Arcellinid
testate amoebae or Arcellinida,
[http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007] Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae
are single-celled
protists partially enclosed in a simple
test
Test(s), testing, or TEST may refer to:
* Test (assessment), an educational assessment intended to measure the respondents' knowledge or other abilities
Arts and entertainment
* ''Test'' (2013 film), an American film
* ''Test'' (2014 film), ...
(shell).
Arcellinid testate amoebae are commonly found in soils, leaf litter, peat bogs and near/in fresh water.
They use their
pseudopodia, a temporary cell extension, for moving and taking in food. Like most amoebae, they are generally believed to
reproduce asexually via binary fission. However a recent review suggests that sexual recombination may be the rule rather than the exception in
amoeboid
An amoeba (; less commonly spelled ameba or amœba; plural ''am(o)ebas'' or ''am(o)ebae'' ), often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopo ...
protists in general, including the Arcellinid testate amoebae.
Test or shell
Simple tests are made by secretion (autogenous tests), agglutination of foreign material (xenogenous tests), or sometimes a combination of both. Past environmental changes can be determined by analysing the composition of fossil tests, including the reconstruction of past
climate change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to ...
.
Testate amoebae species have been used to reconstruct hydrological changes over the late
Holocene
The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...
, as a result of individual species possessing a narrow tolerance for ecohydrological conditions such as water-table depth or pH.
Evolutionary history
Fossils of arcellinid testate amoebae date back to the
Tonian
The Tonian (from grc, τόνος, tónos, meaning "stretch") is the first geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era. It lasted from to Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined by the ICS based ...
stage of the
Proterozoic, around 789-759 million years ago. The fossils indicate that by 730 million years ago, arcellinids had already diversified into major lineages.
Testate amoebae are theorized to be mostly
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
(coming from more than one ancestral type), but testaceafilosea, one group of testate amoebae, are theorized to be
monophyletic. Ancient tests of terrestrial fauna are commonly found in fossilized amber, although mid-Cretaceous testate amoeba (i.e., ''Diffligia'', ''Cucurbitella'') have been found in ancient lake sediments. It is likely that the group has evolved minimally over the course of the
Phanerozoic.
Classification
The classification of Arcellinida, as of 2019:
* Suborder
Phryganellina Bovee 1985
** Family
Phryganellidae
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partiall ...
Jung 1942
*** ''
Phryganella
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Penard 1902
** Family
Cryptodifflugiidae Jung 1942
*** ?''
Prantlitina''
Vasicek & Ruzicka 1957
*** ?''
Pseudocucurbitella''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960
*** ?''
Pseudowailesella''
Sudzuki 1979
*** ''
Cryptodifflugia
''Cryptodifflugia'' is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae. It contains all the species previously grouped as the genus ''Difflugiella'', which is now a synonym of ''Cryptodifflugia''.
Description
''Cryptodifflugia'' species are characteriz ...
''
Penard 1890 'Difflugiella''_
Cash_1904;_''Geococcus_(eukaryote).html" ;"title="Difflugiella.html" ;"title="'Difflugiella">'Difflugiella''
Cash 1904; ''Geococcus (eukaryote)">Geococcus''
Francé 1913 non Green 1902]
*** ''Meisterfeldia''
Bobrov 2016
*** ''Wailesella''
Deflandre 1928
* Suborder Organoconcha
Lahr et al. 2019
** Family Microchlamyiidae
Ogden 1985
*** ''
Microchlamys''
Cockerell 1911 'Pseudochlamys''_
Claparede_&_Lachmann_1859_non_Lacordaire_1848_non_Comas_1977.html" ;"title="Pseudochlamys.html" ;"title="'Pseudochlamys">'Pseudochlamys''
Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Lacordaire 1848 non Comas 1977">Pseudochlamys.html" ;"title="'Pseudochlamys">'Pseudochlamys''
Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Lacordaire 1848 non Comas 1977*** ''Pyxidicula''
Ehrenberg 1838 non Ehrenberg 1834 non Strelnikova & Nikolajev 1986
*** ''Spumochlamys''
Kudryavtsev & Hausmann 2007
* Suborder Glutinoconcha
Lahr et al. 2019
** Infraorder
Volnustoma Lahr et al. 2019
*** Family
Heleoperidae Jung 1942
**** ''
Awerintzewia''
Schouteden 1906
**** ''
Heleopera
''Heleopera'' is a genus of Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In traditi ...
''
Leidy 1879
** Infraorder
Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al. 2019
*** Family
Hyalospheniidae
Hyalospheniidae is a group of testate amoebae and the sole family of the infraorder Hyalospheniformes. Hyalospheniid testate amoebae are considered important bioindicators, which is why they are frequently used for environmental monitoring and th ...
Schulze, 1977 ebelidae Taranek 1882**** ?''
