Hugo de Saint-Cher
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Hugh of Saint-Cher ( la, Hugo de Sancto Charo), O.P. (c. 1200 – 19 March 1263) was a
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
Dominican friar who became a
cardinal Cardinal or The Cardinal may refer to: Animals * Cardinal (bird) or Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds **''Cardinalis'', genus of cardinal in the family Cardinalidae **''Cardinalis cardinalis'', or northern cardinal, the ...
and noted
biblical The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...
commentator.


Life

Hugh was born at Saint-Cher, a suburb of Vienne, Dauphiné, around the beginning of the 13th century. After completing his early studies at a local monastery near his home, at about the age of fourteen, he went to the University of Paris to study
philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...
, theology, and jurisprudence, which latter subject he later taught in the same city.Gigot, Francis. "Hugh of St-Cher." The Catholic Encyclopedia
Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 2 June 2018
In 1225, he entered the Dominican priory there and took the
religious habit A religious habit is a distinctive set of religious clothing worn by members of a religious order. Traditionally some plain garb recognizable as a religious habit has also been worn by those leading the religious eremitic and anchoritic life, ...
of the recently founded Order. Soon after his admission, he was appointed as
Prior Provincial Prior (or prioress) is an ecclesiastical title for a superior in some religious orders. The word is derived from the Latin for "earlier" or "first". Its earlier generic usage referred to any monastic superior. In abbeys, a prior would be l ...
of the Order for France. In 1230 he became Master of Theology and was elected prior of the Paris monastery. During those years, he contributed largely to the Order's success, and won the confidence of Pope Gregory IX, who sent him as a
papal legate 300px, A woodcut showing Henry II of England greeting the pope's legate. A papal legate or apostolic legate (from the ancient Roman title ''legatus'') is a personal representative of the pope to foreign nations, or to some part of the Catholic ...
to Constantinople in 1233.


Cardinalate

Pope Innocent IV made Hugh a Cardinal Priest as the first of the Dominican order in 1244, with his titular church being Santa Sabina, the mother church of the Dominican Order. He then played an important part in the First Council of Lyons, which took place the following year. He contributed to the institution of the Feast of Corpus Christi on the General Roman Calendar. In 1247, upon instructions of Pope Innocent, Hugh revised the
Carmelite Rule of St. Albert The eremitic Rule of Saint Albert is the shortest of the rules of consecrated life in existence of the Catholic spiritual tradition, and is composed almost exclusively of scriptural precepts. To this day it is a rich source of inspiration for the ...
, which the
Saint In religious belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of Q-D-Š, holiness, likeness, or closeness to God. However, the use of the term ''saint'' depends on the context and Christian denomination, denominat ...
Albert Avogadro,
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem ( la, Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus) is the Latin Catholic ecclesiastical patriarchate in Jerusalem, officially seated in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It was originally established in 1099, wit ...
, had given the first Carmelite friars on
Mount Carmel Mount Carmel ( he, הַר הַכַּרְמֶל, Har haKarmel; ar, جبل الكرمل, Jabal al-Karmil), also known in Arabic as Mount Mar Elias ( ar, link=no, جبل مار إلياس, Jabal Mār Ilyās, lit=Mount Saint Elias/Elijah), is a c ...
. The Holy See felt it necessary to mitigate some of the Rule's more demanding elements to make it more compatible with conditions in Europe. The same pope approved these changes, and this revision remains the Rule for the Carmelite Order. After the death in 1250 of the
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Frederick II, Pope Innocent sent Hugh to Germany as his legate for the election of a successor. Under the authority of Pope Alexander IV, in 1255 Hugh supervised the commission that condemned the ''Introductorius in Evangelium aeternum'' of
Gherardino da Borgo San Donnino Gerard of Borgo San Donnino () was an Italian friar of the Order of Friars Minor. Biography Gerardo was born at an unknown date in Borgo San Donnino (now Fidenza), then an independent commune, now part of the Province of Parma. He went to P ...
, which promoted the teachings of Abbot Joachim of Fiore. These teachings worried the bishops as they had become widespread among the "Spiritual" wing of the Franciscan friars, to which Gherardino belonged. He also supervised the condemnation of William of St Amour's ''De periculis novissimorum temporum''. This work was an expression of the attack on the mendicant Orders, who were becoming so successful in the lives of the universities, by the
secular clergy In Christianity, the term secular clergy refers to deacons and priests who are not monastics or otherwise members of religious life. A secular priest (sometimes known as a diocesan priest) is a priest who commits themselves to a certain geogra ...
who had previously had unchallenged authority there. Hugh served as Major Penitentiary of the Catholic Church from 1256 to 1262. He was named Cardinal Bishop of Ostia in December 1261, but resigned a few months later and returned to his title of Santa Sabina. Hugh was in residence in
Orvieto Orvieto () is a city and ''comune'' in the Province of Terni, southwestern Umbria, Italy, situated on the flat summit of a large butte of volcanic tuff. The city rises dramatically above the almost-vertical faces of tuff cliffs that are compl ...
, Italy, with Pope Urban IV, who had established a long-term residence there, when he died on 19 March 1263.


