The Icaro Laminar is a large family of

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...

high-wing A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple planes. A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing co ...

, single-place and two-place

hang glider Hang gliding is an air sport or recreational activity in which a pilot flies a light, non-motorised foot-launched heavier-than-air aircraft called a hang glider. Most modern hang gliders are made of an aluminium alloy or composite frame cover ...

s, designed and produced by

Icaro 2000 Icaro 2000 is an Italian aircraft manufacturer, based in Sangiano. The company specializes in the design and manufacturer of hang gliders, ultralight trikes and hang gliding helmets.Bertrand, Noel; Rene Coulon; et al: ''World Directory of Leis ...

.Bertrand, Noel; Rene Coulon; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2003-04'', page 45. Pagefast Ltd, Lancaster OK, 2003. ISSN 1368-485X

Design and development

The Laminar family of hang gliders was introduced in 1994 and has undergone continuous product improvement, keeping the line at the top of world competition. The aircraft is made from

aluminum Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. It ha ...

and

carbon fibre Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (American English), carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (Commonwealth English), carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, carbon-fiber reinforced-thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP), also known as carbon fiber, carbon compo ...

tubing, with the wing covered in

Dacron Polyethylene terephthalate (or poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P), is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foo ...

sailcloth. Some models use

Mylar BoPET (biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate) is a polyester film made from stretched polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and is used for its high tensile strength, chemical and dimensional stability, transparency, reflectivity, gas and a ...

sail components. The competition Laminars are "topless" designs with no

kingpost A king post (or king-post or kingpost) is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs, working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above (whereas a crown post, though visually similar, supports items above f ...

or upper rigging. The MastR model was introduced for pilots who wanted the Laminar wing with a kingpost.

Operational history

The Laminar series has won many World Hang Gliding Championships, including the 2011 contest held at Monte Cucco, Italy, when first and second places went to Alex Ploner and Christian Ciech flying Laminar Z9 models.

Variants

;Laminar 12 MR 700 :Small sized model for lighter pilots, produced circa 2003 and no longer in production. Its span wing is a "topless" design without a

. The nose angle is 130°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.25:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified. ;Laminar 13 MR 700 :Medium sized model for mid-weight pilots, produced circa 2003 and no longer in production. Its span wing is a "topless" design without a kingpost. The nose angle is 130°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.41:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified. ;Laminar 14 MR 700 :Large sized model for heavier pilots, produced circa 2003 and no longer in production. Its span wing is a "topless" design without a kingpost. The nose angle is 130°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.51:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified. ;Laminar Easy 14 :Small sized model for lighter pilots, produced circa 2003 and no longer in production. Its span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 127°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.3:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified. ;Laminar Easy 16 :Large sized model for heavier pilots, produced circa 2003 and no longer in production. Its span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 127°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified. ;Laminar Biplace :Two-place model for flight training and tourist flying, produced circa 2003 and no longer in production. Its span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 127°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 5:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified. ;Laminar MastR 12 :Small sized model for lighter pilots, produced circa 2003 and no longer in production. Its span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 130°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.3:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified as Class 2-3. ;Laminar MastR 13 :Medium sized model for mid-weight pilots, produced circa 2003 and no longer in production. Its span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 130°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.6:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV and SHV certified as Class 2-3. ;Laminar MastR 14 :Large sized model for heavier pilots, produced circa 2003 and no longer in production. Its span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 130°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.51:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV and SHV certified as Class 3. ;Laminar Z9 12.6 :Introduced in 2010, extra small sized model for small pilots. Its span wing is a "topless" design without a kingpost. The nose angle is 132°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.38:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified as Class 3. ;Laminar Z9 13.2 :Introduced in 2010, small sized model for light pilots. Its span wing is a "topless" design without a kingpost. The nose angle is 132°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.63:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified as Class 3. ;Laminar Z9 13.7 :Introduced in 2010, medium sized model for mid-weight pilots. Its span wing is a "topless" design without a kingpost. The nose angle is 132°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.28:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified as Class 3. ;Laminar Z9 14.1 :Introduced in 2010, large small sized model for heavier pilots. Its span wing is a "topless" design without a kingpost. The nose angle is 134°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.85:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified as Class 3. ;Laminar Z9 14.8 :Introduced in 2010, extra large sized model for very heavy pilots. Its span wing is a "topless" design without a kingpost. The nose angle is 134°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.5:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified as Class 3. ;MastR S :Small sized model for light pilots. Its span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 128°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.01:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified as Class 3. ;MastR M :Medium sized model for mid-weight pilots. Its span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 131°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.35:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified as Class 3. ;MastR L :Large sized model for heavy pilots. Its span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 131°, wing area is and the aspect ratio is 7.38:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is . DHV certified as Class 3.

Applications

* Icaro Pit-Trike

Specifications (Laminar Z9 14.1)

References

External links

* {{Icaro 2000 aircraft

Laminar Laminar means "flat". Laminar may refer to: Terms in science and engineering: * Laminar electronics or organic electronics, a branch of material sciences dealing with electrically conductive polymers and small molecules * Laminar armour or "band ...

Hang gliders