The 2004 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 12 September 2004 for members of the

Legislative Council of Hong Kong The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (LegCo) is the unicameral legislature of Hong Kong. It sits under China's " one country, two systems" constitutional arrangement, and is the power centre of Hong Ko ...

(LegCo). The election returned 30 members from directly elected

geographical constituencies In Hong Kong, geographical constituencies, as opposed to functional constituencies, are elected by all eligible voters according to geographically demarcated constituencies. There are currently 5 geographical constituencies in Hong Kong, returni ...

and 30 members from functional constituencies, of which 11 were unopposed. An unprecedented number of 3.2 million people registered to vote in the election. The turnout rate was an unprecedented 55.6% with 1,784,406 voters casting ballots, beating the previous record set in 1998 by 200,000 votes. While pro-democratic opposition candidates gained new seats in the legislature, their gains fell short of their expectations. In the geographical constituencies, candidates from the pro-democratic camp secured 60 percent of the seats in the geographical sectors of the election, taking 18 seats (up from 17) in this category, and 62 percent of the popular vote. On the other hand, the

pro-Beijing The pro-Beijing camp, pro-establishment camp, pro-government camp or pro-China camp refers to a political alignment in Hong Kong which generally supports the policies of the Beijing central government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) t ...

and pro-business candidates made greater gains, winning 12 directly elected seats (up from 7). In the functional constituencies which the pro-democratic camp sought to abolish, the camp made more gains (from 5 to 7 seats). Overall, the democrats took 25 seats and the pro-government camp 35 seats. Bills initiated by the government can still be passed on pro-government support alone, but bills originated by members cannot be passed without democratic support, since these bills require absolute majorities in each sector (geographical and functional) of the legislature. Constitutional amendments require a

two-thirds vote A supermajority, supra-majority, qualified majority, or special majority is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of more than one-half used for a simple majority. Supermajority r ...

and thereby also require support from the democratic camp. Despite the increase in the number of seats returned by geographical constituencies and the record turnout, the

Democratic Party Democratic Party most often refers to: *Democratic Party (United States) Democratic Party and similar terms may also refer to: Active parties Africa *Botswana Democratic Party *Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea *Gabonese Democratic Party *Demo ...

lost the status of being the largest political party in the Legislative Council to the pro-government Democratic Alliance for Betterment of Hong Kong, DAB, who secured 12 seats if including the two members who ran under the banner of the

Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU) is a pro-Beijing labour and political group established in 1948 in Hong Kong. It is the oldest and largest labour group in Hong Kong with over 420,000 members in 253 affiliates and associated ...

, and pro-business

Liberal Party The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. __TOC__ Active liberal parties This is a li ...

who secured 10 seats, thereby becoming only the third-largest party. Some attributed the poor performance of the pro-democratic camp to tactical miscalculation in vote allocation. This was not helped by some of the democratic parties' personal scandals. The pro-Beijing and pro-business parties succeeded in retaining the majority in the legislature. However, pro-democracy candidates have maintained the threshold to block changes, if necessary, to the

Basic Law of Hong Kong The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is a national law of China that serves as the organic law for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Comprising nine chapters, 160 ar ...

, since a two-thirds vote is required for amendment. The current Legislative Council also saw the entry of more radical members of the democratic camp.

Change in composition

According to the Annex II of the

, the 6-seat Election Committee constituency indirectly elected by the 800-member

Election Committee The Election Committee is a Hong Kong electoral college, the function of which is to select the Chief Executive (CE) and, since 2021, to elect 40 of the 90 members of the Legislative Council. Established by Annex I of the Basic Law of Ho ...

would be abolished, while the directly elected

geographical constituency In Hong Kong, geographical constituencies, as opposed to functional constituencies, are elected by all eligible voters according to geographically demarcated constituencies. There are currently 5 geographical constituencies in Hong Kong, returni ...

seats would increase from 24 to 30, same number of the indirectly elected functional constituencies. As a result, Hong Kong Island and

