An Incorporated Administrative Agency (独立行政法人, ''Dokuritsu gyōsei hōjin'' or ''Dokugyo'' in abbreviation) is a type of legal corporation formulated by the Government of Japan under the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act no. 103 of 1999, revised in 2014). The independent agencies are not under the National Government Organization Act that provides for the
ministries and agencies of Japan.
Originally proposed by the Administrative Reform Council, the independent agencies are created based on the concept of separating the ministries and agencies of the government into planning functions and operation functions. Planning functions remain within government-based ministries and agencies while operating functions are transferred to the independent agencies.
Incorporated Administrative Agencies utilize management methods of
private-sector
The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is owned by private groups, usually as a means of establishment for profit or non profit, rather than being owned by the government.
Employment
Th ...
corporations and are given considerable autonomy in their operations and how to use their given budgets. In April 2001, the government first designated 59 bodies as the independent agencies, among which were many research institutions and some museums.
Differences from special corporations
As part of the administrative reforms of the
Ryutaro Hashimoto
was a Japanese politician who served as the Prime Minister of Japan from 1996 to 1998. He was the leader of one of the largest factions within the ruling LDP through most of the 1990s and remained a powerful back-room player in Japanese politi ...
Cabinet in the latter half of the 1990s, this system was stipulated for the purpose of separating the actual business and service sectors from the central ministries and agencies.
Differences from special corporations (Japanese: 特殊法人, ''Tokushu Hōjin'') are that they cannot obtain government guarantees for funding (the same as private companies) and that they are obligated to pay taxes and public dues such as corporate income tax and property tax.
According to the Administrative Surveillance Commission Investigation Office, the 108 corporations established during the six years from 1998, when the system was first established, to 2004, accounted for the fiscal 2004 administrative service implementation costs (taxpayers The total cost attributable to the public burden) was 2,095 billion yen.
Classification
Independent Administrative Agencies are classified into three agency types according to Article 1 of Act no. 103 of 1999.
* Agency Managed under the Medium-Term Objectives (中期目標管理法人, ''Chūki Mokuhyō Kanri Hōjin'')
* National Research and Development Agency (国立研究開発法人, ''Kokuritsu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Hōjin'')
* Agency Engaged in Administrative Execution (行政執行法人, ''Gyōsei Shikkō Hōjin'')
Examples of the agencies
There are 87 agencies as of 1 April 2019.
*
National Center for University Entrance Examinations, an agency that administers the
National Center Test for University Admissions
The was a type of standardized test used by public and some private universities in Japan. It was held annually during a weekend in mid-January over a period of two days. Since the test was held in the middle of winter, snow delayed the exam in ...
*
Japan Mint
The is an Independent Administrative Institution of the Japanese government, responsible for producing and circulating the coins of Japan. The agency has its head office in Osaka with branches in Saitama and Hiroshima. The Japan Mint does not ...
, the
mint
MiNT is Now TOS (MiNT) is a free software alternative operating system kernel for the Atari ST system and its successors. It is a multi-tasking alternative to TOS and MagiC. Together with the free system components fVDI device drivers, XaA ...
of Japan
*
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
*
Japan National Tourist Organization
The , JNTO, provides information about Japan to promote travel to and in the country. It was established in 1964 and its headquarters are in Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo. The JNTO operates Tourist Information Centers (TICs) as well as a website ...
(JNTO)
*
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC)
*
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
*
(AIST)
*
(NICT)
*
National Institute for Materials Science
is an Independent Administrative Institution and one of the largest scientific research centers in Japan.
History
The growth and development of today's scientific research center has passed through several phases in a number of locations:
In ...
(NIMS)
*
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
*
National Museum of Art, Tokyo National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
*
National Museum of Art, Tokyo National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
*
National Printing Bureau
(NPB) is a Japanese governmental agency in charge of the production of Japanese paper money, Japanese yen. It also produces various other products, such as postage stamps and the official governmental gazette.
History
The Paper Money Office w ...
(NPB)
*
Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI)
See also
*
List of National Laboratories in Japan
*
Quango
A quango or QUANGO (less often QuANGO or QANGO) is an organisation to which a government has devolved power, but which is still partly controlled and/or financed by government bodies. The term was originally a shortening of "quasi-NGO", where N ...
References
Bibliography
* Independent Administrative Institution National Museum. (2005) ''Outline of the Independent Administrative Institution National Museum.'' Tokyo: Independent Administrative Institution National Museum Secretariat
OCLC: 71634675*
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002)
''Benchmarking Industry-science Relationships.'' Paris: OECD Publishing.
OCLC: 49642355
External links
{{Japan-gov-stub