their control of the islands, suppressing an attempted Tagalog Republic#Sakay, extension of the Philippine Republic, Kiram–Bates Treaty, securing the Sultanate of Sulu, establishing control of interior mountainous areas which had resisted Spanish conquest, and encouraging large-scale resettlement of Christians in once-predominantly-Muslim Mindanao.
Cultural developments strengthened a national identity, and Tagalog language, Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages. Governmental functions were gradually given to Filipinos by the Taft Commission; the 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines the following year, with Manuel L. Quezon, Manuel Quezon president and Sergio Osmeña vice president. Quezon's priorities were defence, social justice, inequality, economic diversification, and national character. Filipino language, Filipino (a standardized variety of Tagalog) became the national language, 1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite, women's suffrage was introduced, and Land reform in the Philippines, land reform was considered.
The Empire of Japan invaded the Philippines in December 1941 Military history of the Philippines during World War II, during World War II, and the Second Philippine Republic was established as a puppet state governed by Jose P. Laurel. Beginning in 1942, the Japanese occupation of the Philippines was Philippine resistance against Japan, opposed by large-scale Japanese occupation of the Philippines#Resistance, underground guerrilla activity. Japanese war crimes, Atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war, including the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre. Allied troops Philippines campaign (1944–1945), defeated the Japanese in 1945, and over one million Filipinos were estimated to have died by the end of the war. On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became a member states of the United Nations, founding member of the United Nations. On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas, the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the Treaty of Manila (1946), Treaty of Manila.
Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending the Hukbalahap Rebellion succeeded during Ramon Magsaysay's presidency, but sporadic communist insurgency continued to flare up long afterward. Under Magsaysay's successor, Carlos P. Garcia, the government initiated a Filipino First policy which promoted Filipino-owned businesses. Succeeding Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration— and pursued North Borneo dispute, a claim on eastern North Borneo.
In 1965, Macapagal 1965 Philippine presidential election, lost the presidential election to Ferdinand Marcos. First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Early in his presidency, Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans; this improved the economy, and contributed to his 1969 Philippine presidential election, reelection in 1969. Near the end of his last constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos Proclamation No. 1081, declared martial law on September 21, 1972 using the specter of communism and began to rule by decree; the period was characterized by Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship, political repression, Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship, censorship, and Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship, human rights violations. Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986), Monopolies controlled by Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos' cronies were established in key industries, including Deforestation in the Philippines#Deforestation during the martial law era, logging and broadcasting; a sugar monopoly led to Negros famine, a famine on the island of Negros. With his wife, Imelda Marcos, Imelda, Marcos was accused of corruption and Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family, embezzling billions of dollars of public funds. Marcos' heavy borrowing 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, early in his presidency resulted in Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986), economic crashes, exacerbated by an early 1980s recession where the economy contracted by 7.3 percent annually in 1984 and 1985.
On August 21, 1983, opposition leader Ninoy Aquino, Benigno Aquino Jr. (Marcos' chief rival) was Assassination of Ninoy Aquino, assassinated on the tarmac at Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Manila International Airport. Marcos called a snap 1986 Philippine presidential election, presidential election in 1986 which proclaimed him the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent. The resulting protests led to the People Power Revolution, which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to Hawaii. Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, Corazon, was installed as president.
The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered by National debt of the Philippines, national debt, government corruption, and Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino, coup attempts. A Communist rebellion in the Philippines, communist insurgency and military conflict with Moro conflict, Moro separatists persisted; the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991. Aquino was succeeded by Fidel V. Ramos, who Economic liberalization, liberalized the national economy with privatization and deregulation. Ramos' economic gains were overshadowed by the onset of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. His successor, Joseph Estrada, prioritized public housing but faced corruption allegations which led to his overthrow by the Second EDSA Revolution, 2001 EDSA Revolution and the succession of Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on January 20, 2001. Arroyo's Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, nine-year administration was marked by economic growth, but was tainted by corruption and political scandals, including Hello Garci scandal, electoral fraud allegations during the 2004 Philippine presidential election, 2004 presidential election. Economic growth continued during Benigno Aquino III's administration, which advocated good governance and transparency. Aquino III signed Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, a peace agreement with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) resulting in the Bangsamoro Organic Law establishing an autonomous Bangsamoro region, but a Mamasapano clash, shootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano delayed passage of the law.
Rodrigo Duterte, elected president 2016 Philippine presidential election, in 2016, launched Build! Build! Build!, an infrastructure program and Philippine drug war, an anti-drug campaign which reduced drug proliferation but has also led to extrajudicial killings. The Bangsamoro Organic Law was enacted in 2018. In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, COVID-19 pandemic reached the Philippines; its gross domestic product COVID-19 recession, shrank by 9.5 percent, the country's worst annual economic performance since 1947. Marcos' son, Bongbong Marcos, won the 2022 Philippine presidential election, 2022 presidential election; Duterte's daughter, Sara Duterte, Sara, became Vice President of the Philippines, vice president.
The Philippines is an archipelago of about 7,641 List of islands of the Philippines, islands, covering a total area (including inland bodies of water) of about . Stretching north to south, from the South China Sea to the Celebes Sea, the Philippines Borders of the Philippines, is bordered by the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Sulu Sea to the southwest. The List of islands of the Philippines, country's 11 largest islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan (island), Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu (island), Cebu, Bohol and Masbate (island), Masbate, about 95 percent of its total land area. The Philippines' coastline measures , the world's List of countries by length of coastline, fifth-longest, and the exclusive economic zone of the Philippines, country's exclusive economic zone covers .
Its List of mountains in the Philippines, highest mountain is Mount Apo on Mindanao, with an altitude of above sea level. The Philippines' List of rivers of the Philippines, longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon, which flows for about . Manila Bay, on which is the capital city of Manila, is connected to Laguna de Bay (the country's List of lakes of the Philippines, largest lake) by the Pasig River.
On the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The region is Seismology, seismically active, and has been Subduction tectonics of the Philippines, constructed by plates converging towards each other from multiple directions. About five earthquakes are recorded daily, although most are too weak to be felt. The List of earthquakes in the Philippines, last major earthquakes were in 1976 in the 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake, Moro Gulf and in 1990 on 1990 Luzon earthquake, Luzon. The Philippines has List of active volcanoes in the Philippines, 23 active volcanoes; of them, Mayon, Taal Volcano, Taal, Mount Canlaon, Canlaon, and Mount Bulusan, Bulusan have the largest number of recorded eruptions.
The country has valuable mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity. It is thought to have the world's second-largest gold deposits (after South Africa), large copper deposits, and the world's largest deposits of palladium. Other minerals include chromium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, and zinc. However, poor management and law enforcement, opposition from indigenous communities, and past environmental damage have left these resources largely untapped.
The Philippines is a megadiverse countries, megadiverse country, with some of the world's highest rates of discovery and List of ecoregions with high endemism, endemism (67 percent). With an Flora of the Philippines, estimated 13,500 plant species in the country (3,500 of which are endemic), Philippine rain forests have an array of flora: about 3,500 species of trees, 8,000 flowering plant species, 1,100 ferns, and 998 List of the orchids of the Philippines, orchid species have been identified. The Philippines has 167 terrestrial mammals (102 endemic species), 235 reptiles (160 endemic species), 99 amphibians (74 endemic species), 686 List of birds of the Philippines, birds (224 endemic species), and over 20,000 insect species.
As an important part of the Coral Triangle ecoregion, Philippine waters have unique, diverse marine life and the world's greatest diversity of shore-fish species. The country has over 3,200 fish species (121 endemic). Philippine waters sustain the cultivation of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.
Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines: Dipterocarpaceae, dipterocarp, beach forest, pine forest, Vitex parviflora, molave forest, Montane ecosystems, lower montane forest, upper montane (or Cloud forest, mossy forest), mangroves, and Ultramafic rock, ultrabasic forest. According to official estimates, the Philippines had of forest cover in 2023. Logging had been systemized during the American colonial period and Deforestation in the Philippines, deforestation continued after independence, accelerating during the Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos presidency due to unregulated logging concessions. Forest cover declined from 70 percent of the Philippines' total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999. Rehabilitation efforts have had marginal success.
The Philippines is a biodiversity hotspot, priority hotspot for biodiversity conservation; it has List of protected areas of the Philippines, more than 200 protected areas, which was expanded to . List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines, Three sites in the Philippines have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea, the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, and the Mount Hamiguitan Wildlife Sanctuary.
A Philippines and the United Nations, founding and active member of the United Nations, the Philippines has been a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, Security Council. The country participates in peacekeeping missions, particularly in United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, East Timor. The Philippines is a ASEAN Declaration, founding and active member of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and a member of the East Asia Summit, the Group of 24, and the Non-Aligned Movement. The country has sought to obtain observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation since 2003, and was a member of SEATO. Over 10 million Filipinos Overseas Filipinos, live and Overseas Filipino Worker, work in 200 countries, giving the Philippines soft power.
During the 1990s, the Philippines began to seek economic liberalization and free trade to help spur foreign direct investment. It is a member of the World Trade Organization and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The Philippines entered into the ASEAN Free Trade Area, ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement in 2010 and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership free trade agreement (FTA) in 2023. Through ASEAN, the Philippines has signed FTAs with ASEAN–China Free Trade Area, China, ASEAN–India Free Trade Area, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. The country has bilateral FTAs with Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement, Japan, South Korea, and European Free Trade Association, four European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
The Philippines has a long Philippines–United States relations, relationship with the United States, involving economics, CIA activities in the Philippines, security, and interpersonal relations. The Philippines' location United States bases in the Philippines, serves an First island chain, important role in the United States' island chain strategy in the West Pacific; a Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines), Mutual Defense Treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951, and was supplemented with the Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement, 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement and the 2016 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement. The country supported American policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean War, Korean and Vietnam War, Vietnam wars. In 2003, the Philippines was designated a major non-NATO ally. Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte, Under President Duterte, ties with the United States weakened in favor of improved relations with China and Philippines–Russia relations, Russia. The Philippines relies heavily on the United States for its external defense; the U.S. has made regular assurances to defend the Philippines, including the South China Sea.