Kowloon East Kowloon East is the eastern part of Kowloon, covering the Wong Tai Sin District, Wong Tai Sin and Kwun Tong District, with Kowloon City District occasionally included. History The boundary of Kowloon East is not strictly defined and hence varies ...

was added one extra seat each, from five to six and four to five respectively, and the

New Territories West New Territories West (NTW) is the western part of Hong Kong's New Territories, covering Yuen Long, Tuen Mun, Tsuen Wan, Kwai Tsing and the Islands District. History Settlements in the area, except the Islands District, have been connected by the ...

and New Territories East was added two extra seats each, from six to eight and five to seven respectively, while the number of seats in

Kowloon West Kowloon West is the western part of Kowloon, covering the Yau Tsim Mong and Sham Shui Po District, with Kowloon City District occasionally included. History The boundary of Kowloon West is not strictly defined and hence varies. While traditio ...

remained four.

Background

The election came amidst the deteriorating governance and intense debates over constitutional reforms in Hong Kong. The

Tung Chee-hwa Tung Chee-hwa (; born 7 July 1937) is a Hong Kong businessman and politician who served as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong between 1997 and 2005, upon the transfer of sovereignty on 1 July. He is currently a vice-chairman of the Chin ...

administration had been embattling with economic recession brought by the 1997 financial crisis and the more prominent SARS outbreak in 2003. Nevertheless, the Tung administration push forward the controversial

Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 () is an article in the Basic Law, the constitution of Hong Kong. It states that Hong Kong "shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central Peop ...

legislation which outlawed "treason" and "subversive activities" and raised concerns on its potential threats against Hong Kong people's civil liberties. A group of barristers formed the Basic Law Article 23 Concern Group and rallied against the national security legislation. Over 500,000 people to protested on 1 July 2003, the sixth anniversary of the establishment of the HKSAR, against the legislation, the largest demonstration since the handover.Wong, Yiu-Chung. One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation Since the Handover. Lexington books. The Article 23 legislation further crippled the Tung administration as the government saw its popularity dropped to a new low. The

Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) is a pro-Beijing conservative political party in Hong Kong. Chaired by Starry Lee and holding 13 Legislative Council seats, it is currently the largest party in the ...

(DAB), the largest pro-Beijing party saw its largest defeat in the District Council elections in November 2003, which alarmed the Beijing and the Hong Kong government. The Annex I and Annex II of the Basic Law state that the method for selecting the

Chief Executive A chief executive officer (CEO), also known as a central executive officer (CEO), chief administrator officer (CAO) or just chief executive (CE), is one of a number of corporate executives charged with the management of an organization especially ...

and for forming the Legislative Council could be amended after 2007. The

pro-democracy camp The pro-democracy camp, also known as the pan-democracy camp, is a political alignment in Hong Kong that supports increased democracy, namely the universal suffrage of the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council as given by the Basic L ...

argued that the third term of Chief Executive and fourth term of Legislative Council should be elected on the basis of

universal suffrage Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise, general suffrage, and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stan ...

in 2007 and 2008 as stipulated in the Article 45 and 68 of the Basic Law respectively. In 2004, the Article 23 Concern Group transformed into the

Article 45 Concern Group Basic Law Article 45 Concern Group is a pro-democracy political group in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR) . It was established on 14 November 2003 by legal practitioners and academics. It had ...

calling for the early implementation of the universal suffrage. Facing the pro-democracy pressure for full democratisation, in April 2004, the

National People's Congress Standing Committee The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China (NPCSC) is the permanent body of the National People's Congress (NPC) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which is the highest organ of state po ...

(NPCSC) ruled out the 2007/08 universal suffrage.

Retiring incumbents

With the cancellation of the Election Committee constituency, there were total of twelve incumbents chose not to run for re-election.