Works

Hugh of St-Cher (or, possibly, a team of scholars under his direction) was the first to compile a so-called "correctorium", a collection of variant readings of the Bible. His work, entitled "Correctio Biblie", survives in more than a dozen manuscripts. In the preface to the "Correctio Biblie", Hugh writes that he has collated various Latin versions and biblical commentaries, as well as the Hebrew manuscripts. For his approach to the text of the Bible, he was criciticsed by
William de la Mare William de La Mare ( fl. 1272–1279) was an English Franciscan theologian. Biography William de la Mare's origins are unknown. He obtained a master's degree (Master Regent) in Paris in 1274/5. In Paris, he came under the influence of Bonaventura ...
, author of another ''correctorium''. His commentary on Peter Lombard's '' Book of Sentences'' exercised significant influence over subsequent generations of theologians. The works introduced for the first time the distinction between God's unconditioned potence (in Latin: ''potentia absoluta'') and his conditioned one (''potentia conditionata''). The latter belongs to the divine kingship, but is also limited by the goodness and love of God, as well as by the law he had given to mankind. The distinction influenced the theology of John Duns Scotus who distinguished the unconditioned potence of God (''potentia absoluta'') from the ordained potence (''potentia ordinata''). The distinction was forged in his commentary on the ''Sentences''. This new theological notion was rejected by William of Auxerre, Thomas Aquinas, Albert the Great, Saint Bonaventure and
John of La Rochelle John De La Rochelle, O.F.M. (also known as Jean de La Rochelle, John of Rupella, and Johannes de Rupella; 1200 – 8 February 1245), was a French Franciscan and theologian. Life He was born in La Rochelle (Latin: ''Rupella''), towards the end ...
. William Courtenay (1342-1396) and Lawrence Moonan identified its origin in the ''Summa Theologiae'' of Geoffrey of Poitiers. Hugh of Saint-Cher also wrote the ''Postillae in sacram scripturam juxta quadruplicem sensum, litteralem, allegoricum, anagogicum et moralem,'' published frequently in the 15th and 16th centuries. His ''Sermones de tempore et sanctis'' are apparently only extracts. His
exegetical Exegesis ( ; from the Greek , from , "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text. The term is traditionally applied to the interpretation of Biblical works. In modern usage, exegesis can involve critical interpretation ...
works were published at
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in 1754 in eight volumes. Hugh directed the compilation of the first Bible concordance (of the Vulgate, completed in 1230.


Footnotes


References

* Quétif- Échard, ''Scriptores ordinis praedicatorum'' *
Heinrich Seuse Denifle Henry Denifle, in German Heinrich Seuse Denifle (January 16, 1844 in Imst, Tyrol – June 10, 1905 in Munich), was an Austrian paleographer and historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an aut ...
, in ''Archiv für Literatur und Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters'', i.49, ii.171, iv.263 and 471 *''L'Année dominicaine'', (1886) iii.509 and 883 *''Chartularium universitatis Parisiensis'', i.158. * *Ayelet Even-Ezra, Ecstasy in the Classroom: Trance, Self and the Academic Profession in Medieval Paris (Fordham University Press: NY, 2018).


External links


Lewis E 46 Biblical commentary on the Old Testament--I Kings - Esther at OPenn
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hugh Of Saint-Cher 1200 births 1263 deaths 13th-century French cardinals Cardinal-bishops of Ostia French Dominicans Dominican bishops Dominican cardinals Roman Catholic biblical scholars Scholastic philosophers Major Penitentiaries of the Apostolic Penitentiary People from Vienne 13th-century French Catholic theologians