Since 1975, the Philippines has valued its China–Philippines relations, relations with China—its top trading partner, and cooperates significantly with the country. Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of official development assistance to the Philippines; although some tension exists because of World War II, much animosity has faded. Historical and cultural ties continue to affect Philippines–Spain relations, relations with Spain. Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the high number of Filipinos working in those countries, and by issues related to the Muslim minority in the Philippines; concerns have been raised about domestic abuse and war affecting the approximately 2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region.
The Philippines Spratly Islands dispute, has claims in the Spratly Islands which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The largest of Philippines and the Spratly Islands, its controlled islands is Thitu Island, which contains the Kalayaan, Palawan, Philippines' smallest town. The 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff, after China seized the shoal from the Philippines, led to an Philippines v. China, international arbitration case which the Philippines eventually won; China rejected the result, and made the shoal a prominent symbol of the broader dispute.
The Volunteer military, volunteer Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the Philippine Air Force, the Philippine Army, and the Philippine Navy. Civilian security is handled by the Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local Government. The AFP had a total manpower of around 280,000 , of which 130,000 were active military personnel, 100,000 were reserves, and 50,000 were Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit, paramilitaries.
In 2021, $4,090,500,000 (1.04 percent of GDP) was spent on the Philippine military. Most of the country's defense spending is on the Philippine Army, which leads operations against internal threats such as Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines, communist and Moro conflict, Muslim separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security contributed to the decline of List of equipment of the Philippine Navy, Philippine naval capability which began during the 1970s. AFP Modernization Act, A military modernization program began in 1995 and expanded in 2012 to build a more capable defense system.
The Philippines has long struggled against Civil conflict in the Philippines, local insurgencies, Separatism in the Philippines, separatism, and Terrorism in the Philippines, terrorism. Bangsamoro's largest separatist organizations, the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, signed final peace agreements with the government in 1996 Final Peace Agreement, 1996 and Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, 2014 respectively. Other, more-militant groups such as Abu Sayyaf and Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago and Maguindanao, but their presence has been reduced. The Communist Party of the Philippines and its military wing, the New People's Army, have been waging New People's Army rebellion, guerrilla warfare against the government since the 1970s and, although shrinking militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986, have Timeline of the communist rebellion in the Philippines, engaged in ambushes, bombings, and assassinations of government officials and security forces.
The Philippines is divided into 17 Regions of the Philippines, regions, 82 Provinces of the Philippines, provinces, 146 Cities of the Philippines, cities, 1,488 Municipalities of the Philippines, municipalities, and 42,036 barangays. Regions other than Bangsamoro are divided for administrative convenience. Calabarzon was the region with the greatest population , and the Metro Manila, National Capital Region (NCR) was the most densely populated.
The Philippines is a unitary state, with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), although there have been Federalism in the Philippines, steps towards decentralization; a 1991 law devolution, devolved some powers to Local government in the Philippines, local governments.
The country has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the archipelago's division by water and topography. According to the 2010 census, the Philippines' largest ethnic groups were Tagalog people, Tagalog (24.4 percent), Visayans [excluding the Cebuano people, Cebuano, Hiligaynon people, Hiligaynon and Waray people, Waray] (11.4 percent), Cebuano (9.9 percent), Ilocano people, Ilocano (8.8 percent), Hiligaynon (8.4 percent), Bicolano people, Bikol (6.8 percent), and Waray (four percent). The Indigenous peoples of the Philippines, country's indigenous peoples consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups, with a combined population of 14 to 17 million, in 2010; they include the Igorot people, Igorot, Lumad, Mangyan, and the Peoples of Palawan, indigenous peoples of Palawan.
Negritos are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants. These minority aboriginal settlers are an Australo-Melanesian, Australoid group, a remnant of the Southern Dispersal, first human migration from Africa to Australia who were probably displaced by later waves of migration. Some Philippine Negritos have a Denisovan admixture in their genome. Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups, classified linguistically as Austronesian peoples, Austronesians speaking Malayo-Polynesian languages. The Austronesian population's origin is uncertain, but relatives of Taiwanese indigenous peoples, Taiwanese aborigines probably brought their language and mixed with the region's existing population. The Lumad and Sama-Bajau ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with the Austroasiatic languages, Austroasiatic- and Mlabri language, Mlabri-speaking Lua people, Htin peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion from Papua New Guinea to eastern Indonesia and Mindanao has been detected in the Blaan people and the Sangir language.
Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especially Latin American Asian, from the Spanish Americas. A 2016 Geno 2.0 Next Generation, National Geographic project Genetic studies on Filipinos, concluded that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried genetic markers in the following percentages: 53 percent Southeast Asia and Oceania, 36 percent East Asia, Eastern Asia, five percent Southern Europe, three percent South Asia, Southern Asia, and two percent Native American (from Latin America).
Descendants of mixed-race couples are known as Filipino Mestizos, Mestizos or , which during the History of the Philippines (1565–1898), Spanish colonial times, were mostly composed of Sangley, Chinese mestizos (), Spanish Filipino, Spanish mestizos () and the mix thereof (). The modern Chinese Filipinos are well-integrated into Filipino society. Primarily the descendants of immigrants from Fujian, the pure ethnic Chinese Filipinos during the History of the Philippines (1898–1946), American colonial era (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35 million; while an estimated 22.8 million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial, colonial, and 20th century Chinese migrants. During the Hispanic era, Spanish Filipino, mixed Spanish Filipinos made up a moderate proportion (around 5 percent) of the population who were paying tributes.ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
/ref>ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
/ref> Meanwhile, Mexican settlement in the Philippines, a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Latin American Filipinos. Almost 300,000 Americans, American citizens live in the country , and up to 250,000 Amerasians are scattered across the cities of Angeles City, Angeles, Manila, and Olongapo. Other significant non-indigenous minorities include Indian Filipino, Indians and Arabs in the Philippines, Arabs. Japanese in the Philippines, Japanese Filipinos include escaped Christians (Kirishitan) who Martyrs of Japan, fled persecutions by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.
''Ethnologue'' lists 186 languages for the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages; the other four no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine languages, Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is a branch of the Austronesian languages, Austronesian language family. Spanish-based Creole language, creole varieties, collectively known as Chavacano, are also spoken. Many Philippine Negrito languages#Unique vocabulary, Philippine Negrito languages have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.
Filipino language, Filipino and Philippine English, English are the country's official languages. Filipino, a Standard language, standardized version of Tagalog language, Tagalog, is spoken primarily in Metro Manila. Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, often with a third local language; code-switching between English and other local languages, notably Taglish, Tagalog, is common. The Philippine constitution provides for Philippine Spanish, Spanish and Arabic on a voluntary, optional basis. Spanish, a widely used lingua franca during the late nineteenth century, Spanish language in the Philippines, has declined greatly in use, although Spanish loanwords are still present in Philippine languages. Arabic is primarily taught in Mindanao Islamic schools.
The top languages generally spoken at home are Tagalog, Binisaya, Hiligaynon language, Hiligaynon, Ilocano language, Ilocano, Cebuano language, Cebuano, and Bikol languages, Bikol. Nineteen List of regional languages of the Philippines, regional languages are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:
* Aklanon language, Aklanon
* Bikol
* Cebuano
* Chavacano
* Hiligaynon
* Ibanag language, Ibanag
* Ilocano
* Ivatan language, Ivatan
* Kapampangan language, Kapampangan
* Karay-a language, Kinaray-a
* Maguindanao language, Maguindanao
* Maranao language, Maranao
* Pangasinan language, Pangasinan
* Sambal language, Sambal
* Surigaonon language, Surigaonon
* Tagalog
* Tausug language, Tausug
* Waray language, Waray
* Yakan language, Yakan
Other indigenous languages, including Cuyonon language, Cuyonon, Ifugao language, Ifugao, Itbayat language, Itbayat, Kalinga language, Kalinga, Kamayo language, Kamayo, Kankanaey language, Kankanaey, Masbateño language, Masbateño, Romblomanon language, Romblomanon, Manobo languages, Manobo, and several Visayan languages, are used in their respective provinces. Filipino Sign Language is the national sign language, and the language of Deafness in the Philippines, deaf education.
Health care in the Philippines is provided by the national and local governments, although private payments account for most healthcare spending. Per-capita health expenditure in 2022 was and health expenditures were 5.5 percent of the country's GDP. The 2023 budget allocation for healthcare was . The 2019 enactment of the universal health care, Universal Health Care Act by President Duterte facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, national health insurance program. Since 2018, Malasakit Centers (one-stop shops) have been set up in several government-operated hospitals to provide medical and financial assistance to indigent patients.
Average life expectancy in the Philippines is 70.48 years (66.97 years for males, and 74.15 years for females). Access to medicine has improved due to increasing Filipino acceptance of generic drugs. The country's leading causes of death in 2021 were ischaemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, COVID-19, neoplasms, and diabetes. Communicable diseases are correlated with natural disasters, primarily floods.
The Philippines has 1,387 List of hospitals in the Philippines, hospitals, 33 percent of which are government-run; 23,281 barangay health stations, 2,592 rural health units, 2,411 Birthing center, birthing homes, and 659 infirmaries provide primary care throughout the country. Since 1967, the Philippines had become the largest global supplier of nurses; seventy percent of Nursing in the Philippines, nursing graduates go overseas to work, causing problems in retaining skilled practitioners.
Primary and secondary schooling in the Philippines consists of six years of elementary period, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school. Public education, provided by the government, is free at the elementary and secondary levels and at Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act, most public higher-education institutions. Philippine Science High School System, Science high schools for talented students were established in 1963. The government provides technical-vocational training and development through the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. In 2004, the government began offering Alternative Learning System (Philippines), alternative education to out-of-school children, youth, and adults to improve literacy; madrasa, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions that year, primarily in Mindanao Muslim areas under the Department of Education (Philippines), Department of Education. List of Catholic universities and colleges in the Philippines, Catholic schools, which number more than 1,500, and higher education institutions are an integral part of the educational system.
The Philippines has List of colleges and universities in the Philippines, 1,975 higher education institutions , of which 246 are public and 1,729 are private. Public universities are non-sectarian, and are primarily classified as List of state schools, colleges and universities in the Philippines, state-administered or Local colleges and universities (Philippines), local government-funded. The national university is the eight-school University of the Philippines (UP) system. The country's top-ranked universities are the UP Diliman, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, and University of Santo Tomas.
