Independent State Of Croatia

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The Independent State of Croatia
Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH; German: Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien; Italian: Stato Indipendente di Croazia) was a World War II
World War II fascist puppet state of Germany[6][7][8] and Italy. It was established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia on 10 April 1941, after the invasion by the Axis powers. Its territory consisted of most of modern-day Croatia
Croatia and Bosnia
Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia
Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia
Dalmatia (until late 1943), Istria, and Međimurje
Međimurje regions (which today are part of Croatia). During its entire existence, the NDH was governed as a one-party state by the fascist Ustaša
Ustaša organization. The Ustaše
Ustaše was led by the Poglavnik, Ante Pavelić.[note 1] The regime targeted Serbs, Jews
Jews and Roma as part of a large-scale campaign of genocide, as well as anti-fascist or dissident Croats
Croats and Muslims.[9] Between 1941–45, 22 concentration camps existed inside the territory controlled by the Independent State of Croatia, two of which (Jastrebarsko and Sisak) housed only children and the largest of which was Jasenovac.[9][10][11][12][13] The state was officially a monarchy after the signing of the Laws of the Crown of Zvonimir
Crown of Zvonimir on 15 March 1941.[14][15] Appointed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta
Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta initially refused to assume the crown in opposition to the Italian annexation of the Croat-majority populated region of Dalmatia, annexed as part of the Italian irredentist agenda of creating a Mare Nostrum
Mare Nostrum ("Our Sea").[16] He later briefly accepted the throne due to pressure from Victor Emmanuel III and was titled Tomislav II
Tomislav II of Croatia, but never moved from Italy to reside in Croatia.[2] From the signing of the Treaties of Rome on 18 May 1941 until the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, the state was a territorial condominium of Germany and Italy.[17][18][19][20] In its judgement in the Hostages Trial, the Nuremberg Military Tribunal
Nuremberg Military Tribunal concluded that NDH was not a sovereign state. According to the Tribunal, " Croatia
Croatia was at all times here involved an occupied country".[21] In 1942, Germany suggested Italy take military control of all of Croatia
Croatia out of a desire to redirect German troops from Croatia
Croatia to the Eastern Front. Italy however rejected the offer as it did not believe that it could handle the unstable situation in the Balkans alone.[22] After the ousting of Mussolini and the Kingdom of Italy's armistice with the Allies, the NDH on 10 September 1943 declared that the Treaties of Rome were null and void and annexed the portion of Dalmatia
Dalmatia that had been ceded to Italy. The NDH attempted to annex Zara, which had been a recognized territory of Italy since 1919 but long an object of Croatian irredentism, but Germany did not allow it.[16]

Contents

1 Geography

1.1 Establishment of borders 1.2 Administrative divisions

2 History

2.1 Influences on the rise of the Ustaše 2.2 Establishment of NDH 2.3 Italian influence 2.4 Influence of Nazi Germany 2.5 Partisan resistance 2.6 Relations with the Chetniks 2.7 End of the war 2.8 Aftermath

3 Government

3.1 Monarchy 3.2 Parliament 3.3 Court system 3.4 Military 3.5 Currency 3.6 Railways

4 Zones of influence 5 Politics

5.1 Foreign relations

6 Economy

6.1 Influences of Nazi Germany 6.2 Italian influence

7 Demographics

7.1 Population 7.2 Displacement of people

8 Racial legislation 9 Culture

9.1 Media 9.2 Sport

10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Sources 14 External links

Geography

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Geographically, the NDH encompassed most of modern-day Croatia, all of Bosnia
Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of modern-day Serbia, and a small portion of modern-day Slovenia
Slovenia in the Municipality of Brežice. It bordered the Third Reich
Third Reich to the north-west, Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary to the north-east, Serbian administration (a joint German-Serb government) to the east, Montenegro
Montenegro (an Italian protectorate) to the south-east and Italy along its coastal area. Establishment of borders The exact borders of the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia were unclear when it was established.[23] Approximately one month after its formation, significant areas of Croat-populated territory were ceded to its Axis allies, the Kingdoms of Hungary and Italy.

On 13 May 1941, the NDH government signed an agreement with Nazi Germany which demarcated their borders.[24] On 19 May the Rome contracts were signed by diplomats of the NDH and Italy. Large parts of Croatian lands were occupied (annexed) by Italy, including most of Dalmatia
Dalmatia (including Split and Šibenik), nearly all the Adriatic islands (including Rab, Krk, Vis, Korčula, Mljet), and some smaller areas such as the Boka Kotorska
Boka Kotorska bay, parts of the Croatian Littoral
Croatian Littoral and Gorski kotar
Gorski kotar areas. On 7 June the NDH government issued a decree that demarcated its eastern border with Serbia.[24] On 27 October the NDH and Italy reached an agreement on the Independent State of Croatia's border with Montenegro. On 8 September 1943, Italy capitulated and the NDH officially considered the Rome contracts to be void, along with the Treaty of Rapallo of 1920 which had given Italy Istria, Fiume
Fiume (now Rijeka) and Zara (Zadar).[25]

German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop
Joachim von Ribbentrop approved the NDH acquisition of the Dalmatian territories gained by Italy at the time of the Rome contracts.[25] By now, most such territory was actually controlled by the Yugoslav Partisans, since the ceding of those areas had made them strongly anti-NDH (more than one third of the total population of Split is documented to have joined the Partisans).[26] By 11 September 1943, NDH foreign minister Mladen Lorković
Mladen Lorković received word from German consul Siegfried Kasche
Siegfried Kasche that the NDH should wait before moving on Istria. Germany's central government had already annexed Istria
Istria and Fiume
Fiume (Rijeka) into the Operational Zone Adriatic Coast a day earlier.[25] Međimurje
Međimurje and southern Baranja were annexed (occupied) by the Kingdom of Hungary. NDH disputed this and continued to lay claim to both, naming the administrative province centred in Osijek
Osijek as Great Parish Baranja. This border was never legislated, although Hungary may have considered the Pacta conventa to be in effect, which delineated the two nation's borders along the Drava
Drava river.[citation needed] When compared to the republican borders established in the SFR Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia after the war, the NDH encompassed the whole of Bosnia
Bosnia and Herzegovina, with its non-Croat (Serb and Bosniak) majority, as well as some 20 km² of Slovenian (villages Slovenska vas near Bregana, Nova vas near Mokrice, Jesenice in Dolenjsko, Obrežje
Obrežje and Čedem)[27] and the whole of Syrmia
Syrmia (part of which was previously in the Danube Banovina). Administrative divisions See also: Counties of the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia and Districts of the Independent State of Croatia The Independent State of Croatia
Croatia had four levels of administrative divisions: great parishes (velike župe), districts (kotari), cities (gradovi) and municipalities (opcine). At the time of its foundation, the state had 22 great parishes, 142 districts, 31 cities[28] and 1006 municipalities.[29] The highest level of administration were the great parishes (Velike župe), each of which was headed by a Grand Župan. After the capitulation of Italy, NDH were permitted by the Germans
Germans to annex parts of the areas of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia previously occupied by Italy. To accommodate this, parish boundaries were changed and the new parish of Sidraga-Ravni Kotari was created. In addition, on 29 October 1943, the Kommissariat of Sušak- Krk
Krk (Croatian: Građanska Sušak-Rijeka) was created separately by the Germans
Germans to act as a buffer zone between the NDH and RSI in the Fiume
Fiume area to "perceive the special interests of the local population against the [I]talians"[30]

