Husein Miljković
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Husein "Huska" Miljković (1905 – 27 May 1944) was a
Bosniak The Bosniaks ( bs, Bošnjaci, Cyrillic: Бошњаци, ; , ) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry, cu ...
military commander who fought with various military formations in Yugoslavia during
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
. A communist politician during the
interwar period In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days), the end of the World War I, First World War to the beginning of the World War II, Second World War. The in ...
, he joined the
Yugoslav Partisans The Yugoslav Partisans,Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene: , or the National Liberation Army, sh-Latn-Cyrl, Narodnooslobodilačka vojska (NOV), Народноослободилачка војска (НОВ); mk, Народноослобод ...
following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia but defected to the
Ustaše The Ustaše (), also known by anglicised versions Ustasha or Ustashe, was a Croats, Croatian Fascism, fascist and ultranationalism, ultranationalist organization active, as one organization, between 1929 and 1945, formally known as the Ustaš ...
in mid-1941. He defected back to the Partisans in December 1941 and was made leader of communist forces in northwestern
Bosnia Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and He ...
during 1942. Following a political disagreement, he defected to the Ustaše yet again in February 1943 and was given command of 100 soldiers. He formed his own 3,000-strong Bosniak militia with the help of the Germans and Croats in late 1943. He agreed to align himself with the Partisans once again in early 1944, prompting Bosniak anti-communists within his militia to assassinate him in May 1944.


Early life and political career

Husein Miljković was born in 1905 in the village of Trnovi, near Velika Kladuša. He belonged to a
Bosniak The Bosniaks ( bs, Bošnjaci, Cyrillic: Бошњаци, ; , ) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry, cu ...
peasant family and never attended school. In his youth, he worked as a logger and construction worker. In the 1920s, he became a delegate to the parliament of the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Kingdom commonly refers to: * A monarchy ruled by a king or queen * Kingdom (biology), a category in biological taxonomy Kingdom may also refer to: Arts and media Television * ''Kingdom'' (British TV series), a 2007 British television drama s ...
in
Belgrade Belgrade ( , ;, ; Names of European cities in different languages: B, names in other languages) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers a ...
. His political activities led to him being fined and imprisoned multiple times by Yugoslav authorities. In 1937, he became one of the founding members of the Communist Party in Velika Kladuša.