, the Philippines had a basic literacy rate of 93.8 percent of those five years old or older, and a functional illiteracy, functional literacy rate of 91.6 percent of those aged 10 to 64. Education, a significant proportion of the national budget, was allocated from the 2023 budget. , the country has 1,640 public libraries affiliated with the National Library of the Philippines.
With an average annual growth rate of six to seven percent since around 2010, the Philippines has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies, driven primarily by its increasing reliance on the service sector. Regional development is uneven, however, with Manila (in particular) gaining most of the new economic growth. Remittances from overseas Filipinos contribute significantly to the country's economy; they reached a record in 2023, accounting for 8.5 percent of GDP. The Philippines is the world's primary Business process outsourcing in the Philippines, business process outsourcing (BPO) center. About 1.3 million Filipinos work in the BPO sector, primarily in customer service.
The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of its climate and low cost of living; the country is also a top destination for diving enthusiasts. List of tourist attractions in the Philippines, Tourist spots include Boracay, called the best island in the world by ''Travel + Leisure'' in 2012; Coron, Palawan, Coron and El Nido, Palawan, El Nido in Palawan; Cebu; Siargao, and Bohol.
Tourism contributed 5.2 percent to the Philippine GDP in 2021 (lower than 12.7 percent in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic), and provided 5.7 million jobs in 2019. The Philippines attracted 5.45 million international visitors in 2023, 30 percent lower than the 8.26 million record in pre-pandemic 2019; most tourists came from South Korea (26.4 percent), United States (16.5 percent), Japan (5.6 percent), Australia (4.89 percent), and China (4.84 percent).
The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882 Watt, MW in 2021; 43 percent was generated from Coal mining in the Philippines, coal, 14 percent from oil, 14 percent hydropower, 12 percent from natural gas, and seven percent from Geothermal power, geothermal sources. It is the world's third-biggest Geothermal power in the Philippines, geothermal-energy producer, behind the United States and Indonesia. The country's largest dam is the San Roque Dam (Philippines), San Roque Dam on the Agno River in Pangasinan. The Malampaya gas field, discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.
The Philippines has three electrical grids, one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines manages Electricity sector in the Philippines, the country's power grid since 2009 and provides overhead power line, overhead transmission lines across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers List of electric distribution utilities in the Philippines, is provided by privately owned distribution utilities and government-owned electric cooperatives. As of end-2021, the Philippines' household electrification level was about 95.41%.
Plans to harness Nuclear power in the Philippines, nuclear energy began during the early 1970s during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos in response to the 1973 oil crisis. The Philippines completed Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant in Bataan in 1984. Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster prevented the plant from being commissioned, and plans to operate it remain controversial.
Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through local water districts in cities or towns. Metro Manila is served by Manila Water and Maynilad Water Services. Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from the National Water Resources Board. In 2022, the total water withdrawals increased to from in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to ₱ billion.
Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks. In 2015, the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access to improved sanitation and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015. Ninety-six percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had sanitary toilet facilities ; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.
The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's fragmented geography. Spanish and American cultures profoundly influenced Filipino culture as a result of long colonization. The cultures of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more influence from nearby Islamic regions. Indigenous groups such as the Igorots have preserved their precolonial customs and traditions by resisting the Spanish. A Filipino nationalism, national identity National revival, emerged during the 19th century, however, with National symbols of the Philippines, shared national symbols and cultural and historical Touchstone (metaphor), touchstones.
Spanish influence on Filipino culture, Hispanic legacies include the dominance of Catholicism and the prevalence of Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, Spanish names and surnames, which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the implementation of Spanish naming customs; the List of Philippine place names of Spanish origin, names of many locations also have Spanish origins. American influence on modern Filipino culture is evident in the use of English and Filipino consumption of fast food and American films and music.
Public holidays in the Philippines are classified as regular or special. List of festivals in the Philippines, Festivals are primarily religious, and most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor a patron saint). Better-known festivals include Ati-Atihan festival, Ati-Atihan, Dinagyang, Moriones Festival, Moriones, Sinulog, and Flores de Mayo—a month-long devotion to the Virgin Mary held in May. The country's Christmas in the Philippines, Christmas season begins as early as September 1, and Holy Week in the Philippines, Holy Week is a solemn religious observance for its Christian population.
Filipino Value (ethics and social sciences), values are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in Philippine kinship, kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce. They center around social harmony through , motivated primarily by the desire for acceptance by a group. Reciprocity through (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized debt can never be fully repaid. The main sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of (shame) and loss of (self-esteem).
The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society. Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is shown with gestures such as and the Filipino styles and honorifics, honorifics and and (older brother) or (older sister). Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other people, friendship and friendliness, hospitality, religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly Women in the Philippines, women), and integrity.
Philippine art combines indigenous folk art and foreign influences, primarily Spain and the United States. During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior groups. Classical paintings were mainly religious; prominent artists during Spanish colonial rule included Juan Luna and Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, whose works drew attention to the Philippines. Modernism was introduced to the Philippines during the 1920s and 1930s by Victorio Edades and popular pastoral scenes by Fernando Amorsolo.
Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous and the , which developed under Spanish rule. Some regions, such as Batanes, differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.
Spanish architecture left an imprint in town designs around a poblacion, central square or , but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II. List of Baroque churches in the Philippines, Several Philippine List of Catholic churches in the Philippines, churches adapted baroque architecture to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of Earthquake Baroque; Baroque Churches of the Philippines, four baroque churches have been listed as a collective UNESCO World Heritage Site. Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines, Spanish colonial fortifications () in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons. Vigan, in Ilocos Sur, is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.
American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and Art Deco theaters. During the American period, some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by Daniel Burnham was done in portions of Burnham Plan of Manila, Manila and Baguio. Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of Ancient Greek architecture, Greek or Neoclassical architecture. Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in Iloilo, especially in Calle Real, Iloilo, Calle Real.
There are two types of Philippine folk dance, stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence. Although native dances had become less popular, folk dancing began to revive during the 1920s. The Cariñosa, a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance. Popular indigenous dances include the Tinikling and Singkil (Maranao dance), Singkil, which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles. Present-day dances vary from delicate ballet to street-oriented breakdancing.
Rondalla, Rondalya music, with traditional mandolin-type List of Philippine musical instruments, instruments, was popular during the Spanish era. Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily bandurria-based bands with 14-string guitars. Kundiman developed during the 1920s and 1930s. The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to Culture of the United States, U.S. culture and Music of the United States, popular music. Rock music was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or Pinoy rock), a term encompassing pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal music, heavy metal, punk rock, punk, new wave music, new wave, ska, and reggae. Martial law in the 1970s produced Philippine folk music, Filipino folk rock bands and artists who Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship, were at the forefront of political demonstrations. The decade also saw the birth of the Manila sound and Original Pilipino Music (OPM). Filipino hip-hop, which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990. Karaoke is also popular. From 2010 to 2020, Pinoy pop (P-pop) was influenced by K-pop and J-pop.
Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introduced plays (with music) and s, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the country, and were written in a number of local languages. American influence introduced vaudeville and ballet. Realism (theatre), Realistic theatre became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.
Philippine literature consists of Filipiniana, works usually written in Filipino, Philippine literature in Spanish, Spanish, or Philippine literature in English, English. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th centuries. They include , an epic about an eponymous magical bird, and by Tagalog author Francisco Balagtas. José Rizal wrote the novels (''Social Cancer'') and (''The Reign of Greed''), both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.
Philippine folk literature, Folk literature was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although Ilustrado, Filipino elites who later learned Spanish wrote nationalistic literature. The American arrival Education in the Philippines during American rule, began Filipino literary use of English and influenced the development of the Philippine comics industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s. In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972), influenced by political activism; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.
Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through oral tradition; popular List of Philippine mythological figures, figures are Maria Makiling, Biag ni Lam-Ang, Lam-ang, and the Sarimanok. The country has a number of Philippine epic poetry, folk epics. Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the Maranao language, Maranao-language ''Darangen'' is an example.
From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic, Filipino Chinese cuisine, Chinese, and American cuisine, American cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate. Filipinos tend to prefer robust flavors, centered on sweet, salty, and sour combinations. Regional variations exist throughout the country; rice is the general staple Starch#Food, starch but Cassava-based dishes, cassava is more common in parts of Mindanao. Philippine adobo, Adobo is the unofficial national dish. Other List of Philippine dishes, popular dishes include ''lechón'', ''kare-kare'', ''sinigang'', ''pancit'', ''lumpia'', and ''arroz caldo''. List of Philippine desserts, Traditional desserts are (rice cakes), which include ''puto (food), puto'', ''suman (food), suman'', and ''bibingka''. Ingredients such as calamansi, ''Ube halaya, ube'', and ''Canarium ovatum, pili'' are used in Filipino desserts. The generous use of Philippine condiments, condiments such as ''patis (sauce), patis'', ''bagoong'', and ''Soy sauce#Filipino, toyo'' impart a distinctive Philippine flavor.
Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks; they use spoons and forks. Traditional eating with the fingers (known as ) had been used in less urbanized areas, but has been popularized with the introduction of Filipino food to foreigners and city residents.
Basketball in the Philippines, Basketball, played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport. Other popular sports include History of boxing in the Philippines, boxing and billiards, boosted by the achievements of Manny Pacquiao and Efren Reyes. The national Filipino martial arts, martial art is Arnis. (cockfighting) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented by the Magellan expedition. Video games in the Philippines, Video gaming and Esports in the Philippines, esports are emerging pastimes, with the popularity of Traditional games in the Philippines, indigenous games such as ''patintero'', ''tumbang preso'', ''luksong tinik'', and ''Piko (Filipino game), piko'' declining among young people; several bills have been filed to preserve and promote traditional games.
The Philippines national football team, men's national football team has participated in one 2019 AFC Asian Cup, Asian Cup. The Philippines women's national football team, women's national football team qualified for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, their first FIFA Women's World Cup, World Cup, in January 2022. The Philippines has participated in every Summer Olympic Games since Philippines at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1924, except when they supported the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. It was the first Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics, tropical nation to compete at the Winter Olympic Games, Philippines at the 1972 Winter Olympics, debuting in 1972. In 2021, the Philippines received its first-ever Olympic gold medal with Olympic weightlifting, weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz's victory in 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo.
