Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of

chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...

s in

human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...

s. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 58.6 million

base pair A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA ...

s, the building material of DNA. It is considered the most

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...

-rich chromosome containing roughly 1,500 genes, despite accounting for only 2 percent of the human genome.

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 19. Because researchers use different approaches to

genome annotation DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of identifying the locations of genes and all of the coding regions in a genome and determining what those genes do. An annotation (irrespective of the context) is a note added by way of explanati ...

, their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see

gene prediction In computational biology, gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes. This includes protein-coding genes as well as RNA genes, but may also include prediction of other functiona ...

). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project ( CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.

Gene list

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 19. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

Short arm

Long arm

Diseases and disorders

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 19: * Alternating hemiplegia of childhood *

Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegeneration, neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in short-term me ...

* CADASIL * Centronuclear myopathy autosomal dominant form * Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease *

Congenital hearing loss Congenital hearing loss is a hearing loss present at birth. It can include hereditary hearing loss or hearing loss due to other factors present either in-utero (prenatal) or at the time of birth. Genetic factors Genetic factors are thought to ...

Congenital hypothyroidism Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth. If untreated for several months after birth, severe congenital hypothyroidism can lead to growth failure and permanent intellectual disability. Infants born with cong ...

* Donohue syndrome *

Familial hemiplegic migraine Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant type of hemiplegic migraine that typically includes weakness of half the body which can last for hours, days, or weeks. It can be accompanied by other symptoms, such as ataxia, coma, ...

* Glutaric acidemia type 1 *

Hemochromatosis Iron overload or hemochromatosis (also spelled ''haemochromatosis'' in British English) indicates increased total accumulation of iron in the body from any cause and resulting organ damage. The most important causes are hereditary haemochromatosi ...

HUPRA syndrome HUPRA syndrome is a rare syndrome that was first described in 2010 in two infants of Palestinian People, Palestinian origin from the same village in the Jerusalem area. One of the two infants' parents were consanguinity, related. It was later desc ...

Leber congenital amaurosis Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life. It affects about 1 in 40,000 newborns. LCA was first described by Theodor Leber in the 19th century. It should not be co ...

Maple syrup urine disease Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting branched-chain amino acids. It is one type of organic acidemia. The condition gets its name from the distinctive sweet odor of affected infants' urine and ear ...

Marfan syndrome Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a multi-systemic genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue. Those with the condition tend to be tall and thin, with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes. They also typically have exceptionally flexible joints a ...

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Fairbank's disease or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare genetic disorder (dominant form: 1 in 10,000 births) that affects the growing ends of bones. Long bones normally elongate by expansion of cartilage in the growth plate (epiphysea ...

Myotonic dystrophy Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a type of muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle loss and weakness. In DM, muscles are often unable to relax after contraction. Other manifestations may include cataracts, intel ...

* Myotubular myopathy autosomal dominant form * Oligodendroglioma * Peutz–Jeghers syndrome *

Prolidase deficiency Prolidase deficiency (PD) is an extremely uncommon autosomal recessive disorder associated with collagen metabolism that affects connective tissues and thus a diverse array of organ systems more broadly, though it is extremely inconsistent in its ...

Pseudoachondroplasia Pseudoachondroplasia is an inherited disorder of bone growth. It is a genetic autosomal dominant disorder. It is generally not discovered until 2–3 years of age, since growth is normal at first. Pseudoachondroplasia is usually first detected b ...

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a rare, late-onset, autosomal dominant disorder, which, like other types of Spinocerebellar ataxia, SCA, is characterized by dysarthria, oculomotor disorders, peripheral neuropathy, and ataxia of the gait, st ...

X-linked agammaglobulinemia X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a rare genetic disorder discovered in 1952 that affects the body's ability to fight infection. As the form of agammaglobulinemia that is X-linked, it is much more common in males. In people with XLA, the lymphop ...

or Bruton's disease

Cytogenetic band

References

* * Human Proteome Project Launch website~ https://web.archive.org/web/20110726163128/http://www.hupo.org/research/hpp/HPP_legrain_sep_2010.pdf

External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Chromosome 19 (Human) Chromosomes (human) *