Ip Kwok-him Ip Kwok-him, GBM, GBS, JP (; born 8 November 1951) is a former unofficial member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong, served between 2016 and 2022. He is also former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong for the District Council ...

lost his seat in the

Central and Western District Council The Central and Western District Council is the district council for the Central and Western District in Hong Kong. It is one of 18 such councils. The Central and Western District Council currently consists of 15 members, of which the district ...

therefore was not qualified for running in the District Council functional constituency.

Opinion polling

Results

2004 Hong Kong legislative election result by party

Before election: Change in composition: , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" rowspan=2 colspan=3, Parties and allegiances ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" colspan=4 , Geographical constituencies ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" colspan=4 , Functional constituencies ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" rowspan=2 , Total
seats ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" rowspan=2 , ± , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" , ± pp ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" , Seats ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" , ± pp ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" , Seats , - , rowspan=6 style="text-align:left;background-color:Pink;border-bottom-style:hidden;", , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

, 402,420 , 22.73 , 5.67 , 8 , – , – , – , 2 , 10 , 0 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

, 118,997 , 6.72 , 4.84 , 2 , 6,126 , 4.71 , 0.25 , 8 , 10 , 2 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

, 52,564 , 2.97 , ''N/A'' , 1 , 566 , 0.44 , ''N/A'' , 2 , 3 , 2 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

Hong Kong Progressive Alliance The Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA) was a pro-Beijing, pro-business political party in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. It was established in 1994 and was merged into the Democratic Alliance ...

, 14,174 , 0.80 , 1.15 , 0 , 17 , 0.01 , 0.14 , 0 , 0 , 4 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

New Century Forum New Century Forum is a pro-Beijing middle-class oriented political group in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. The group comprises professionals, businessmen and academics, and aims to represent the ...

, 4,511 , 0.25 , 1.35 , 0 , – , – , – , – , 0 , 1 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" , Pro-government individuals and others , 69,306 , 3.92 , – , 1 , 36,313 , 27.91 , – , 11 , 12 , − , -style="background-color:Pink" , style="text-align:left;" colspan=3 , Total for pro-Beijing camp , 661,972 , 37.40 , 2.46 , 12 , 43,022 , 33.07 , 6.78 , 23 , 35 , 4 , - , rowspan=9 style="text-align:left;background-color:LightGreen;width:1px;border-bottom-style:hidden;", , style="background-color:;width:1px", , style="text-align:left;" ,

, 445,988 , 25.19 , 6.47 , 7 , 48,323 , 37.15 , 8.48 , 2 , 9 , 2 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

, 117,216 , 6.62 , ''N/A'' , 3 , 2,597 , 2.00 , ''N/A'' , 1 , 4 , 2 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" , The Frontier , 121,900 , 6.89 , 0.11 , 1 , – , – , – , – , 1 , 1 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood The Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL) is a Hong Kong pro-democracy social-liberal political party catering to grassroots interest with a strong basis in Sham Shui Po. Established on 26 October 1986, it was one ...

, 74,671 , 4.22 , 0.53 , 1 , – , – , – , – , 1 , 0 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions The Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (HKCTU) was a pro-democracy labour and political group in the Hong Kong. It was established on 29 July 1990. It had 160,000 members in 61 affiliates (mainly trade unions in various sectors) and rep ...

, 69,844 , 3.95 , 3.38 , 1 , – , – , – , – , 1 , 0 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

April Fifth Action April Fifth Action () is a Hong Kong left-wing group named after the first Tiananmen incident of 5 April 1976. While the organization's Chinese name translates as "April Fifth Action", English-language media in Hong Kong usually refer to it as th ...

, 60,925 , 3.44 , 2.06 , 1 , – , – , – , – , 1 , 1 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre The Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre (NWSC) is a pro-democracy political group in Hong Kong, holding one seat in the Legislative Council from 1995 to 1997, and since 1998. It was founded in 1985, with its roots in the New Youth Study S ...

, 59,033 , 3.33 , 1.17 , 1 , – , – , – , – , 1 , 0 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" ,

Hong Kong Social Workers' General Union Hong Kong Social Workers' General Union (HKSWGU) is a trade union for the social workers in Hong Kong. It was established in 1980. The current president, Cheung Kwok-che is the member in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It is one of the trade ...