Government of the Philippines
Official Gazette
"Philippines"
profile at BBC News
at UCB Libraries (archived May 21, 2011) * * *
Filipiniana.net – Free digital library and a research portal
(archived December 17, 2008) {{coord, 13, N, 122, E, type:country_region:PH, display=title Philippines, Countries and territories where English is an official language Former colonies in Asia Former Spanish colonies Island countries Maritime Southeast Asia Member states of ASEAN Member states of the United Nations Newly industrializing countries Republics Southeast Asian countries Spanish East Indies States and territories established in 1565 States and territories established in 1898 States and territories established in 1946 Volcanic arc islands Countries in Asia Former Japanese colonies Articles with accessibility problems
In the recognized regional languages of the Philippines: * akl, Republika it Pilipinas * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republika sang Filipinas * ibg, Republika nat Filipinas * ilo, Republika ti Filipinas * ivv, Republika nu Filipinas * pam, Republika ning Filipinas * krj, Republika kang Pilipinas * mdh, Republika nu Pilipinas * mrw, Republika a Pilipinas * pag, Republika na Filipinas * xsb, Republika nin Pilipinas * sgd, Republika nan Pilipinas * tgl, Republika ng Pilipinas * tsg, Republika sin Pilipinas * war, Republika han Pilipinas * yka, Republika si Pilipinas In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines: * es, República de las Filipinas * ar, جمهورية الفلبين, Jumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. In the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a total area of 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in Island groups of the Philippines, three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the south. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, twelfth-most-populous country, with diverse Ethnic groups in the Philippines, ethnicities and Culture of the Philippines, cultures. Manila is Capital of the Philippines, the country's capital, and Cities of the Philippines#Largest cities, its most populated city is Quezon City. Both are within Metro Manila. Negritos, the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by Models of migration to the Philippines, waves of Austronesian peoples. The adoption of Animism, Hinduism with Buddhist influence, and Islam established History of the Philippines (900–1565), island-kingdoms ruled by datus, rajas, and List of Muslim states and dynasties, sultans. Overseas trade with neighbors such as the late Tang dynasty, Tang or Southern Song, Song empire brought Sinitic-speaking Sangley / "wikt:langlang, Langlang" merchants to the archipelago, which would gradually settle in and Interethnic marriage, intermix. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese Empire, Portuguese explorer leading a fleet for Crown of Castile, Castile, marked the beginning of Spanish Colonization in the Philippines, Spanish colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer named the archipelago in honor of Philip II of Spain, King Philip II of Crown of Castile, Castile. Spanish colonization via New Spain, beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming ruled by the Crown of Castile, as part of the Spanish Empire, for more than 300 years. Catholic Church, Catholic Christianity became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of Spanish treasure fleet, trans-Pacific trade. Spaniard, Hispanic immigrants from Latin American Asian, Latin America and Iberia would also selectively colonize. The Philippine Revolution began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and Hong Kong Junta, Filipino revolutionaries declared the First Philippine Republic. The ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the United States controlling the territory until the Philippines campaign (1941–1942), Japanese invasion of the islands during World War II. After Philippines campaign (1944–1945), the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese, the Philippines became independent in 1946. The country has had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos, a decades-long dictatorship in People Power Revolution, a nonviolent revolution. The Philippines is an emerging market and a newly industrialized country, whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It is a founding member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, ASEAN, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit; it is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Its location as an island country on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes it prone to Earthquakes in the Philippines, earthquakes and Typhoons in the Philippines, typhoons. The Philippines has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant Megadiverse countries, level of biodiversity.
Etymology
During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the islands of Leyte and Samar "" after Philip II of Spain, King Philip II of Castile (then Prince of Asturias). Eventually, the name "" would be used for the archipelago's Spanish possessions. Other names, such as "" (Western Islands), "" (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan's name, and "" (Islands of St. Lazarus), were used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region before Spanish rule was established. During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the (the First Philippine Republic, Philippine Republic). American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name). The United States began changing its nomenclature from "the Philippine Islands" to "the Philippines" in the Philippine Autonomy Act and the Jones Law (Philippines), Jones Law. The official title "Republic of the Philippines" was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state, and in all succeeding constitutional revisions.History
Prehistory (pre–900)
There is Archaeology of the Philippines, evidence of early hominins living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago. A small number of bones from Callao Cave potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, ''Homo luzonensis'', who lived 50,000 to 67,000 years ago. The oldest modern human remains on the islands are from the Tabon Caves of Palawan, U/Th-dated to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago. Tabon Man is presumably a Negrito, among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along South Asia, southern Asia to the now-sunken landmasses of Sundaland and Sahul. The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling the Batanes Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ''ijangs'') and northern Luzon. Philippine jade culture, Jade artifacts have been dated to 2000 BC, with lingling-o jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan. By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four societies: hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and port principalities.Early states (900–1565)
The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is the early-10th-century AD Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which was written in Old Malay using the early Kawi alphabet, Kawi script with a number of technical Sanskrit words and Old Javanese or Old Tagalog Filipino styles and honorifics, honorifics. By the 14th century, several large coastal settlements emerged as trading centers and became the focus of Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines, societal changes. Some polities had exchanges with other states throughout Asia. Trade with China is believed to have begun during the Tang dynasty, and expanded during the Song dynasty; by the second millennium AD, some polities were part of the tributary system of China. Indian cultural traits such as linguistic terms and religious practices Indian influences in early Philippine polities, began to spread in the Philippines during the 14th century, probably via the Hindu Majapahit, Majapahit Empire. By the 15th century, Islam was established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there. Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries include Maynila (historical polity), Maynila, Tondo (historical polity), Tondo, Namayan, Caboloan, Pangasinan, Cebu (historical state), Cebu, Butuan (historical polity), Butuan, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Maguindanao, Confederate States of Lanao, Lanao, Sultanate of Sulu, Sulu, and Ma-i. The early polities typically had a three-tier social structure: nobility, freemen, and dependent debtor-bondsmen. Among the nobility were leaders known as datus, who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups (Barangay state, barangays or dulohan). When the barangays banded together to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance, their more-esteemed members would be recognized as a "Paramount rulers in early Philippine history, paramount datu", rajah or sultan, and would rule the community. Population density is thought to have been low during the 14th to 16th centuries due to the Typhoon#Frequency, frequency of typhoons and the Philippines' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by Lapulapu's men in the Battle of Mactan.Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1946)
Unification and colonization by the Crown of Castile began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from New Spain (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Nueva España'') in 1565. Many Filipinos were brought to New Spain History of Spanish slavery in the Philippines, as slaves and forced crew. Intramuros, Spanish Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1571, Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific. The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of divide and rule, divide and conquer, bringing most of what is the present-day Philippines under one unified administration. Disparate barangays were deliberately Reductions, consolidated into towns, where Friars in Spanish Philippines, Catholic missionaries could more easily convert their inhabitants to Christianity, which was initially Religious Syncretism, Syncretist. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Mexico City-based New Spain, Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered from Madrid after the Mexican War of Independence. Manila became the western hub of Spanish treasure fleet, trans-Pacific trade by Manila galleons built in Bicol Region, Bicol and Cavite.
During its rule, Spain nearly bankrupted its treasury quelling Philippine revolts against Spain, indigenous revolts and defending against external military attacks, including Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas, Moro piracy, a 17th-century Battles of La Naval de Manila, war against the Dutch, 18th-century British occupation of Manila, and conflict with Muslims in the south.
Administration of the Philippines was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain, and abandoning it or trading it for other territory was debated. This course of action was opposed because of the islands' economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the region. The colony survived on an annual subsidy from the Spanish crown averaging 250,000 pesos, usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the Americas. British occupation of Manila, British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 during the Seven Years' War, and Spanish rule was restored with the Treaty of Paris (1763), 1763 Treaty of Paris. The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the ''Reconquista''. The Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years; Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo during the last quarter of the 19th century, and the Muslim Moro people, Moro in the Sultanate of Sulu acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.
Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and Filipino society began to change. Social identity changed, with the term ''Filipino'' encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of solely referring to Spanish Filipino, Spaniards born in the Philippines.
Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after Gomburza, three activist Catholic priests were executed on questionable grounds. This inspired the Propaganda Movement, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, and Mariano Ponce, which advocated political reform in the Philippines. Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalized many who had been loyal to Spain. Attempts at reform met with resistance; Andrés Bonifacio founded the Katipunan secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.
The Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin began the Philippine Revolution in 1896. Internal disputes led to the Tejeros Convention, at which Bonifacio lost his position and Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the new leader of the revolution. The 1897 Pact of Biak-na-Bato resulted in the Hong Kong Junta government in exile. The Spanish–American War began the following year, and reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and Philippine Declaration of Independence, declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. In December 1898, the islands were Treaty of Paris (1898), ceded by Spain to the United States with Puerto Rico and Guam after the Spanish–American War.
The First Philippine Republic was promulgated on January 21, 1899. Lack of recognition by the United States led to an Battle of Manila (1899), outbreak of hostilities that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic, escalated into the Philippine–American War.
The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, primarily due to famine and disease. Many Filipinos were transported by the Americans to List of concentration and internment camps#Philippines, concentration camps, where thousands died. After the fall of the First Philippine Republic in 1902, an Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, American civilian government was established with the Philippine Organic Act (1902), Philippine Organic Act. American forces continued to secure and extend their control of the islands, suppressing an attempted Tagalog Republic#Sakay, extension of the Philippine Republic, Kiram–Bates Treaty, securing the Sultanate of Sulu, establishing control of interior mountainous areas which had resisted Spanish conquest, and encouraging large-scale resettlement of Christians in once-predominantly-Muslim Mindanao.
Cultural developments strengthened a national identity, and Tagalog language, Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages. Governmental functions were gradually given to Filipinos by the Taft Commission; the 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines the following year, with Manuel L. Quezon, Manuel Quezon president and Sergio Osmeña vice president. Quezon's priorities were defence, social justice, inequality, economic diversification, and national character. Filipino language, Filipino (a standardized variety of Tagalog) became the national language, 1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite, women's suffrage was introduced, and Land reform in the Philippines, land reform was considered.The Empire of Japan invaded the Philippines in December 1941 Military history of the Philippines during World War II, during World War II, and the Second Philippine Republic was established as a puppet state governed by Jose P. Laurel. Beginning in 1942, the Japanese occupation of the Philippines was Philippine resistance against Japan, opposed by large-scale Japanese occupation of the Philippines#Resistance, underground guerrilla activity. Japanese war crimes, Atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war, including the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre. Allied troops Philippines campaign (1944–1945), defeated the Japanese in 1945, and over one million Filipinos were estimated to have died by the end of the war. On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became a member states of the United Nations, founding member of the United Nations. On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas, the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the Treaty of Manila (1946), Treaty of Manila.