1 Baranja

2 Bilogora

3a Bribir-Sidraga[31]

3b Bribir[32]

4 Cetina

5 Dubrava

6a Gora[31]

6b Gora-Zagorje[32]

7 Hum

8 Krbava-Psat

9a Lašva-Glaž[31]

9b Lašva-Pliva[32]

10 Lika-Gacka

11 Livac-Zapolje

12 Modruš

13 Pliva-Rama[31]

14 Pokupje

15 Posavje

16 Prigorje

17 Sana-Luka

18 Usora-Soli

19 Vinodol-Podgorje

20 Vrhbosna

21 Vuka

22 Zagorje[31]

23 Sidraga-Ravni Kotari[32]

Administrative Divisions (1941–43)

Administrative Divisions (1943–45)

Diplomatic passport issued in 1941 to Ante Šoša, employee of NDH's consulte in Vienna

Diplomatic passport issued in 1941 to Dr. Mladen Lorković.

History

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Influences on the rise of the Ustaše See also: Creation of Yugoslavia In 1915 a group of political emigres from Austria-Hungary, predominantly Croats
Croats but including some Serbs
Serbs and a Slovene, formed themselves into a Yugoslav Committee, with a view to creating a South Slav state in the aftermath of World War I. They saw this as a way to prevent Dalmatia
Dalmatia being ceded to Italy under the Treaty of London (1915). In 1918, the National Council of Slovenes, Croats
Croats and Serbs sent a delegation to the Serbian monarch to offer unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats
Croats and Serbs
Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia. The leader of the Croatian Peasant
Peasant Party, Stjepan Radić, warned on their departure for Belgrade that the council had no democratic legitimacy. But a new state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats
Croats and Slovenes, was duly proclaimed on 1 December 1918, with no heed taken of legal protocols such as the signing of a new Pacta conventa in recognition of historic Croatian state rights.[33][34] Croats
Croats were at the outset politically disadvantaged with the centralized political structure of the kingdom, which was seen as favouring the Serb majority. The political situation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
Slovenes was fractious and violent. In 1927, the Independent Democratic Party, which represented the Serbs
Serbs of Croatia, turned its back on the centralist policy of King Alexander.[citation needed] On 20 June 1928, Stjepan Radić
Stjepan Radić and four other Croat deputies were shot while in the Belgrade parliament by a member of the Serbian People's Radical Party. Three of the deputies, including Radić, died. The outrage that resulted from the assassination of Stjepan Radić threatened to destabilise the kingdom.[citation needed] In January 1929, King Alexander responded by proclaiming a royal dictatorship, under which all dissenting political activity was banned and renaming the state the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia". The Ustaša
Ustaša was created in principle in 1929.[citation needed] One consequence of Alexander's 1929 proclamation and the repression and persecution of Croatian nationalists was a rise of support for the Croatian extreme nationalist, Ante Pavelić, who had been a Zagreb deputy in the Yugoslav parliament, He was later implicated in Alexander's assassination in 1934, went into exile in Italy and gained support for his vision of liberating Croatia
Croatia from Serb control and racially "purifying" Croatia. While residing in Italy, Pavelić and other Croatian exiles planned the Ustaša
Ustaša insurgency.[35] Establishment of NDH Following the attack of the Axis powers
Axis powers on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941, and the quick defeat of the Royal Yugoslav Army (Jugoslavenska Vojska), the country was occupied by Axis forces. The Axis powers
Axis powers offered Vladko Maček
Vladko Maček the opportunity to form a government, since Maček and his party, the Croatian Peasant
Peasant Party (Croatian: Hrvatska seljačka stranka – HSS) had the greatest electoral support among Yugoslavia's Croats
Croats – but Maček refused that offer.[36] Slavko Kvaternik, deputy leader of the Ustaše
Ustaše proclaimed the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia (NDH – Nezavisna Država Hrvatska) on 10 April 1941. Pavelić, who was known by his Ustaše
Ustaše title, "Poglavnik" returned to Zagreb
Zagreb from exile in Italy on 17 April and became the absolute leader of the NDH throughout its existence.[citation needed] Acceding to the demands of Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini and the Fascist regime in the Kingdom of Italy, Pavelić reluctantly accepted Aimone the 4th Duke of Aosta as a figurehead King of the NDH under his new royal name, Tomislav II, but never visited the NDH and had no influence over the government, which was dominated by Pavelić. Tomislav II
Tomislav II was not interested in being the figurehead King of Croatia.[37] Upon learning he had been named King of Croatia, he told close colleagues that he thought his nomination was a bad joke by his cousin King Victor Emmanuel III though he accepted the crown out of a sense of duty.[38] From a strategic perspective, the establishment of the NDH was an attempt by Mussolini and Hitler to pacify the Croats, while reducing the use of Axis resources, which were more urgently needed for Operation Barbarossa. Meanwhile, Mussolini used his long-established support for Croatian independence as leverage to coerce Pavelić into signing an agreement on 19 May 1941, under which central Dalmatia
Dalmatia and parts of Hrvatsko primorje
Hrvatsko primorje and Gorski kotar
Gorski kotar were ceded to Italy.[39] Under the same agreement, the NDH was restricted to a minimal navy and Italian forces were granted military control of the entire Croatian coastline. After Pavelić signed the agreement, other Croatian politicians rebuked him. Pavelić publicly defended the decision and thanked Germany and Italy for supporting Croatian independence.[40] After refusing leadership of the NDH, Maček called on all to obey and cooperate with the new government. The Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church was also openly supportive of the government. According to Maček, the new state was greeted with a "wave of enthusiasm" in Zagreb, often by people "blinded and intoxicated" by the fact that the Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany had "gift-wrapped their occupation under the euphemistic title of Independent State of Croatia". But in the villages, Maček wrote, the peasantry believed that "their struggle over the past 30 years to become masters of their homes and their country had suffered a tremendous setback".[41] On 16 August 1941, the Ustasha Surveillance Service was established, consisting of four departments, the Ustasha Police, the Ustasha Intelligence Service, Ustasha Defense, and Personnel, for the suppression of activities against the Ustasha, the Independent State of Croatia, and the Croatia
Croatia people. The Service was eliminated as a separate agency in January 1943 and functions were transferred to the Ministry of Interior under the Directorate of Public Order[42] Dissatisfied with the Pavelić regime in its early months, the Axis Powers in September 1941 asked Maček to take over, but Maček again refused. Perceiving Maček as a potential rival, Pavelić subsequently had him arrested and interred in the Jasenovac concentration camp. The Ustaše
Ustaše initially did not have an army or administration capable of controlling all the territory of the NDH. The Ustaše
Ustaše movement had fewer than 12,000 members when the war started. While the Ustaše's own estimates put the number of their sympathizers even in the early phase at around 40,000.[43]