Apolimia''
Korganova 1987
**** ?''
Deflandria''
Jung 1942
**** ?''
Heleoporella''
Couteaux 1978
**** ?''
Leidyella''
Jung 1942
**** ?''
Metaheleopera''
Bartos 1954
**** ?''
Marsipos''
Medioli et al. 1990
**** ?''
Paranebela''
Jung 1942
**** ?''
Penardiella''
Kahl 1930
**** ?''
Pseudogeamphorella''
Décloitre 1964 nomen nudum
**** ?''
Pseudohyalosphenia''
Stepanek 1967 nomen nudum
**** ?''
Pterygia
Pterygium (plural ''pterygia'' or ''pterygiums'') refers to any wing-like triangular membrane occurring in the neck, eyes, knees, elbows, ankles or digits.
The term comes from the Greek word ''pterygion'' meaning "wing".
Types
* Popliteal ptery ...
''
Jung 1942 non Roeding 1798 non Link 1807 non Laporte 1832
**** ?''
Schaudinnia''
Jung 1942 non Schulze 1900
**** ?''
Umbonaria''
Jung 1942
**** ''
Alabasta
''Alabasta'' () is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. It contains species with an elongated test and a strongly curved "pseudostome" (the test opening) with a flare and a notch in narrow view. These s ...
''
Duckert et al. 2018
**** ''
Alocodera''
Jung 1942a
**** ''
Apodera
''Apodera'' is a genus of Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In traditional a ...
''
Loeblich & Tappan 1961
**** ''
Certesella''
Loeblich & Tappan 1961
**** ''
Cornutheca''
Kosakyan et al. 2016
**** ''
Gibbocarina''
Kosakyan et al. 2016
**** ''
Hyalosphenia''
Stein 1859
**** ''
Longinebela''
Kosakyan et al. 2016
**** ''
Mrabella''
Kosakyan et al. 2016
**** ''
Nebela
''Nebela'' is a diverse genus of testate amoebae of cosmopolitan distribution, belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. They are "prey agglutinated" or "kleptosquamic" organisms, meaning they take the inorganic plates from their prey to constr ...
''
Leidy 1875
**** ''
Padaungiella''
Lara & Todorov 2012
**** ''
Planocarina
''Planocarina'' () is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. It was created in 2016 to agglutinate a clade of species that were previously assigned to the paraphyletic genus ''Nebela''. All species of '' ...
''
Kosakyan et al. 2016
**** ''
Porosia''
Jung 1942
**** ''
Quadrulella
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Cockerell 1909 'Quadrula''_
Schulze_1875_non_Rafinesque_1820.html" ;"title="Quadrula.html" ;"title="'Quadrula">'Quadrula''
Schulze 1875 non Rafinesque 1820">Quadrula.html" ;"title="'Quadrula">'Quadrula''
Schulze 1875 non Rafinesque 1820** Infraorder Excentrostoma
Lahr et al. 2019
*** ?''Centropyxiella''
Valkanov 1970
*** ?''Oopyxis''
Jung 1942
*** Family Centropyxidae
**** ''Armipyxis''
Dekhtiar 2009
**** ''
Centropyxis
''Centropyxis'' is a genus of lobose testate amoebae (Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochon ...
''
Stein 1857 'Echinopyxis''_
Claparede_&_Lachmann_1859_non_Pantocsek_1913;_''Collaripyxidia.html" ;"title="Echinopyxis.html" ;"title="'Echinopyxis">'Echinopyxis''
Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Pantocsek 1913; ''Collaripyxidia">Echinopyxis.html" ;"title="'Echinopyxis">'Echinopyxis''
Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Pantocsek 1913; ''Collaripyxidia''
Zivkovic 1975; ''Toquepyxis''
Laminger 1971]
**** ''Conicocassis''
Nasser & Patterson 2015
**** ''Proplagiopyxis''
Schönborn 1964
*** Family Plagiopyxidae
**** ''
Bullinularia''
Deflandre 1953 'Bullinula''_
Penard_1911.html" ;"title="Bullinula.html" ;"title="'
'Bullinula''_
Penard_1911">Bullinula.html"_;"title="'Bullinula">'Bullinula''_
Penard_1911****_''Geoplagiopyxis.html" ;"title="Bullinula">'Bullinula''
Penard 1911">Bullinula.html" ;"title="'Bullinula">'Bullinula''
Penard 1911**** ''Geoplagiopyxis">Bullinula">'Bullinula''
Penard 1911">Bullinula.html" ;"title="'Bullinula">'Bullinula''
Penard 1911**** ''Geoplagiopyxis''
Chardez 1961
**** ''Hoogenraadia''
GauthierLievre & Thomas 1958
**** ''Paracentropyxis''
Bonnet 1960
**** ''Plagiopyxis''
Penard 1910
**** ''Planhoogenraadia''
Bonnet 1977
**** ''
Protoplagiopyxis''
Bonnet 1962
** Infraorder
Longithecina Lahr et al. 2019
*** Family
Lesquereusiidae araquadrulidae Deflandre 1953**** ''
Fabalesquereusia''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
**** ''
Lesquereusia''
Schlumberger 1845
**** ''
Microquadrula''
Golemansky 1968
**** ''
Paraquadrula''
Deflandre 1932
**** ''
Pomoriella''
Golemansky 1970
*** Family
Difflugiidae
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
Wallich 1864
**** ?''
Lagenodifflugia''