Independence (1946–present)
Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending the Hukbalahap Rebellion succeeded during Ramon Magsaysay's presidency, but sporadic communist insurgency continued to flare up long afterward. Under Magsaysay's successor, Carlos P. Garcia, the government initiated a Filipino First policy which promoted Filipino-owned businesses. Succeeding Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration— and pursued North Borneo dispute, a claim on eastern North Borneo.
In 1965, Macapagal 1965 Philippine presidential election, lost the presidential election to Ferdinand Marcos. First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Early in his presidency, Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans; this improved the economy, and contributed to his 1969 Philippine presidential election, reelection in 1969. Near the end of his last constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos Proclamation No. 1081, declared martial law on September 21, 1972 using the specter of communism and began to rule by decree; the period was characterized by Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship, political repression, Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship, censorship, and Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship, human rights violations. Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986), Monopolies controlled by Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos' cronies were established in key industries, including Deforestation in the Philippines#Deforestation during the martial law era, logging and broadcasting; a sugar monopoly led to Negros famine, a famine on the island of Negros. With his wife, Imelda Marcos, Imelda, Marcos was accused of corruption and Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family, embezzling billions of dollars of public funds. Marcos' heavy borrowing 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, early in his presidency resulted in Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986), economic crashes, exacerbated by an early 1980s recession where the economy contracted by 7.3 percent annually in 1984 and 1985.
On August 21, 1983, opposition leader Ninoy Aquino, Benigno Aquino Jr. (Marcos' chief rival) was Assassination of Ninoy Aquino, assassinated on the tarmac at Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Manila International Airport. Marcos called a snap 1986 Philippine presidential election, presidential election in 1986 which proclaimed him the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent. The resulting protests led to the People Power Revolution, which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to Hawaii. Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, Corazon, was installed as president.
The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered by National debt of the Philippines, national debt, government corruption, and Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino, coup attempts. A Communist rebellion in the Philippines, communist insurgency and military conflict with Moro conflict, Moro separatists persisted; the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991. Aquino was succeeded by Fidel V. Ramos, who Economic liberalization, liberalized the national economy with privatization and deregulation. Ramos' economic gains were overshadowed by the onset of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. His successor, Joseph Estrada, prioritized public housing but faced corruption allegations which led to his overthrow by the Second EDSA Revolution, 2001 EDSA Revolution and the succession of Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on January 20, 2001. Arroyo's Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, nine-year administration was marked by economic growth, but was tainted by corruption and political scandals, including Hello Garci scandal, electoral fraud allegations during the 2004 Philippine presidential election, 2004 presidential election. Economic growth continued during Benigno Aquino III's administration, which advocated good governance and transparency. Aquino III signed Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, a peace agreement with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) resulting in the Bangsamoro Organic Law establishing an autonomous Bangsamoro region, but a Mamasapano clash, shootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano delayed passage of the law.
Rodrigo Duterte, elected president 2016 Philippine presidential election, in 2016, launched Build! Build! Build!, an infrastructure program and Philippine drug war, an anti-drug campaign which reduced drug proliferation but has also led to extrajudicial killings. The Bangsamoro Organic Law was enacted in 2018. In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, COVID-19 pandemic reached the Philippines; its gross domestic product COVID-19 recession, shrank by 9.5 percent, the country's worst annual economic performance since 1947. Marcos' son, Bongbong Marcos, won the 2022 Philippine presidential election, 2022 presidential election; Duterte's daughter, Sara Duterte, Sara, became Vice President of the Philippines, vice president.
Geography
The Philippines is an archipelago of about 7,641 List of islands of the Philippines, islands, covering a total area (including inland bodies of water) of about . Stretching north to south, from the South China Sea to the Celebes Sea, the Philippines Borders of the Philippines, is bordered by the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Sulu Sea to the southwest. The List of islands of the Philippines, country's 11 largest islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan (island), Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu (island), Cebu, Bohol and Masbate (island), Masbate, about 95 percent of its total land area. The Philippines' coastline measures , the world's List of countries by length of coastline, fifth-longest, and the exclusive economic zone of the Philippines, country's exclusive economic zone covers .
Its List of mountains in the Philippines, highest mountain is Mount Apo on Mindanao, with an altitude of above sea level. The Philippines' List of rivers of the Philippines, longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon, which flows for about . Manila Bay, on which is the capital city of Manila, is connected to Laguna de Bay (the country's List of lakes of the Philippines, largest lake) by the Pasig River.
On the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The region is Seismology, seismically active, and has been Subduction tectonics of the Philippines, constructed by plates converging towards each other from multiple directions. About five earthquakes are recorded daily, although most are too weak to be felt. The List of earthquakes in the Philippines, last major earthquakes were in 1976 in the 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake, Moro Gulf and in 1990 on 1990 Luzon earthquake, Luzon. The Philippines has List of active volcanoes in the Philippines, 23 active volcanoes; of them, Mayon, Taal Volcano, Taal, Mount Canlaon, Canlaon, and Mount Bulusan, Bulusan have the largest number of recorded eruptions.
The country has valuable mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity. It is thought to have the world's second-largest gold deposits (after South Africa), large copper deposits, and the world's largest deposits of palladium. Other minerals include chromium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, and zinc. However, poor management and law enforcement, opposition from indigenous communities, and past environmental damage have left these resources largely untapped.
Biodiversity
The Philippines is a megadiverse countries, megadiverse country, with some of the world's highest rates of discovery and List of ecoregions with high endemism, endemism (67 percent). With an Flora of the Philippines, estimated 13,500 plant species in the country (3,500 of which are endemic), Philippine rain forests have an array of flora: about 3,500 species of trees, 8,000 flowering plant species, 1,100 ferns, and 998 List of the orchids of the Philippines, orchid species have been identified. The Philippines has 167 terrestrial mammals (102 endemic species), 235 reptiles (160 endemic species), 99 amphibians (74 endemic species), 686 List of birds of the Philippines, birds (224 endemic species), and over 20,000 insect species.
As an important part of the Coral Triangle ecoregion, Philippine waters have unique, diverse marine life and the world's greatest diversity of shore-fish species. The country has over 3,200 fish species (121 endemic). Philippine waters sustain the cultivation of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.
Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines: Dipterocarpaceae, dipterocarp, beach forest, pine forest, Vitex parviflora, molave forest, Montane ecosystems, lower montane forest, upper montane (or Cloud forest, mossy forest), mangroves, and Ultramafic rock, ultrabasic forest. According to official estimates, the Philippines had of forest cover in 2023. Logging had been systemized during the American colonial period and Deforestation in the Philippines, deforestation continued after independence, accelerating during the Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos presidency due to unregulated logging concessions. Forest cover declined from 70 percent of the Philippines' total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999. Rehabilitation efforts have had marginal success.
The Philippines is a biodiversity hotspot, priority hotspot for biodiversity conservation; it has List of protected areas of the Philippines, more than 200 protected areas, which was expanded to . List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines, Three sites in the Philippines have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea, the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, and the Mount Hamiguitan Wildlife Sanctuary.
Climate
The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot dry season from March to May, a Wet season, rainy season from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to February. The southwest monsoon (known as the ) lasts from May to October, and the northeast monsoon () lasts from November to April. The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude; average annual temperature is around but is in Baguio, above sea level. The country's average humidity is 82 percent. Annual rainfall is as high as on the mountainous east coast, but less than in some sheltered valleys. The Philippine Area of Responsibility has 19 Typhoons in the Philippines, typhoons in a typical year, usually from July to October; eight or nine of them make landfall. The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911. The country Climate change in the Philippines, is among the world's ten most Climate change vulnerability, vulnerable to climate change.Government and politics
The Philippines has a democracy, democratic government, a constitutional republic with a presidential system. The President of the Philippines, president is head of state and head of government, and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, armed forces. The president Presidential elections in the Philippines, is elected through direct election by the Philippine nationality law, citizens of the Philippines for a six-year term. The president appoints and presides over the Cabinet of the Philippines, cabinet and officials of various national government agencies and institutions. The Bicameralism, bicameral Congress of the Philippines, Congress is composed of the Senate of the Philippines, Senate (the upper house, with members Philippine Senate elections, elected to a six-year term) and the House of Representatives of the Philippines, House of Representatives, the lower house, with members elected to a three-year term. Senators are elected at-large, and representatives are elected from Legislative districts of the Philippines, legislative districts and Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines, party lists. Judicial authority is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines, Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice of the Philippines, chief justice and fourteen Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, associate justices, who are appointed by the president from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council. Constitutional reform in the Philippines, Attempts to change the government to a Federation, federal, Unicameralism, unicameral, or Parliamentary system, parliamentary government have been made since the Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos, Ramos administration. Philippine politics tends to be dominated by List of political families in the Philippines, well-known families, such as Political dynasties in the Philippines, political dynasties or Celebrity influence in politics, celebrities. Corruption in the Philippines, Corruption is significant, attributed by some historians to the Spanish colonial period's padrino system. The Roman Catholic church exerts considerable but waning influence in political affairs, although a constitutional provision for the separation of Church and State exists.Foreign relations
A Philippines and the United Nations, founding and active member of the United Nations, the Philippines has been a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, Security Council. The country participates in peacekeeping missions, particularly in United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, East Timor. The Philippines is a ASEAN Declaration, founding and active member of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and a member of the East Asia Summit, the Group of 24, and the Non-Aligned Movement. The country has sought to obtain observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation since 2003, and was a member of SEATO. Over 10 million Filipinos Overseas Filipinos, live and Overseas Filipino Worker, work in 200 countries, giving the Philippines soft power.