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To act against Serbs
Serbs and Jews
Jews with genocidal measures, the Ustase introduced widespread measures that Croats
Croats themselves were victim to. Jozo Tomasevich in his book, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941-1945, states, "never before in history had Croats
Croats been exposed to such legalized administrative, police and judicial brutality and abuse as during the Ustasha regime." Decrees enacted by the regime formed the basis that allowed it to get rid of all unwanted employees in state and local government and in state enterprises. The unwanted being all Jews, Serbs, and Yugoslav-oriented Croats
Croats who were all thrown out except for some deemed specifically needed by the government. This would leave a multitude of jobs to be filled by Ustashas and pro-Ustasha adherents. This would lead to government jobs being filled by people with no professional qualifications.[44] Italian influence

Poglavnik
Poglavnik Ante Pavelic
Ante Pavelic (left) with Italy's Duce
Duce Benito Mussolini (right) in Rome, Italy on 18 May 1941, during the ceremony of Italy's recognition of Croatia
Croatia as a sovereign state under official Italian protection, and to agree upon Croatia's borders with Italy.

Mussolini and Ante Pavelić
Ante Pavelić had close relations prior to the war. Mussolini and Pavelić both despised the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Italy had been promised, in the Treaty of London (1915), that it would receive Dalmatia
Dalmatia from Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. The peace negotiations in 1919, however, influenced by the Fourteen Points proclaimed by US President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), called for national self-determination and determined that the Yugoslavs rightfully deserved the territory in question. Italian nationalists were enraged. Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio
Gabriele D'Annunzio raided Fiume (which held a mixed population of Croats
Croats and Italians) and proclaimed it part of the Italian Regency of Carnaro. D'Annunzio declared himself "Duce" of Carnaro and his blackshirted revolutionaries held control over the town. D'Annunzio was known for engaging in passionate speeches aimed to draw Croatian nationalists to support his actions and to oppose Yugoslavia.[45] Croatian nationalists, such as Pavelić, opposed the border changes that occurred after World War I. Not only was D'Annunzio's symbolism copied by Mussolini but also D'Annunzio's appeal to Croatian support for the dismantling of Yugoslavia, as a foreign policy approach to Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia by Mussolini. Pavelić had been in negotiations with Italy since 1927 that included advocating a territory-for-sovereignty swap in which he would tolerate Italy annexing its claimed territory in Dalmatia
Dalmatia in exchange for Italy supporting the sovereignty of an independent Croatia.[46] In the 1930s, upon Pavelić and the Ustaše
Ustaše being forced into exile by the Yugoslav government, they were offered sanctuary in Italy by Mussolini, who allowed them to use training grounds to prepare for war against Yugoslavia. In exchange for this support, Mussolini demanded that Pavelić agree that Dalmatia
Dalmatia would become part of Italy if Italy and the Ustaše
Ustaše successfully waged war on Yugoslavia. Although Dalmatia
Dalmatia was a largely Croat-populated territory, it had been part of various Italian states, such as the Roman Empire
Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice in prior centuries and was part of Italian nationalism's irredentist claims. In exchange for this concession, Mussolini offered Pavelić the right for Croatia
Croatia to annex all of Bosnia
Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had only a minority Croat population. Pavelić agreed. After the invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia, Italy annexed numerous Adriatic islands and a portion of Dalmatia, which all combined to become the Italian Governorship of Dalmatia
Dalmatia including territory from the provinces of Split, Zadar, and Kotor.[47] Although Italy had initially larger territorial aims that extended from the Velebit
Velebit mountains to the Albanian Alps, Mussolini decided against annexing further territories due to a number of factors, including that Italy held the economically valuable portion of that territory within its possession while the northern Adriatic coast had no important railways or roads and because a larger annexation would have included hundreds of thousands of Slavs who were hostile to Italy, within its national borders.[47] Italy intended to keep the NDH within its sphere of influence by forbidding it to build any significant navy.[40] Italy only permitted small patrol boats to be used by NDH forces. This policy forbidding the creation of NDH warships was part of the Italian Fascists' policy of Mare Nostrum
Mare Nostrum (Latin for "Our Sea") in which Italy was to dominate the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea as the Roman Empire
Roman Empire had done centuries earlier. Italian armed forces assisted the Ustaše
Ustaše government in persecuting Serbs. In 1941, Italian forces captured and interned the Serbian Orthodox Bishop Irinej of Dalmatia.[48] Influence of Nazi Germany

Germany's Führer
Führer Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (left) with Poglavnik
Poglavnik Ante Pavelić (right) at the Berghof, outside the Berchtesgaden, Germany.

At the time of the invasion of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia by Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler was uneasy with Mussolini's agenda of creating a puppet Croatian state, and preferred that areas outside of Italian territorial aims become part of Hungary as an autonomous territory. This would appease Nazi Germany's ally Hungary and its nationalist territorial claims. Germany's position on Croatia
Croatia changed after its invasion of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia in 1941. The invasion was spearheaded by a strong German invasion force which was largely responsible for the capture of Yugoslavia. Military forces from other Axis powers, including Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria made few gains during the invasion.[citation needed] The invasion was precipitated by the need for German forces to reach Greece
Greece to save Italian forces, which were failing on the battlefield against the Greek armed forces. Upon rescuing Italian forces in Greece and having conquered Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia and Greece
Greece almost single-handedly, Hitler became frustrated with Mussolini and Italy's military incompetence. Germany improved relations with the Ustaše
Ustaše and supported the NDH claims to annex the Adriatic Coast in order reduce Italy's planned territorial gains. Nevertheless, Italy annexed a significant central portion of Dalmatia
Dalmatia and various Adriatic Islands. This was not what had been agreed with Pavelić prior to the invasion; Italy had expected to annex all of Dalmatia
Dalmatia as part of its irredentist claims. Hitler sparred with his army commanders over what policy should be undertaken in Croatia
Croatia regarding the Serbs. German military officials thought that Serbs
Serbs could be rallied to fight against the Partisans. Hitler disagreed with his commanders, but pointed out to Pavelić that the NDH could create a completely Croat state only if it followed a constant policy of persecution of the non-Croat population for at least fifty years.[40] As early as 10 July 1941, Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht General Edmund Glaise von Horstenau reported the following to the German High Command, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW):

Our troops have to be mute witnesses of such events; it does not reflect well on their otherwise high reputation ... I am frequently told that German occupation troops would finally have to intervene against Ustaše
Ustaše crimes. This may happen eventually. Right now, with the available forces, I could not ask for such action. Ad hoc intervention in individual cases could make the German Army look responsible for countless crimes which it could not prevent in the past. — General Edmund Glaise von Horstenau, German military attaché in Zagreb

The Gestapo
Gestapo report to Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler, dated 17 February 1942, states:

Increased activity of the bands is chiefly due to atrocities carried out by Ustaše
Ustaše units in Croatia
Croatia against the Orthodox population. The Ustaše
Ustaše committed their deeds in a bestial manner not only against males of conscript age, but especially against helpless old people, women and children. The number of the Orthodox that the Croats
Croats have massacred and sadistically tortured to death is about three hundred thousand. — Gestapo
Gestapo report to Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler, 17 February 1942.