World War II

On 6 April 1941, Axis forces
invaded An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either: conquering; liberating or re-establishing con ...
the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia The Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Kraljevina Jugoslavija, Краљевина Југославија; sl, Kraljevina Jugoslavija) was a state in Southeast Europe, Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 unt ...
. Poorly equipped and poorly trained, the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated. The extreme Croat nationalist and fascist Ante Pavelić, who had been in exile in
Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 194 ...
's
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
, was then appointed ''
Poglavnik () was the title used by Ante Pavelić, leader of the World War II Croatian movement Ustaše and of the Independent State of Croatia between 1941 and 1945. Etymology and usage The word was first recorded in a 16th-century dictionary compiled ...
'' (leader) of an
Ustaše The Ustaše (), also known by anglicised versions Ustasha or Ustashe, was a Croats, Croatian Fascism, fascist and ultranationalism, ultranationalist organization active, as one organization, between 1929 and 1945, formally known as the Ustaš ...
-led Croatian state—the
Independent State of Croatia The Independent State of Croatia ( sh, Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH; german: Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien; it, Stato indipendente di Croazia) was a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy (1922–1943), Fascist It ...
(often called the NDH, from the hr, Nezavisna Država Hrvatska). The NDH combined almost all of modern-day
Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...
, all of modern-day
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and H ...
and parts of modern-day
Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...
into an "Italian-German quasi-protectorate." Miljković became the leader of an anti-Ustaše uprising of mostly Serb citizens on Petrova Gora following the establishment of the NDH. He defected to the Ustaše in August 1941 and joined the Croatian Home Guard in
Petrinja Petrinja () is a town in central Croatia near Sisak in the historic region of Banovina. It is administratively located in Sisak-Moslavina County. On December 29, 2020, the town was hit by a strong earthquake with a magnitude of 6.4 , causing ...
. He fought with the Croatian Home Guard until December, when he defected back to the
Yugoslav Partisans The Yugoslav Partisans,Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene: , or the National Liberation Army, sh-Latn-Cyrl, Narodnooslobodilačka vojska (NOV), Народноослободилачка војска (НОВ); mk, Народноослобод ...
and returned to Kordun. He was then transferred to the Vojnić branch of the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH). At the beginning of 1942, he became a member of the regional committee of the KPH in
Karlovac Karlovac () is a city in central Croatia. According to the 2011 census, its population was 55,705. Karlovac is the administrative centre of Karlovac County. The city is located on the Zagreb- Rijeka highway and railway line, south-west of Zagre ...
. He was named commander of Velika Kladuša following the
communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...
capture of the town in February and became the leader of the Yugoslav Partisans in Cazin. Between March and September, he served as the secretary of the regional KPH committee in Cazin. He objected when the committee was merged with the KPH headquarters in Bihać in September and was distanced from the regional communist leadership of northwestern
Bosnia Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and He ...
shortly afterwards. Having attained the rank of deputy commander, Miljković deserted the Partisans as the Bihać field battalion began retreating from
Drvar Drvar (, ) is a town and municipality located in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The 2013 census registered the municipality as having a population of 7,036. It is situated in western Bos ...
towards Livno in February 1943. He returned to Cazin and surrendered to the Ustaše 11th Infantry Regiment. He then joined the regiment in fighting against the Partisans and took command of a unit consisting of 100 men. Miljković's unit served under the 3rd Mountain Brigade of the Croatian Home Guard from June to September 1943 and was later incorporated into the 114th Jäger Division of the
Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previous ...
. With the help of the Germans and the Ustaše, Miljković formed his own militia. It consisted of eight full battalions. Approximately 3,000 soldiers joined. The unit attracted Muslim conscripts from the Croatian Home Guard and united them under the motto "For Islam!". Miljković won the support of a small circle of citizens of Velika Kladuša and local Islamic religious leaders. The Partisans launched an unsuccessful attempt to destroy Miljković's militia in November 1943. Under German protection, Miljković began collaborating with the
Chetniks The Chetniks ( sh-Cyrl-Latn, Четници, Četnici, ; sl, Četniki), formally the Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army, and also the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland and the Ravna Gora Movement, was a Yugoslav royalist and Serbian nationa ...
against the Partisans. According to some sources, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel within the Croatian Home Guard at around this time. The Germans, Croatians, Chetniks, and Partisans all wished to reach their own individual agreements with Miljković due to the large size of his militia. Miljković began negotiating with both the Ustaše and the Partisans in late 1943. The Ustaše proposed that his forces align themselves with the NDH and form the Krajina Brigade, while the Partisans offered to accept Miljković into their ranks. Miljković accepted the Partisan offer in January 1944 and allowed for some of his troops to join newly formed Partisan Muslim brigades. Shortly after, his entire militia joined the Partisan 4th Corps and he was promoted to the Partisan rank of Colonel.


Death

Miljković's agreements with the Partisans caused him to fall out of favour with the Germans and the Ustaše and he was killed on 27 May 1944. The affiliation of his killers is disputed. Historian Noel Malcolm writes that he was killed by pro-Ustaše members of his militia. Journalist Tim Judah states that his killers were Bosniaks working either for the Ustaše or the Partisans.


Legacy

Miljković is a controversial figure. His followers organized a unit known as the Green Cadre (''Zeleni kadar'') following his death and joined the Ustaše in carrying out atrocities against Serb civilians. They also committed terrorist acts throughout northwestern Bosnia for several years following the war. Several dozen people were killed in such attacks, which lasted until the last of the outlaws were captured in 1950. Miljković is buried inside a mosque in Velika Kladuša. Several authors assert that the post-war politician and businessman Fikret Abdić—who led the
Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia The Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia ( bs, Autonomna Pokrajina Zapadna Bosna), or Western Bosnia, was a small unrecognised state that existed in the northwest of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1993 and 1995. It consisted of the town of Ve ...
during the
Bosnian War The Bosnian War ( sh, Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini / Рат у Босни и Херцеговини) was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The war is commonly seen as having started ...
—drew inspiration from him.


Notes


References

* * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Husein Miljkovic 1905 births 1944 deaths People from Velika Kladuša Croatian Home Guard personnel Yugoslav Partisans members People from the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Muslims Bosnia and Herzegovina politicians Bosnia and Herzegovina soldiers