During the 1990s, the Philippines began to seek economic liberalization and free trade to help spur foreign direct investment. It is a member of the World Trade Organization and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The Philippines entered into the ASEAN Free Trade Area, ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement in 2010 and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership free trade agreement (FTA) in 2023. Through ASEAN, the Philippines has signed FTAs with ASEAN–China Free Trade Area, China, ASEAN–India Free Trade Area, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. The country has bilateral FTAs with Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement, Japan, South Korea, and European Free Trade Association, four European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
The Philippines has a long Philippines–United States relations, relationship with the United States, involving economics, CIA activities in the Philippines, security, and interpersonal relations. The Philippines' location United States bases in the Philippines, serves an First island chain, important role in the United States' island chain strategy in the West Pacific; a Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines), Mutual Defense Treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951, and was supplemented with the Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement, 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement and the 2016 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement. The country supported American policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean War, Korean and Vietnam War, Vietnam wars. In 2003, the Philippines was designated a major non-NATO ally. Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte, Under President Duterte, ties with the United States weakened in favor of improved relations with China and Philippines–Russia relations, Russia. The Philippines relies heavily on the United States for its external defense; the U.S. has made regular assurances to defend the Philippines, including the South China Sea.
Since 1975, the Philippines has valued its China–Philippines relations, relations with China—its top trading partner, and cooperates significantly with the country. Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of official development assistance to the Philippines; although some tension exists because of World War II, much animosity has faded. Historical and cultural ties continue to affect Philippines–Spain relations, relations with Spain. Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the high number of Filipinos working in those countries, and by issues related to the Muslim minority in the Philippines; concerns have been raised about domestic abuse and war affecting the approximately 2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region.
The Philippines Spratly Islands dispute, has claims in the Spratly Islands which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The largest of Philippines and the Spratly Islands, its controlled islands is Thitu Island, which contains the Kalayaan, Palawan, Philippines' smallest town. The 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff, after China seized the shoal from the Philippines, led to an Philippines v. China, international arbitration case which the Philippines eventually won; China rejected the result, and made the shoal a prominent symbol of the broader dispute.
Military
The Volunteer military, volunteer Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the Philippine Air Force, the Philippine Army, and the Philippine Navy. Civilian security is handled by the Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local Government. The AFP had a total manpower of around 280,000 , of which 130,000 were active military personnel, 100,000 were reserves, and 50,000 were Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit, paramilitaries.
In 2021, $4,090,500,000 (1.04 percent of GDP) was spent on the Philippine military. Most of the country's defense spending is on the Philippine Army, which leads operations against internal threats such as Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines, communist and Moro conflict, Muslim separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security contributed to the decline of List of equipment of the Philippine Navy, Philippine naval capability which began during the 1970s. AFP Modernization Act, A military modernization program began in 1995 and expanded in 2012 to build a more capable defense system.
The Philippines has long struggled against Civil conflict in the Philippines, local insurgencies, Separatism in the Philippines, separatism, and Terrorism in the Philippines, terrorism. Bangsamoro's largest separatist organizations, the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, signed final peace agreements with the government in 1996 Final Peace Agreement, 1996 and Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, 2014 respectively. Other, more-militant groups such as Abu Sayyaf and Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago and Maguindanao, but their presence has been reduced. The Communist Party of the Philippines and its military wing, the New People's Army, have been waging New People's Army rebellion, guerrilla warfare against the government since the 1970s and, although shrinking militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986, have Timeline of the communist rebellion in the Philippines, engaged in ambushes, bombings, and assassinations of government officials and security forces.
Administrative divisions
The Philippines is divided into 17 Regions of the Philippines, regions, 82 Provinces of the Philippines, provinces, 146 Cities of the Philippines, cities, 1,488 Municipalities of the Philippines, municipalities, and 42,036 barangays. Regions other than Bangsamoro are divided for administrative convenience. Calabarzon was the region with the greatest population , and the Metro Manila, National Capital Region (NCR) was the most densely populated.
The Philippines is a unitary state, with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), although there have been Federalism in the Philippines, steps towards decentralization; a 1991 law devolution, devolved some powers to Local government in the Philippines, local governments.
Demographics
As of May 1, 2020, the Philippines had a population of 109,035,343. In 2020, 54 percent of the country's population lived in urban areas. Manila, its capital, and Quezon City (the country's most populous city) are in Metro Manila. About 13.48 million people ( percent of the Philippines' population) live in Metro Manila, the List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines, country's most populous metropolitan area and the world's List of largest cities, fifth most populous. Between 1948 and 2010, the population of the Philippines increased almost fivefold from 19 million to 92 million. The List of countries by median age, country's median age is 25.3, and 63.9 percent of its population is between 15 and 64 years old. The Philippines' average annual population growth rate is decreasing, although government attempts to further reduce population growth have been Reproductive Health Bill (Philippines), contentious. The country reduced its Poverty in the Philippines, poverty rate from 49.2 percent in 1985 to 18.1 percent in 2021, and its Income inequality in the Philippines, income inequality began to decline in 2012.Ethnicity
The country has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the archipelago's division by water and topography. According to the 2010 census, the Philippines' largest ethnic groups were Tagalog people, Tagalog (24.4 percent), Visayans [excluding the Cebuano people, Cebuano, Hiligaynon people, Hiligaynon and Waray people, Waray] (11.4 percent), Cebuano (9.9 percent), Ilocano people, Ilocano (8.8 percent), Hiligaynon (8.4 percent), Bicolano people, Bikol (6.8 percent), and Waray (four percent). The Indigenous peoples of the Philippines, country's indigenous peoples consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups, with a combined population of 14 to 17 million, in 2010; they include the Igorot people, Igorot, Lumad, Mangyan, and the Peoples of Palawan, indigenous peoples of Palawan.
Negritos are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants. These minority aboriginal settlers are an Australo-Melanesian, Australoid group, a remnant of the Southern Dispersal, first human migration from Africa to Australia who were probably displaced by later waves of migration. Some Philippine Negritos have a Denisovan admixture in their genome. Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups, classified linguistically as Austronesian peoples, Austronesians speaking Malayo-Polynesian languages. The Austronesian population's origin is uncertain, but relatives of Taiwanese indigenous peoples, Taiwanese aborigines probably brought their language and mixed with the region's existing population. The Lumad and Sama-Bajau ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with the Austroasiatic languages, Austroasiatic- and Mlabri language, Mlabri-speaking Lua people, Htin peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion from Papua New Guinea to eastern Indonesia and Mindanao has been detected in the Blaan people and the Sangir language.
Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especially Latin American Asian, from the Spanish Americas. A 2016 Geno 2.0 Next Generation, National Geographic project Genetic studies on Filipinos, concluded that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried genetic markers in the following percentages: 53 percent Southeast Asia and Oceania, 36 percent East Asia, Eastern Asia, five percent Southern Europe, three percent South Asia, Southern Asia, and two percent Native American (from Latin America).
Descendants of mixed-race couples are known as Filipino Mestizos, Mestizos or , which during the History of the Philippines (1565–1898), Spanish colonial times, were mostly composed of Sangley, Chinese mestizos (), Spanish Filipino, Spanish mestizos () and the mix thereof (). The modern Chinese Filipinos are well-integrated into Filipino society. Primarily the descendants of immigrants from Fujian, the pure ethnic Chinese Filipinos during the History of the Philippines (1898–1946), American colonial era (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35 million; while an estimated 22.8 million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial, colonial, and 20th century Chinese migrants. During the Hispanic era, Spanish Filipino, mixed Spanish Filipinos made up a moderate proportion (around 5 percent) of the population who were paying tributes.ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)/ref>ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
/ref> Meanwhile, Mexican settlement in the Philippines, a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Latin American Filipinos. Almost 300,000 Americans, American citizens live in the country , and up to 250,000 Amerasians are scattered across the cities of Angeles City, Angeles, Manila, and Olongapo. Other significant non-indigenous minorities include Indian Filipino, Indians and Arabs in the Philippines, Arabs. Japanese in the Philippines, Japanese Filipinos include escaped Christians (Kirishitan) who Martyrs of Japan, fled persecutions by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Languages
''Ethnologue'' lists 186 languages for the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages; the other four no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine languages, Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is a branch of the Austronesian languages, Austronesian language family. Spanish-based Creole language, creole varieties, collectively known as Chavacano, are also spoken. Many Philippine Negrito languages#Unique vocabulary, Philippine Negrito languages have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.
Filipino language, Filipino and Philippine English, English are the country's official languages. Filipino, a Standard language, standardized version of Tagalog language, Tagalog, is spoken primarily in Metro Manila. Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, often with a third local language; code-switching between English and other local languages, notably Taglish, Tagalog, is common. The Philippine constitution provides for Philippine Spanish, Spanish and Arabic on a voluntary, optional basis. Spanish, a widely used lingua franca during the late nineteenth century, Spanish language in the Philippines, has declined greatly in use, although Spanish loanwords are still present in Philippine languages. Arabic is primarily taught in Mindanao Islamic schools.
The top languages generally spoken at home are Tagalog, Binisaya, Hiligaynon language, Hiligaynon, Ilocano language, Ilocano, Cebuano language, Cebuano, and Bikol languages, Bikol. Nineteen List of regional languages of the Philippines, regional languages are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:
* Aklanon language, Aklanon
* Bikol
* Cebuano
* Chavacano
* Hiligaynon
* Ibanag language, Ibanag
* Ilocano
* Ivatan language, Ivatan
* Kapampangan language, Kapampangan
* Karay-a language, Kinaray-a
* Maguindanao language, Maguindanao
* Maranao language, Maranao
* Pangasinan language, Pangasinan
* Sambal language, Sambal
* Surigaonon language, Surigaonon
* Tagalog
* Tausug language, Tausug
* Waray language, Waray
* Yakan language, Yakan
Other indigenous languages, including Cuyonon language, Cuyonon, Ifugao language, Ifugao, Itbayat language, Itbayat, Kalinga language, Kalinga, Kamayo language, Kamayo, Kankanaey language, Kankanaey, Masbateño language, Masbateño, Romblomanon language, Romblomanon, Manobo languages, Manobo, and several Visayan languages, are used in their respective provinces. Filipino Sign Language is the national sign language, and the language of Deafness in the Philippines, deaf education.