According to reports by General Glaise-Horstenau, Hitler was angry with Pavelić, whose policy inflamed the rebellion in Croatia, thwarting any prospect of deploying NDH forces on the Eastern Front.[49] Moreover, Hitler was forced to engage large forces of his own to keep the rebellion in check. For that reason, Hitler summoned Pavelić to his war headquarters in Vinnytsia
Vinnytsia (Ukraine) on 23 September 1942. Consequently, Pavelić replaced his minister of the Armed Forces, Slavko Kvaternik, with the less zealous Jure Francetić. Kvaternik was sent into exile in Slovakia – along with his son Eugen, who was blamed for the persecution of the Serbs
Serbs in Croatia.[50] Before meeting Hitler, to appease the public,[clarification needed] Pavelić published an "Important Government Announcement" (»Važna obavijest Vlade«), in which he threatened those who were spreading the news "about non-existent threats of disarmament of the Ustashe units by representatives of one foreign power, about the Croatian Army replacement by a foreign army, about the possibility that a foreign power would seize the power in Croatia ..."[51] General Glaise-Horstenau reported: "The Ustaše
Ustaše movement is, due to the mistakes and atrocities they have committed and the corruption, so compromised that the government executive branch (the home guard and the police) shall be separated from the government – even for the price of breaking any possible connection with the government."[52] Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Himmler is quoted characterizing the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia as "ridiculous": "our beloved German settlements will be secured. I hope that the area south of Srem will be liberated by ... the Bosnian division ... so that we can at least restore partial order in this ridiculous (Croatian) state."[53] The Ustaše
Ustaše gained German support for plans to eliminate the Serb population in Croatia. One plan involved an exchange in 1941 between Germany and the NDH, in which 20,000 Catholic Slovenes
Slovenes would be deported from German-held Slovenia
Slovenia and sent to the NDH where they would be assimilated as Croats. In exchange, 20,000 Serbs
Serbs would be deported from the NDH and sent to the rump Serbian State.[48] On the meeting with Hitler on 6 June 1941 in Salzburg, Pavelić agreed to receive 175,000 deported Slovenes. The agreement provided that the number of Serbs
Serbs deported from NDH to Serbia
Serbia could exceed the number of Slovenes
Slovenes received by 30,000. During the talks, Hitler stressed the necessity and desirability of deportations of Slovenes
Slovenes and Serbs, and advised Pavelic that NDH, in order to become stable, should carry on ethnically intolerant policy for the next 50 years.[54] The German occupation forces allowed the expulsion of Serbs
Serbs to Serbia, but instead of sending the Slovenes
Slovenes to Croatia, they were also deported to Serbia. In total, about 300,000 Serbs
Serbs had been deported or fled from the NDH to Serbia
Serbia by the end of World War II.[48] The atrocities committed by the Ustaše
Ustaše stunned observers, Brigadier Sir Fitzroy Maclean, Chief of the British military mission to the Partisans commented, "Some Ustaše
Ustaše collected the eyes of Serbs
Serbs they had killed, sending them, when they had enough, to the Poglavnik ['head-man'] for his inspection or proudly displaying them and other human organs in the cafés of Zagreb."[55] The Nazi regime demanded that the Ustaše
Ustaše adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews
Jews and set up several concentration camps. Pavelic and the Ustaše
Ustaše accepted Nazi demands, but their racial policy focused primarily on eliminating the Serb population. When the Ustaše needed more recruits to help exterminate the Serbs, and the state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and thus freedom from persecution, to Jews
Jews who were willing to fight for the NDH.[56] As this was the only legal means allowing Jews
Jews to escape persecution, a number of Jews
Jews joined the NDH's armed forces. This aggravated the German SS, which claimed that the NDH let 5,000 Jews
Jews survive via service in the NDH's armed forces.[56] German anti-Semitic objectives for Croatia
Croatia were further undermined by Italy's reluctance to adhere to a strict antisemitic policy, which resulted in Jews
Jews in Italian-held parts of Croatia
Croatia avoiding the same persecution facing Jews
Jews in German-held eastern Croatia.[57] After Italy abandoned the war in 1943, German forces occupied western Croatia
Croatia and the NDH annexed the territory ceded to Italy in 1941.[citation needed] Partisan resistance Main article: Resistance in Yugoslavia On 22 June 1941, the Sisak
Sisak Partisan Detachment was formed in Brezovica forest near Sisak; this was to be celebrated as the first armed resistance unit formed in occupied Europe during World War II. Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, and citizens of all nationalities and backgrounds began joining the pan- Yugoslav Partisans
Yugoslav Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito. The Partisan movement was soon able to control a large percentage of the NDH (and Yugoslavia) and before long the cities of occupied Bosnia
Bosnia and Dalmatia
Dalmatia in particular were surrounded by these Partisan-controlled areas, with their garrisons living in a de facto state of siege and constantly trying to maintain control of the rail-links.[citation needed] In 1944, the third year of the war in Yugoslavia, Croats
Croats formed 61% of the Partisan operational units originating from the Federal State of Croatia.[58][59][60] The Federal State of Croatia
Croatia also had the highest number of detachments and brigades[citation needed] among the federal units, and together with the forces in Bosnia
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Partisan resistance in the NDH made up the majority of the movement's military strength. Partisan Marshal Tito, was half Croatian, half Slovene.[citation needed] Relations with the Chetniks