Medioli & Scott 1983
**** ?''
Maghrebia''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958
**** ?''
Pentagonina''
Bovee & Jahn 1974 Pentagonia''_
Gauthier-Lievre_&_Thomas_1958_non_Cozzens_1846;_''Falsidifflugia.html" ;"title="Pentagonia_(amoeba).html" ;"title="'Pentagonia (amoeba)">Pentagonia''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958 non Cozzens 1846; ''Falsidifflugia">Pentagonia_(amoeba).html" ;"title="'Pentagonia (amoeba)">Pentagonia''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958 non Cozzens 1846; ''Falsidifflugia''
Haman 1988]
**** ?''Pseudopontigulasia''
Oye 1956
**** ?''Sexangularia''
Awerintzew 1906
**** ?''Suiadifflugia''
Green 1975
**** ?''Zivkovicia''
Ogden 1987
**** ''
Armatodifflugia''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
**** ''
Difflugia
''Difflugia'' is the largest genus of Arcellinida, one of several groups of Tubulinea within the eukaryote supergroup Amoebozoa. Arcellinida species produce shells or tests from mineral particles or biogeonic elements (e.g. diatom frustules) and ...
''
Leclere 1815 ex Lamarck 1816
**** ''
Mediolus''
Patterson 2014
**** ''
Nabranella''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2009
**** ''
Pelecyamoeba''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
**** ''
Pontigulasia''
Rhumbler 1895
**** ''
Pseudonebela''
Gauthier-Lievre 1954 non Schönborn 1964
** Infraorder
Sphaerothecina Kosakyan et al. 2016
*** ?''
Cornuapyxis''
Couteaux & Chardez 1981
*** ?''
Cucurbitella''
Penard 1902 non Walpers 1846
*** ?''
Ellipsopyxella''
Bonnet 1975
*** ?''
Ellipsopyxis''
Bonnet 1965
*** ?''
Protocucurbitella''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960 non Naumov
*** Family
Distomatopyxidae Bonnet 1970
**** ''
Distomatopyxis''
Bonnet 1970
*** Family
Lamtopyxidae Bonnet 1974
**** ''
Lamtopyxis''
Bonnet 1974
*** Family
Netzeliidae Kosakyan et al. 2016 yclopyxidae Schönborn 1989**** ''
Cyclopyxis''
Bonnet 1953
**** ''
Netzelia''
Ogden 1979
*** Family
Arcellidae Ehrenberg 1832
**** ''
Antarcella''
Ehrenberg 1838
**** ''
Arcella
''Arcella'' is a genus of testate amoebae in the order Arcellinida, usually found in freshwaters and mosses, and rarely in soils. A key characteristic of ''Arcella'' is the circular test with a hole on its center from where finger-like pseudopod ...
''
Deflandre 1928 'Arcellina''_
Carter_1856_non_DuPlessis_1876_non_Haeckel_1894;_''Cyphidium.html" ;"title="Arcellina.html" ;"title="'Arcellina">'Arcellina''
Carter 1856 non DuPlessis 1876 non Haeckel 1894; ''Cyphidium">Arcellina.html" ;"title="'Arcellina">'Arcellina''
Carter 1856 non DuPlessis 1876 non Haeckel 1894; ''Cyphidium''
Ehrenberg 1837 non Magnus 1875; ''Leptocystis''
Playfair 1918]
*** Trigonopyxidae
Loeblich 1964
**** ''Geopyxella''
Bonnet & Thomas 1955
**** ''Trigonopyxis''
Penard 1912
Arcellinida
incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...
:
* ''
Argynnia''
Vucetich, 1974
* ''
Awerintzewia''
Schouteden, 1906
* ''
Geamphorella''
Bonnet, 1959
* ''Jungia (testate amoeba), Jungia''
Loeblich & Tappan 1961
* ''
Lagenodifflugia''
Medioli & Scott, 1983
* ''Lamtoquadrula''
Bonnet 1975
* ''Leptochlamys''
West 1901
* ''
Maghrebia''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas, 1960
* ''Ochros''
Medioli et al. 1990
* †''Palaeoleptochlamys''
Strullu-Derrien et al. 2019
* ''Physochila''
Jung 1942
* ''Pseudawerintzewia''
Bonnet 1959
* ''Sacculus (protist), Sacculus''
Medioli et al. 1990 non Gosse 1851 non Hirase 1927 non Neviani 1930
* ''Schoenbornia''
Decloitre 1964
* ''Swabia (testate amoeba), Swabia''
* Family Bipseudostomatidae
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
** ''Bipseudostomatella''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
** ''Gomocollariella''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
* Family Mississippiellidae
Huddleston & Haman 1985
** ''Mississippiella''
Haman 1982
* Family Shamkiriidae
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
** ''Shamkiriella''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
References
External links
ISTAR, the International Society for Testate Amoeba ResearchTree of Life: Arcellinida* [http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/protis/homamoeb/amts0100.htm Protozoa: The testate amoebae]
BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK) - TESTACEA (Testate amoebae)Pictures of testate amoebae
{{Taxonbar, from=Q136129
Amoebozoa orders
Tubulinea