Religion
Although the Philippines is a Secularism in the Philippines, secular state with Freedom of religion in the Philippines, freedom of religion, an overwhelming majority of Filipinos Importance of religion by country, consider religion very important and Irreligion in the Philippines, irreligion is very low. Christianity in the Philippines, Christianity is the dominant religion, followed by about 89 percent of the population. The country had the Catholic Church by country, world's third-largest Roman Catholic population , and was Asia's Christianity in Asia, largest Christian nation. Census data from 2020 Philippine census, 2020 found that 78.8 percent of the population professed Catholic Church in the Philippines, Roman Catholicism; other Christian denominations include , the Philippine Independent Church, and Seventh-day Adventist Church, Seventh-day Adventistism. Protestantism in the Philippines, Protestants made up about 5% to 7% of the population in 2010. The Philippines sends many Christian missionaries around the world, and is a training center for foreign priests and nuns. Islam in the Philippines, Islam is the country's second-largest religion, with 6.4 percent of the population in the 2020 census. Most Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands, and most adhere to the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam. About 0.2 percent of the population follow indigenous Philippine folk religions, indigenous religions, whose practices and folk beliefs are often Religious syncretism, syncretized with Christianity and Islam. Buddhism in the Philippines, Buddhism is practiced by about 0.04% of the population, primarily by Filipinos of Chinese descent.Health
Health care in the Philippines is provided by the national and local governments, although private payments account for most healthcare spending. Per-capita health expenditure in 2022 was and health expenditures were 5.5 percent of the country's GDP. The 2023 budget allocation for healthcare was . The 2019 enactment of the universal health care, Universal Health Care Act by President Duterte facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, national health insurance program. Since 2018, Malasakit Centers (one-stop shops) have been set up in several government-operated hospitals to provide medical and financial assistance to indigent patients.
Average life expectancy in the Philippines is 70.48 years (66.97 years for males, and 74.15 years for females). Access to medicine has improved due to increasing Filipino acceptance of generic drugs. The country's leading causes of death in 2021 were ischaemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, COVID-19, neoplasms, and diabetes. Communicable diseases are correlated with natural disasters, primarily floods.
The Philippines has 1,387 List of hospitals in the Philippines, hospitals, 33 percent of which are government-run; 23,281 barangay health stations, 2,592 rural health units, 2,411 Birthing center, birthing homes, and 659 infirmaries provide primary care throughout the country. Since 1967, the Philippines had become the largest global supplier of nurses; seventy percent of Nursing in the Philippines, nursing graduates go overseas to work, causing problems in retaining skilled practitioners.
Education
Primary and secondary schooling in the Philippines consists of six years of elementary period, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school. Public education, provided by the government, is free at the elementary and secondary levels and at Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act, most public higher-education institutions. Philippine Science High School System, Science high schools for talented students were established in 1963. The government provides technical-vocational training and development through the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. In 2004, the government began offering Alternative Learning System (Philippines), alternative education to out-of-school children, youth, and adults to improve literacy; madrasa, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions that year, primarily in Mindanao Muslim areas under the Department of Education (Philippines), Department of Education. List of Catholic universities and colleges in the Philippines, Catholic schools, which number more than 1,500, and higher education institutions are an integral part of the educational system.
The Philippines has List of colleges and universities in the Philippines, 1,975 higher education institutions , of which 246 are public and 1,729 are private. Public universities are non-sectarian, and are primarily classified as List of state schools, colleges and universities in the Philippines, state-administered or Local colleges and universities (Philippines), local government-funded. The national university is the eight-school University of the Philippines (UP) system. The country's top-ranked universities are the UP Diliman, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, and University of Santo Tomas.
, the Philippines had a basic literacy rate of 93.8 percent of those five years old or older, and a functional illiteracy, functional literacy rate of 91.6 percent of those aged 10 to 64. Education, a significant proportion of the national budget, was allocated from the 2023 budget. , the country has 1,640 public libraries affiliated with the National Library of the Philippines.
Economy
The Philippine economy is the world's List of countries by GDP (nominal), 34th largest, with an estimated nominal gross domestic product of . As a newly industrialized country, the Philippine economy has been transitioning from an agricultural base to one with more emphasis on services and manufacturing. The country's labor force was around 50 million , and its List of sovereign states by unemployment rate, unemployment rate was 3.1 percent. Gross international reserves totaled . Debt-to-GDP ratio decreased to 60.2 percent at the end of 2023 from a 17-year high 63.7 percent at the end of the third quarter of that year, and indicated resiliency during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, COVID-19 pandemic. The country's unit of currency is the Philippine peso (₱ or PHP). The Philippines is a net importer, and a Net international investment position, debtor nation. , the country's main export markets were China, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore; primary exports included integrated circuits, office machinery and parts, electrical transformers, insulated wiring, and semiconductors. Its primary import markets that year were China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and Indonesia. Major export crops include Coconut production in the Philippines, coconuts, Banana industry#Production and export, bananas, and List of countries by pineapple production, pineapples; it is the world's largest producer of abaca, and was the world's second biggest exporter of nickel, nickel ore in 2022, as well as the biggest exporter of gold-clad metals and the biggest importer of copra in 2020.
With an average annual growth rate of six to seven percent since around 2010, the Philippines has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies, driven primarily by its increasing reliance on the service sector. Regional development is uneven, however, with Manila (in particular) gaining most of the new economic growth. Remittances from overseas Filipinos contribute significantly to the country's economy; they reached a record in 2023, accounting for 8.5 percent of GDP. The Philippines is the world's primary Business process outsourcing in the Philippines, business process outsourcing (BPO) center. About 1.3 million Filipinos work in the BPO sector, primarily in customer service.
Science and technology
The Philippines has one of the largest agricultural-research systems in Asia, despite relatively low spending on agricultural research and development. The country has developed new varieties of crops, including Rice production in the Philippines, rice, coconuts, and bananas. Research organizations include the Philippine Rice Research Institute and the International Rice Research Institute. The Philippine Space Agency maintains the Philippine space program, country's space program, and the country bought its first List of Philippine satellites, satellite in 1996. Diwata-1, its first Small satellite#Microsatellites, micro-satellite, was launched on the United States' Cygnus (spacecraft), Cygnus spacecraft in 2016. The Philippines has a List of countries by smartphone penetration, high concentration of Mobile phone, cellular-phone users, and a high level of mobile commerce. Text messaging is a popular form of communication, and the nation sent an average of one billion SMS messages per day in 2007. The Telecommunications in the Philippines, Philippine telecommunications industry had been dominated by the PLDT-Globe Telecom duopoly for more than two decades, and the 2021 entry of Dito Telecommunity improved the country's telecommunications service.Tourism
The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of its climate and low cost of living; the country is also a top destination for diving enthusiasts. List of tourist attractions in the Philippines, Tourist spots include Boracay, called the best island in the world by ''Travel + Leisure'' in 2012; Coron, Palawan, Coron and El Nido, Palawan, El Nido in Palawan; Cebu; Siargao, and Bohol.
Tourism contributed 5.2 percent to the Philippine GDP in 2021 (lower than 12.7 percent in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic), and provided 5.7 million jobs in 2019. The Philippines attracted 5.45 million international visitors in 2023, 30 percent lower than the 8.26 million record in pre-pandemic 2019; most tourists came from South Korea (26.4 percent), United States (16.5 percent), Japan (5.6 percent), Australia (4.89 percent), and China (4.84 percent).
Infrastructure
Transportation
Transportation in the Philippines is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo. In December 2018, there were of roads in the country. The backbone of land-based transportation in the country is the Pan-Philippine Highway, which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao. Inter-island transport is by the Strong Republic Nautical Highway, an integrated set of highways and ferry routes linking 17 cities. Jeepneys are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle; other public land transport includes List of bus companies of the Philippines, buses, UV Express, , Filcab, Taxis of the Philippines, taxis, and Motorized tricycle (Philippines), tricycles. Traffic is a significant issue Traffic in Metro Manila, in Manila and on arterial roads to the capital. Despite wider historical use, rail transportation in the Philippines is limited to Rail transportation in Metro Manila, transporting passengers within Metro Manila and the provinces of Laguna (province), Laguna and Quezon, with a short track in the Bicol Region. The country had a railway footprint of only , which it planned to expand to . A revival of freight rail is planned to reduce road congestion. The Philippines had List of airports in the Philippines, 90 national government-owned airports , of which eight are international airport, international. Ninoy Aquino International Airport, formerly known as Manila International Airport, has the List of the busiest airports in the Philippines, greatest number of passengers. The 2017 List of airlines of the Philippines, air domestic market was dominated by Philippine Airlines, the country's flag carrier and Asia's oldest commercial airline, and Cebu Pacific (the country's leading low-cost carrier). A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines; most are outrigger boat, double-outrigger vessels known as ''banca'' or . Modern ships use plywood instead of logs, and motor engines instead of sails; they are used for fishing and inter-island travel. The Philippines has List of ports in the Philippines, over 1,800 seaports; of these, the principal seaports of Port of Manila, Manila (the country's chief, and busiest, port), Batangas International Port, Batangas, Port of Subic Bay, Subic Bay, Port of Cebu, Cebu, Port of Iloilo, Iloilo, Port of Davao, Davao, Port of Cagayan de Oro, Cagayan de Oro, Port of General Santos, General Santos, and Port of Zamboanga, Zamboanga are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.Energy
The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882 Watt, MW in 2021; 43 percent was generated from Coal mining in the Philippines, coal, 14 percent from oil, 14 percent hydropower, 12 percent from natural gas, and seven percent from Geothermal power, geothermal sources. It is the world's third-biggest Geothermal power in the Philippines, geothermal-energy producer, behind the United States and Indonesia. The country's largest dam is the San Roque Dam (Philippines), San Roque Dam on the Agno River in Pangasinan. The Malampaya gas field, discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.
The Philippines has three electrical grids, one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines manages Electricity sector in the Philippines, the country's power grid since 2009 and provides overhead power line, overhead transmission lines across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers List of electric distribution utilities in the Philippines, is provided by privately owned distribution utilities and government-owned electric cooperatives. As of end-2021, the Philippines' household electrification level was about 95.41%.
Plans to harness Nuclear power in the Philippines, nuclear energy began during the early 1970s during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos in response to the 1973 oil crisis. The Philippines completed Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant in Bataan in 1984. Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster prevented the plant from being commissioned, and plans to operate it remain controversial.
Water supply and sanitation
Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through local water districts in cities or towns. Metro Manila is served by Manila Water and Maynilad Water Services. Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from the National Water Resources Board. In 2022, the total water withdrawals increased to from in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to ₱ billion.
Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks. In 2015, the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access to improved sanitation and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015. Ninety-six percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had sanitary toilet facilities ; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.
Culture
The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's fragmented geography. Spanish and American cultures profoundly influenced Filipino culture as a result of long colonization. The cultures of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more influence from nearby Islamic regions. Indigenous groups such as the Igorots have preserved their precolonial customs and traditions by resisting the Spanish. A Filipino nationalism, national identity National revival, emerged during the 19th century, however, with National symbols of the Philippines, shared national symbols and cultural and historical Touchstone (metaphor), touchstones.
Spanish influence on Filipino culture, Hispanic legacies include the dominance of Catholicism and the prevalence of Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, Spanish names and surnames, which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the implementation of Spanish naming customs; the List of Philippine place names of Spanish origin, names of many locations also have Spanish origins. American influence on modern Filipino culture is evident in the use of English and Filipino consumption of fast food and American films and music.
Public holidays in the Philippines are classified as regular or special. List of festivals in the Philippines, Festivals are primarily religious, and most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor a patron saint). Better-known festivals include Ati-Atihan festival, Ati-Atihan, Dinagyang, Moriones Festival, Moriones, Sinulog, and Flores de Mayo—a month-long devotion to the Virgin Mary held in May. The country's Christmas in the Philippines, Christmas season begins as early as September 1, and Holy Week in the Philippines, Holy Week is a solemn religious observance for its Christian population.
Values
Filipino Value (ethics and social sciences), values are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in Philippine kinship, kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce. They center around social harmony through , motivated primarily by the desire for acceptance by a group. Reciprocity through (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized debt can never be fully repaid. The main sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of (shame) and loss of (self-esteem).
The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society. Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is shown with gestures such as and the Filipino styles and honorifics, honorifics and and (older brother) or (older sister). Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other people, friendship and friendliness, hospitality, religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly Women in the Philippines, women), and integrity.
Art and architecture
Philippine art combines indigenous folk art and foreign influences, primarily Spain and the United States. During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior groups. Classical paintings were mainly religious; prominent artists during Spanish colonial rule included Juan Luna and Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, whose works drew attention to the Philippines. Modernism was introduced to the Philippines during the 1920s and 1930s by Victorio Edades and popular pastoral scenes by Fernando Amorsolo.
Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous and the , which developed under Spanish rule. Some regions, such as Batanes, differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.
Spanish architecture left an imprint in town designs around a poblacion, central square or , but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II. List of Baroque churches in the Philippines, Several Philippine List of Catholic churches in the Philippines, churches adapted baroque architecture to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of Earthquake Baroque; Baroque Churches of the Philippines, four baroque churches have been listed as a collective UNESCO World Heritage Site. Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines, Spanish colonial fortifications () in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons. Vigan, in Ilocos Sur, is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.
American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and Art Deco theaters. During the American period, some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by Daniel Burnham was done in portions of Burnham Plan of Manila, Manila and Baguio. Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of Ancient Greek architecture, Greek or Neoclassical architecture. Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in Iloilo, especially in Calle Real, Iloilo, Calle Real.
Music and dance
There are two types of Philippine folk dance, stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence. Although native dances had become less popular, folk dancing began to revive during the 1920s. The Cariñosa, a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance. Popular indigenous dances include the Tinikling and Singkil (Maranao dance), Singkil, which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles. Present-day dances vary from delicate ballet to street-oriented breakdancing.
Rondalla, Rondalya music, with traditional mandolin-type List of Philippine musical instruments, instruments, was popular during the Spanish era. Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily bandurria-based bands with 14-string guitars. Kundiman developed during the 1920s and 1930s. The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to Culture of the United States, U.S. culture and Music of the United States, popular music. Rock music was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or Pinoy rock), a term encompassing pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal music, heavy metal, punk rock, punk, new wave music, new wave, ska, and reggae. Martial law in the 1970s produced Philippine folk music, Filipino folk rock bands and artists who Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship, were at the forefront of political demonstrations. The decade also saw the birth of the Manila sound and Original Pilipino Music (OPM). Filipino hip-hop, which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990. Karaoke is also popular. From 2010 to 2020, Pinoy pop (P-pop) was influenced by K-pop and J-pop.
Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introduced plays (with music) and s, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the country, and were written in a number of local languages. American influence introduced vaudeville and ballet. Realism (theatre), Realistic theatre became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.
Literature
Philippine literature consists of Filipiniana, works usually written in Filipino, Philippine literature in Spanish, Spanish, or Philippine literature in English, English. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th centuries. They include , an epic about an eponymous magical bird, and by Tagalog author Francisco Balagtas. José Rizal wrote the novels (''Social Cancer'') and (''The Reign of Greed''), both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.
Philippine folk literature, Folk literature was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although Ilustrado, Filipino elites who later learned Spanish wrote nationalistic literature. The American arrival Education in the Philippines during American rule, began Filipino literary use of English and influenced the development of the Philippine comics industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s. In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972), influenced by political activism; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.
Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through oral tradition; popular List of Philippine mythological figures, figures are Maria Makiling, Biag ni Lam-Ang, Lam-ang, and the Sarimanok. The country has a number of Philippine epic poetry, folk epics. Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the Maranao language, Maranao-language ''Darangen'' is an example.
Media
Philippine media primarily uses Filipino and English, although broadcasting has shifted to Filipino. List of Philippine television shows, Television shows, commercials, and Lists of Philippine films, films are regulated by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board. Most Filipinos obtain news and information from television, the Internet, and Social media use in the Philippines, social media. The country's flagship state-owned broadcast-television network is the People's Television Network (PTV). ABS-CBN and GMA Network, GMA, both free-to-air, were the dominant TV networks; before the May 2020 ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy, expiration of ABS-CBN's franchise, it was the country's largest network. Philippine television dramas, known as s and mainly produced by List of ABS-CBN original drama series, ABS-CBN and List of GMA Network original drama series, GMA, are also seen in several other countries. Local film-making List of Philippine films before 1940, began in 1919 with the release of the first Filipino-produced feature film: (''A Girl from the Country''), directed by José Nepomuceno, Jose Nepomuceno. List of Philippine film studios, Production companies remained small during the silent film era, but sound films and larger productions emerged in 1933. The postwar 1940s to the early 1960s are considered a high point for Philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade saw a decline in quality films, although the commercial film industry expanded until the 1980s. Critically acclaimed Philippine films include (''Miracle'') and (''Gold, Silver, Death''), both released in 1982. Since the turn of the 21st century, the country's film industry has struggled to compete with larger-budget foreign films (particularly Cinema of the United States, Hollywood films). Art films have thrived, however, and several Philippine New Wave, indie films have been successful domestically and abroad. The Philippines has a large number of List of radio stations in the Philippines, radio stations and List of newspapers in the Philippines, newspapers. English broadsheets are popular among executives, professionals and students. Less-expensive Tagalog tabloid (newspaper format), tabloids, which grew during the 1990s, are popular (particularly in Manila); however, overall newspaper readership is declining in favor of Social media as a news source, online news. The top three newspapers, by nationwide readership and credibility, are the ''Philippine Daily Inquirer'', ''Manila Bulletin'', and ''The Philippine Star''. Although freedom of the press is protected by the constitution, the country was listed as the seventh-most-dangerous country for journalists in 2022 by the Committee to Protect Journalists due to 13 unsolved murders of journalists. The Philippine population are the world's top Internet users. In early 2021, 67 percent of Filipinos (73.91 million) had Internet access; the overwhelming majority used smartphones. The Philippines ranked 56th on the Global Innovation Index in 2023, up from its 2014 ranking of 100th.Cuisine
From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic, Filipino Chinese cuisine, Chinese, and American cuisine, American cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate. Filipinos tend to prefer robust flavors, centered on sweet, salty, and sour combinations. Regional variations exist throughout the country; rice is the general staple Starch#Food, starch but Cassava-based dishes, cassava is more common in parts of Mindanao. Philippine adobo, Adobo is the unofficial national dish. Other List of Philippine dishes, popular dishes include ''lechón'', ''kare-kare'', ''sinigang'', ''pancit'', ''lumpia'', and ''arroz caldo''. List of Philippine desserts, Traditional desserts are (rice cakes), which include ''puto (food), puto'', ''suman (food), suman'', and ''bibingka''. Ingredients such as calamansi, ''Ube halaya, ube'', and ''Canarium ovatum, pili'' are used in Filipino desserts. The generous use of Philippine condiments, condiments such as ''patis (sauce), patis'', ''bagoong'', and ''Soy sauce#Filipino, toyo'' impart a distinctive Philippine flavor.
Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks; they use spoons and forks. Traditional eating with the fingers (known as ) had been used in less urbanized areas, but has been popularized with the introduction of Filipino food to foreigners and city residents.
Sports and recreation
Basketball in the Philippines, Basketball, played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport. Other popular sports include History of boxing in the Philippines, boxing and billiards, boosted by the achievements of Manny Pacquiao and Efren Reyes. The national Filipino martial arts, martial art is Arnis. (cockfighting) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented by the Magellan expedition. Video games in the Philippines, Video gaming and Esports in the Philippines, esports are emerging pastimes, with the popularity of Traditional games in the Philippines, indigenous games such as ''patintero'', ''tumbang preso'', ''luksong tinik'', and ''Piko (Filipino game), piko'' declining among young people; several bills have been filed to preserve and promote traditional games.
The Philippines national football team, men's national football team has participated in one 2019 AFC Asian Cup, Asian Cup. The Philippines women's national football team, women's national football team qualified for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, their first FIFA Women's World Cup, World Cup, in January 2022. The Philippines has participated in every Summer Olympic Games since Philippines at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1924, except when they supported the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. It was the first Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics, tropical nation to compete at the Winter Olympic Games, Philippines at the 1972 Winter Olympics, debuting in 1972. In 2021, the Philippines received its first-ever Olympic gold medal with Olympic weightlifting, weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz's victory in 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo.
See also
* Outline of the PhilippinesNotes
References
Further reading
External links
Government of the Philippines
Official Gazette
"Philippines"
profile at BBC News
at UCB Libraries (archived May 21, 2011) * * *
Filipiniana.net – Free digital library and a research portal
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