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v t e

Following the dismissal of Mussolini on 25 July 1943, Tomislav II abdicated on 31 July on the orders of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.[67][68][69][70] Shortly after the armistice with Italy in September 1943, Ante Pavelić
Ante Pavelić declared that Tomislav II
Tomislav II was no longer King of Croatia.[71] Tomislav II
Tomislav II formally renounced his title, "King of Croatia, Prince of Bosnia
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Voivode of Dalmatia, Tuzla
Tuzla and Knin, Duke of Aosta (from 1942), Prince of Cisterna and of Belriguardo, Marquess of Voghera, and Count of Ponderano",[citation needed] in October 1943 after the birth of his son, Amedeo, to whom he gave, amongst his middle names, the name 'Zvonimir'.[72][73] Parliament The NDH Parliament was established by the Legal Decree on the Croatian State Parliament on 24 January 1942.[74] The parliamentarians were not elected and meetings were convened just over a dozen times after the initial session in 1942. Its president vas Marko Dosen. This decree established five categories of individuals who would receive an invitation to be a member of parliament from the Ustaše-appointed government: (1) living Croatian representatives from the Croatian Parliament
Croatian Parliament of 1918, (2) living Croatian representatives elected in the 1938 Yugoslavian elections, (3) members of the Croatian Party of Rights
Croatian Party of Rights prior to 1919, (4) certain officials of the Supreme Ustaše
Ustaše Headquarters and (5) two members of the German national assembly.[74] The responsibility for assembling all eligible members of parliament was given to the head of the Supreme Court, Nikola Vukelić, who found 204 people to be eligible.[74] In accordance with the decree, Vukelić ruled that those who had received the position of senator in 1939, had been part of Dušan Simović's government, or had been part of the Yugoslav government-in-exile forfeited their eligibility.[74] Two hundred and four people were declared eligible for the parliament, with 141 actually attending parliamentary meetings. Of the 204 eligible parliament members, 93 were members of the Croatian Peasant
Peasant Party, 56 of whom attended meetings.[74] The Parliament was only a deliberatory body and was not empowered to enact legislation. However, during the eighth session of the parliament in February 1942, the Ustaše
Ustaše regime was put on the defensive when a joint Croatian Peasant
Peasant Party-Croatian Party of Rights motion, supported by 39 members of parliament, questioned about the whereabouts of the Peasant
Peasant Party's leader Vladko Maček.[74] The following session, Ante Pavelić
Ante Pavelić responded that Maček was being kept in isolation to prevent him from coming into contact with Yugoslav government officials. In less than a month, Maček was moved from the Jasenovac concentration camp
Jasenovac concentration camp and put on house arrest at his property in Kupinec.[74] Maček was later called upon by foreigners to take a stand and counteract the Pavelić government, but he refused. Maček fled the country in 1945, with the help of Ustaše
Ustaše General Ante Moškov. After its February 1942 session, the Parliament met only a few more times, and the decree was not renewed in 1943.[citation needed] Court system Main article: Invasion of Yugoslavia

Occupation and partition of Yugoslavia, 1941–43.

Occupation and partition of Yugoslavia, 1943–44.

The NDH retained the court system of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, but restored the courts' names to their original forms. The state had 172 local courts (kotar), 19 district courts (judicial tables), an administrative court and an appellate court (Ban's Table) in both Zagreb
Zagreb and Sarajevo, as well as a supreme court (Table of Seven) in Zagreb
Zagreb and a supreme court in Sarajevo.[75] The state maintained men's penitentiaries in Lepoglava, Hrvatska Mitrovica, Stara Gradiška and Zenica, and a women's penitentiary in Zagreb.[76] Military Main articles: Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia), Croatian Home Guard (World War II), Ustaše
Ustaše militia, Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia, Navy of the Independent State of Croatia, and Hadžiefendić Legion The NDH founded the Army of the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Hrvatsko domobranstvo) and Navy of the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia in April 1941 with the consent of the German armed forces (Wehrmacht). The task of the armed forces was to defend the state against both foreign and domestic enemies.[77] The Army included an air force. The NDH also created the Ustaška Vojnica (Ustaše militia) which was conceived as a party militia, and a gendarmerie.[citation needed] The Army was originally limited to 16 infantry battalions and 2 cavalry squadrons – 16,000 men in total. The original 16 battalions were soon enlarged to 15 infantry regiments of two battalions each between May and June 1941, organised into five divisional commands, some 55,000 men.[78] Support units included 35 light tanks supplied by Italy,[79] 10 artillery battalions (equipped with captured Royal Yugoslav Army weapons of Czech origin), a cavalry regiment in Zagreb and an independent cavalry battalion at Sarajevo. Two independent motorised infantry battalions were based at Zagreb
Zagreb and Sarajevo respectively.[80] Under the terms of the Treaties of Rome (1941) with Italy, the NDH navy was restricted to a few coastal and patrol craft, which mostly patrolled inland waterways. When established in 1941, the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske) (ZNDH), consisted of captured Royal Yugoslav aircraft (seven operational fighters, 20 bombers and about 180 auxiliary and training aircraft) as well as paratroop, training and anti-aircraft artillery commands. During the course of World War II
World War II in Yugoslavia, it was supplemented with several hundred new or overhauled German, Italian and French fighters and bombers, until receiving the final deliveries of new aircraft from Germany in April 1945.[81] The Croatian Air Force Legion
Croatian Air Force Legion (Serbo-Croatian: Hrvatska Zrakoplovna Legija), or HZL, was a military unit of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia which fought alongside the Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe on the Eastern Front from 1941 to 1943 and then back on Croatian soil. The unit was sent to Germany for training on 15 July 1941 before heading to the Eastern Front. Many of the pilots and crews had previously served in the Royal Yugoslav Air Force
Royal Yugoslav Air Force during the Invasion of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia in April 1941. Some of them also had experience in the two main types that they would operate, the Messerschmitt 109
Messerschmitt 109 and Dornier Do 17, with two fighter pilots having actually shot down Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe aircraft.[82] During operations over the Eastern Front, the unit's fighters scored a total of 283 kills while its bombers participated in some 1,500 combat missions. Upon return to Croatia
Croatia from December 1942, the unit's aircraft proved a strong addition to the strike power of the Axis forces fighting the Partisans right up to the end of 1944.[83] Because of low morale among army conscripts and their increasing disaffection with the Ustaša
Ustaša regime as the war progressed, the Partisans came to regard them as a key element in their supply line. According to William Deakin, who led one of the British missions to the Partisan commander-in-chief Josip Broz Tito, in some areas, Partisans would release army soldiers after disarming them, so they could come back into the field with replacement weapons, which would again be seized.[84] Other army soldiers either defected or actively channelled supplies to the Partisans—particularly after the NDH ceded Dalmatia
Dalmatia to Italy. Army troop numbers dwindled from 130,000 in early 1943 to 70,000 by late 1944, at which point the NDH government amalgamated the army with the Ustaše
Ustaše army and was organised into eighteen divisions, including artillery and armoured units.[85] Despite these difficulties, the army, along with the German-commanded XV Cossack
Cossack Corps, was able to assist the Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht to hold its lines in Syrmia, Slavonia
Slavonia and Bosnia
Bosnia against the combined Soviet, Bulgarian and Partisan offensives from late 1944 to shortly before the NDH collapse in May 1945. The Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia provided some level of air support (attack, fighter and transport) right up until May 1945, encountering and sometimes defeating opposing aircraft from the British Royal Air Force, United States Air Force
United States Air Force and the Soviet Air Force. The final deliveries of up-to-date German Messerschmitt 109G and K fighter aircraft were still taking place in April 1945.[86] By the end of March 1945, it was obvious to the Croatian Army Command that, although the front remained intact, they would eventually be defeated by sheer lack of ammunition. For this reason, the decision was made to retreat into Austria, in order to surrender to the British forces advancing north from Italy.[87] The German Army was in the process of disintegration and the supply system lay in ruins.[88] Currency The NDH currency was the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia kuna. The Croatian State Bank was the central bank, responsible for issuing currency.[citation needed] Railways The NDH formed the Croatian State Railways after the Yugoslav Railways was dissolved, and Serbian State Railways in Serbia
Serbia was devolved.[89][90] Zones of influence From 1941 to 1943, territory of the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia was divided into German and Italian zones, sometimes described as zones of influence[91][19][92] and sometimes as occupation zones:[93][94]

The German zone, which included the northeastern part of NDH, bordering Hungary in the north, German-occupied Serbia
Serbia in the east, the Italian zone in the south, and Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany in the north-west.[95] There, the German armed forces (Wehrmacht) exercised de facto control. The Italian zone, which included the southwestern part of the NDH, bordering the German zone in the north-east, Italian-occupied Montenegro
Montenegro in the east, and Yugoslav territories annexed by Italy in the south-west.[95] After the capitulation of Italy in 1943, the Italian zone of influence was abolished and the German zone of influence was expanded to the whole Independent State of Croatia. At the same time, the NDH acquired control of northern Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Split and Šibenik).[citation needed]

Politics Under the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia all parties but the Ustaše party were banned.[96] Foreign relations The NDH was granted full recognition by the Axis Powers and by countries under Axis occupation, it was also recognized by Spain.[97] The state maintained diplomatic missions in several countries, all in Europe. Embassies of Nazi Germany, Italy, Tiso's Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, Spain, and Japan, as well as the consulates of Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Portugal, Argentina and Vichy France
Vichy France were located in Zagreb.[98][99] In 1941, the country was admitted to the Universal Postal Union. On 10 August 1942 an agreement was signed at Brijuni
Brijuni which re-established the Society of Railways Danube-Sava-Adriatic between the Independent State of Croatia, Germany, Hungary and Italy.[100] After the 11 December 1941 declaration of war by Germany against the United States, the Independent State of Croatia
Croatia declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 14 December.[101] The Croatian Red Cross
Croatian Red Cross was established in 1941, with Kurt Hühn serving as its president.[102][103] The NDH signed the Geneva Conventions on 20 January 1943,[104] after which the International Committee of the Red Cross named Julius Schmidlin as its representative to the country.[103] Economy

Propaganda
Propaganda poster against capitalism. "This is their social justice!; Strikes; Unemployment; Hunger and misery."

The economic system of NDH was based on the concept of "Croatian socialism".[105] The main characteristics of this system, which followed the one of Nazi Germany, were the principles of a planned economy, with high levels of state involvement in economic life.[106] The state reportedly aimed to place the means of production in the hands of the peasants and create a psychic unity among all classes and estates to work for the greater good of the national community, which was seen as more important than individual rights. Croatian socialism contended that work was not a private matter, but the source of all economic worth and the property of the community.[105][107] The Ustaše
Ustaše leaders argued that the ordinary Croatian workers and peasants were neglected and exploited in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.[105] Thus, when they came to power, the Ustaše
Ustaše promised a social revolution, tackling social injustice and poverty. Their anti-bourgeois pre-war rhetoric continued after the establishment of NDH, as well as the strong rejection of a liberal capitalist system.[108] The International Workers' Day
International Workers' Day on 1 May was specially marked in honor of labour, social justice and solidarity of workers.[109] The regime soon began the mass construction of homes and settlements for Croatian workers. However, their availability was based on social and ideological conformity.[110] The goal of creating a social utopia and an economically just system went alongside the regime's program of economic expropriation of its national enemies, primarily Jews
Jews and Serbs, whose property was nationalized, justified by the regime as a means to help the poorest and equalize class differences.[111][112] All large companies were placed under state control and at the end of 1941 all trade unions were merged into one main syndicate called "Main Alliance of Syndicates" (Croatian: Glavni savez staliških i drugih postrojbi).[113] At the beginning of 1942 the government introduced compulsory work service for all citizens between the age of 18 and 25.[114] Up to that time around 7,55 billion Yugoslav dinars were replaced by the NDH kuna at an exchange rate of 1 dinar for 1 kuna. The government kept printing money and its amount in circulation was rapidly increasing, resulting in high inflation rates. By the end of 1943 there were 43,6 billion kunas in circulation and in August 1944 76,8 billion.[115] Constant money printing was a way of financing huge government spending, that could not be covered by increased taxation and long-term borrowing.[116] The NDH inherited 42% or 32,5 million reichsmarks of the total debt which Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia owed to Germany.[117] According to official data, the total debt of NDH on clearing accounts at the end of 1944 amounted to 969,8 million kunas.[118] Economic branches of which NDH had most revenue (collected through direct and indirect taxes) included industry, trade and crafts. Around 20% of state's industrial enterprises accounted for wood industry. However, as the war progressed, industrial production in the territory of NDH was constantly decreasing, while inflation continued growing.[106] In 1942, 80% of NDH exports went to Germany (including Austria, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the Polish General Government) and 12% to Italy. Germany covered 70% of imports, while Italy covered 25%. Other trade partners included Hungary, Romania, Finland, Serbia and Switzerland. Exports from NDH mainly consisted of lumber and wood products, agricultural products (including tobacco), livestock, ore, and strategically important bauxite. NDH mostly imported machinery, tools and other metal products, textiles and fuel.[118] Influences of Nazi Germany In the Independent State of Croatia, which Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany formally treated as a sovereign state, most, if not all, industrial and economic activity was either monopolized, or given a high priority for exploitation, by Germany. Agreements between the two governments in mid-1941 regulated foreign trade and payments and the export of Croatian labour to Germany. Germany already controlled a large number of industrial and mining enterprises in Croatia
Croatia that were owned in part or in full by German citizens or citizens of German-occupied countries. Many other enterprises in Croatia, especially in the bauxite mining and timber industries, were leased to the Germans
Germans for the duration of the war. The Germans
Germans also held large interests in Croatian commercial banks, exercised either directly by banks in Berlin and Vienna, or indirectly, by German banks that had large interests in Prague
Prague and Budapest
Budapest banks.[119] From the beginning, the Germans
Germans showed great interest in the high-quality iron ore mines of Ljubija in northwest Bosnia, in the industrial complex (steel, coal and heavy chemicals) in the Sarajevo–Tuzla– Zenica
Zenica triangle in northeast Bosnia, and in bauxite. As the war advanced and German military involvement in Croatia
Croatia expanded, more and more Croatian industry was put to work for the Germans. The bauxite mines in Hercegovina, Dalmatia
Dalmatia and western Bosnia, were in the Italian zone of occupation, but their total production was earmarked for German needs for the duration of the war under the German-Italian agreement of 1941.[120] Other Croatian industrial assets utilized by the Germans
Germans included the production of brown coal and lignite, cement (major plants in Zagreb and Split), oil and salt. Crude oil production, from fields to the east of Zagreb
Zagreb developed by the American Vacuum Oil Company, only started in November 1941 and never reached a high level, averaging 24,000 barrels (3,800 m3) a month in mid-1944. The most important commodities manufactured in Croatia
Croatia for German use were prefabricated barracks (utilizing the large Croatian timber industry), clothing, dry-cell batteries, bridge construction parts and ammunition (grenades). The Vareš
Vareš iron ore mine supplied the steel mill at Zenica, which had a capacity of 120,000 tons of steel annually. The Zenica
Zenica mill, in turn, supplied the state arsenal in Sarajevo
Sarajevo and the machinery and railroad car factory in Slavonski Brod, both of which produced various items for the Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht during the war, including grenades and shell casings. Some Vareš
Vareš iron ore was also exported to Italy, Hungary and Romania.[121] Italian influence The region of the NDH controlled by Italy had few natural resources and little industry.[dubious – discuss] There were some important timber stands, several cement plants, an aluminium plant at Lozovac, a carbide and chemical fertilizer plant at Dugi Rat, and a ferromanganese and cast iron plant near Šibenik, ship building operations in Split, a few brown coal mines supplying fuel to railways, shipping and industry, and rich bauxite fields.[122] Demographics Population According to data calculated by the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the creation of the state the population was approximately 6,285,000 of which 3,300,000 were Croats, 1,925,000 were Serbs, 700,000 were Muslims, 150,000 Germans, 65,000 Czechs
Czechs and Slovaks, 40,000 Jews, and 30,000 Slovenes. Croats
Croats comprised slightly over half of the population of the Independent State of Croatia. With Muslims treated as Croats, the Croat share of the total population was still less than two-thirds.[123] Displacement of people A large number of people were displaced due to internal fighting within the former Yugoslav kingdom. The NDH had to accept more than 200,000 Slovenian refugees who were forcefully evicted from their homes as part of the German plan of annexing parts of the Slovenian territories. As part of this deal, the Ustaše
Ustaše were to deport 200,000 Serbs
Serbs from Croatia
Croatia military regions; however, only 182,000 had been deported when German high commander Bader stopped this mass transport of people because of the uprising of Chetniks
Chetniks and partisans in Serbia. Internal colonization to the region of Slavonia
Slavonia was encouraged during this period from Dalmatia, Lika, Hrvatsko Zagorje
Hrvatsko Zagorje and Bosnia
Bosnia and Herzegovina. The state maintained an Office of Colonization in Mostar, Osijek, Petrinja, Sarajevo, Sremska Mitrovica, and Zagreb.[124] Racial legislation See also: World War II
World War II persecution of Serbs, The Holocaust
The Holocaust in Croatia, Porajmos, and Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia

An Ustase guard stands among the bodies of prisoners murdered in the Jasenovac concentration camp, 1942

On the first day of his arrival in Zagreb, Ante Pavelić
Ante Pavelić proclaimed a law that remained in effect during the entire period of the Independent State of Croatia. The law, which was enacted on 17 April 1941, declared that all people who offended, or tried to offend, the Croatian nation were guilty of treason—a crime punishable by death.[125] One day later, on 18 April, the first Croatian antisemitic racial law was published. This law did not create panic among the Jewish population, because they believed it was merely a continuation of the antisemitic laws of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which were proclaimed in 1939.[126] However, the situation quickly changed on 30 April, with the publication of the Aryan race
Aryan race laws. A notable part of the racial legislation was the religious conversion laws, the implications of which were not understood by the majority of the population when they were published on 3 May 1941. The implications become clear following the July speech of the minister of education, Mile Budak, in which he declared: "We will kill one third of all Serbs. We will deport another third, and the rest of them will be forced to convert to Catholicism". Racial laws were enforced until 3 May 1945.[125] The NDH government cooperated with Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany in the Holocaust and exercised their own version of the genocide against ethnic Serbs living within their borders. State policy regarding Serbs
Serbs was first declared in the words of Milovan Žanić, the minister of the NDH Legislative council on 2 May 1941: "This country can only be a Croatian country, and there is no method we would hesitate to use in order to make it truly Croatian and cleanse it of Serbs, who have for centuries endangered us and who will endanger us again if they are given the opportunity."[127] An estimated 320,000–340,000 Serbs, 30,000 Croatian Jews
Jews and 30,000 Roma were killed during the NDH, including between 77,000–99,000 Serbs, Bosniaks, Croats, Jews
Jews and Roma killed in the Jasenovac concentration camp[123][128] and the same number of Serbs
Serbs were forced out of the NDH. Although the Ustase's main target for persecution were Serbs, it also participated in the destruction of the Jewish and Roma populations. The NDH deviated from Nazi anti-Semitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship to some Jews, if they were willing to enlist and fight for the NDH.[61] The number of Croats
Croats killed in the NDH is estimated to be approximately 200,000,[dubious – discuss] either by the Ustase regime, as members of the armed resistance, or as Axis collaborators.[129][130] According to the 1931 and 1948 census, the Serb population declined in Croatia
Croatia and increased in Bosnia:

Serbs Croatia Bosnia
Bosnia and Herzegovina[131] Srem, Serbia[132] Total

1931 Census 633.000 1.028.139 210.000 1.871.000

1948 Census 543.795 1.136.116 unknown[132][note 2] 1.672.000+

Culture Soon after establishment of the NDH, the Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts in Zagreb
Zagreb was renamed the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The country had four state theatres: in Zagreb, Osijek, Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik and Sarajevo.[133][134] The Croatian State Theatre in Zagreb played host to the Berlin Philharmonic
Berlin Philharmonic and the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma in the 1941–42 season.[135] Volumes two to five of Mate Ujević's Croatian Encyclopedia
Croatian Encyclopedia were published during this period. The Velebit
Velebit Publishing House (Nakladna knjižara "Velebit"), named for the Velebit
Velebit uprising, published pro-Axis works, including Japanac o Japanu [A Japanese on Japan] by the Japanese chargé d'affaires, Kazuichi Miura.[136] The NDH was represented at the 1942 Venice Biennale, where the works of Joza Kljaković, Ivan Meštrović, Ante Motika, Ivo Režek, Bruno Bulić, Josip Crnobori, Antun Medić, Slavko Kopač and Slavko Šohaj were presented by Vladimir Kirin.[citation needed] The existing University of Zagreb
Zagreb was renamed the Croatian University (Serbo-Croatian: Hrvatsko sveučilište), and was the only university in the NDH. The university established a pharmaceutical faculty in 1942,[137] and a medical faculty in Sarajevo
Sarajevo in 1944.[138] It also opened the University Hospital Zagreb, which later became one of the largest hospitals in Croatia. The state had two secular holidays; the anniversary of its establishment was commemorated on 10 April and the assassination of Stjepan Radić
Stjepan Radić was commemorated on 20 June.[139] In addition, the state granted holidays to several religious communities:

The Catholic community celebrated New Year's Day, Epiphany, the feast of the Presentation of the Lord, the feast of Saint Joseph, Easter, the feast of the Ascension of Jesus, Pentecost, the feast of Corpus Christi, the Assumption of Mary, the feast of All Saints, the feast of the Immaculate Conception, and Christmas.[139] The Eastern Orthodox community celebrated New Year's Day, the Epiphany, the feast of the Annunciation, Easter, the feast of the Ascension of Jesus, Pentecost, the Assumption of Mary, and Christmas, all according to the Roman calendar.[139] The Evangelical community celebrated New Year's Day, Holy Friday, Easter, the feast of the Ascension of Jesus, Pentecost, Reformation Day, Christmas Eve, and Christmas.[139] The Muslim community celebrated Islamic New Year, Mevlud (Mawlid), Ramadan, and Kurban-Bajram (Eid al-Adha).[139]

The state film institute, Hrvatski slikopis, produced many films, including Straža na Drini and Lisinski.[140] The Croatian cinema pioneer Oktavijan Miletić, was active during this period.[141][142] In 1943, Zagreb
Zagreb hosted the I. International Congress for Narrow Film. On 29 April 1941 the Decree on building Croatian workers' family homes was issued which resulted in the development of so-called Pavelić neighbourhoods in the state's larger northern cities: Karlovac, Osijek, Sisak, Varaždin, and Zagreb.[143] The neighbourhoods were largely based on similar workers housing in Germany.[144] They are characterized by their wide avenues and lots, and for largely being made up of semi-detached homes.[145] Media The official publication of the government was the Narodne novine (Official Gazette). Dailies included Zagreb's Hrvatski narod (Croatian Nation), Osijek's Hrvatski list (Croatian Paper) and Sarajevo's Novi list (New Paper). The state's news agency was called the Croatian News Office "Croatia" (Hrvatski dojavni ured "Croatia"), which took on the role formerly performed by the Avala news agency in Yugoslavia.[146] After the war's end, out of 330 registered journalists in the state, 38 were executed, 131 emigrated, and 100 were banned from working as journalists in the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.[147] The state's main radio station was Hrvatski Krugoval, known before the war as Radio Zagreb.[148] The NDH increased the transmitter's power to 10 kW.[148] The radio station was based in Zagreb, but had branches in Banja Luka, Dubrovnik, Osijek
Osijek and Sarajevo. It maintained cooperation with the International Broadcasting Union. Sport The most popular sport in the NDH was football, which had its own league system, with the highest level known as the Zvonimir Group, with eight teams in 1942–43 and 1943–44.[149] Top clubs included Građanski Zagreb, Concordia Zagreb
Zagreb and HAŠK. The Croatian Football Federation was accepted into FIFA
FIFA on 17 July 1941.[150] The NDH national football team played 14 "friendly" matches against other Axis nations and puppet states between June 1941 and April 1944, winning five.[151] The NDH had other national teams. The Croatian Handball Federation organized a national handball league, and a national team.[152] Its boxing team was led by African-American Jimmy Lyggett.[153] The Croatian Table-Tennis Association organized a national competition as well as a national team which participated in a few international matches.[154] The Croatian Olympic Committee
Croatian Olympic Committee was recognized as a special member of the International Olympic Committee, with Franjo Bučar acting as its representative.[155] The Croatian Skiing Association organized a national championship, held on Zagreb's Sljeme mountain.[156] A national bowling competition was held in 1942 in Zagreb, which was won by Dušan Balatinac.[157] See also

Fascism
Fascism portal Croatia
Croatia portal World War II
World War II portal

Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia Glina massacre History of the Jews
Jews in Croatia: The Holocaust List of Croatian Righteous Among the Nations List of leaders of Independent State of Croatia Orders, decorations, and medals of the Independent State of Croatia The Holocaust
The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia Timeline of Croatian history

Notes

^ "Poglavnik" was a term coined by the Ustaše, and it was originally used as the title for the leader of the movement. In 1941 it was institutionalized in the NDH as the title of first the Prime Minister (1941–43), and then the head of state (1943–45). It was at all times held by Ante Pavelić
Ante Pavelić (1889 – 1959) and became synonymous with him. The translation of the term varies. The root of the word is the Croatian word "glava", meaning "head" ("Po-glav(a)-nik"). The more literal translation is "head-man", while "leader" captures more of the meaning of the term (in relation to the German "Führer" and Italian "Duce"). ^ Settlement of 300,000 Serb refugees from Croatia, Bosnia
Bosnia and Montenegro
Montenegro altered the demographic balance in Vojvodina
Vojvodina and Srem by 1948

References

^ Ramet 2006, p. 118. ^ a b c d Rodogno, Davide; Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War; p.95; Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-84515-7 ^ Pavlowitch, 2008, p. 289 ^ Massock, Richard G.; Italy from Within; p. 306; READ BOOKS, 2007; ISBN 1-4067-2097-6 ^ Massock, Richard G. (1 March 2007). "Italy from Within". Read Books. Retrieved 2 September 2017 – via Google Books. ^ "Independent State of Croatia", Britannica Online Encyclopedia; retrieved 8 September 2009. ^ "Croatia" Archived 1 November 2009 at WebCite. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia; retrieved 8 September 2009. ^ "Yugoslavia", Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; retrieved 8 September 2009. Archived 31 October 2009. ^ a b Fischer, Bernd J., ed. (2007). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South-Eastern Europe. Purdue University Press. pp. 207–08, 210, 226. ISBN 978-1-55753-455-2. ^ Listing of WWII concentration camps by country, Jewishvirtuallibrary.org; accessed 4 December 2015. ^ Concentration camps other than Jasenovac in the Independent State of Croatia, Holocaustresearchproject.org; accessed 4 December 2015. ^ "Jasenovac". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 3 June 2011. ^ Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2 September 2017). "Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia". Columbia University Press. Retrieved 2 September 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Hrvatski Narod (newspaper)16.05.1941. no. 93. p.1., Public proclamation of theZakonska odredba o kruni Zvonimirovoj (Decrees on the crown of Zvonimir), tri članka donesena 15.05.1941. ^ Die Krone Zvonimirs, Monatshefte fur Auswartige Politik, Heft 6 (1941) pg. 434. ^ a b Jozo Tomašević. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration: 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 2001. pg. 300. ^ Tomasevich, 2001, p. 60. "Thus on 15 April 1941, Pavelić came to power, albeit a very limited power, in the new Ustasha state under the umbrella of German and Italian forces. On the same day German Führer Adolf Hitler
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