, – , – , – , – , 3,199 , 2.46 , ''N/A'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , - , style="background-color:", , style="text-align:left;" , Pro democracy individuals and others , 155,812 , 8.80 , – , 3 , 27,594 , 21.21 , – , 4 , 7 , − , -style="background-color:LightGreen" , style="text-align:left;" colspan=3 , Total for pro-democracy camp , 1,105,388 , 62.44 , 1.88 , 18 , 81,713 , 62.81 , 7.00 , 7 , 25 , 4 , - , style="background-color:" , , style="text-align:left;" colspan=2 , Non-partisan individuals and others , 2,830 , 0.16 , – , 0 , 5,351 , 4.11 , – , 0 , 0 , − , - , style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="3", Total , width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 1,770,190 , width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 100.00 , width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", , style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 30 , width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 130,086 , width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 100.00 , width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", , style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 30 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 60 , style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 0 , - , style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan=13, , - , style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="3", Valid votes , width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 1,770,190 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 99.22 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 0.08 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9" rowspan="4" , , width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 130,086 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 96.41 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 0.25 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="3" rowspan="4" , , - , style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="3", Invalid votes , width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 13,941 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 0.78 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 0.08 , width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 4,849 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 3.59 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 0.25 , - , style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="3", Votes cast / turnout , width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 1,784,131 , width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 55.63 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", , width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 134,935 , width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 70.14 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 13.64 , - , style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="3", Registered voters , width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 3,207,227 , width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 100.00 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 4.97 , width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 192,374 , width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", 100.00 , width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=13 , Source turnout
Electoral Affairs Commission
11 candidates in 11 functional constituencies were elected unopposed to the Legislative Council. Note: For the joint list of pro-democrats in Hong Kong Island, Kowloon East and New Territories East, the votes are divided equally to each candidate.

Overview

The election was largely seen as a contest between the pro-democracy coalition and the pro-business and pro-Beijing coalitions. There were 162 candidates for 60 seats in the LegCo. Before the election, the pro-democratic camp was widely expected to gain the most votes and increase its representation from 22 seats in the LegCo. Some members of the pro-democratic camp aimed at securing an

absolute majority A supermajority, supra-majority, qualified majority, or special majority is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of more than one-half used for a simple majority. Supermajority r ...

of the seats in the legislature so that they would have the power to veto all government proposals. The democratic camp called for direct elections for the

Chief Executive of Hong Kong The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is the representative of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and head of the Government of Hong Kong. The position was created to replace the office of governor of ...

in 2007 and for LegCo in 2008, as well as rapid political reform. In contrast, the pro-Beijing and pro-business candidates placed more emphasis on economic growth and social stability. Most of the political parties are now setting 2012 as the ideal time for electoral reform. While the democratic camp hoped to play up the issue of universal suffrage as a prominent issue in the election, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress ruled out universal suffrage for the Chief Executive election in 2007 and for LegCo elections in 2008 in April 2004 before the election. Despite this, the pro-democratic camp insisted on promoting their agenda, which seemed to backfire when the campaign lost its original momentum. This was not helped by various sex and financial scandals of a few pro-democracy candidates. There were some allegations by the pro-democracy camp of Mainland Chinese influence behind this. Some of the developments include: * Some reports in phone-in radio programmes that some officials in the Mainland requested businessmen to take photographs of their completed ballots with their mobile phones to prove that they have voted for pro-Beijing candidates. In response, the government removed curtains from polling booths to deter such activities. * The entry into the election race of popular radio show host Albert Cheng, who had accused Beijing of pressuring him to leave his radio program. * The arrest and sentence (by

re-education through labour Re-education through labor (RTL; ), abbreviated ''laojiao'' () was a system of administrative detention on Mainland China. Active from 1957 to 2013, the system was used to detain persons who were accused of committing minor crimes such as pet ...

) of the

candidate Alex Ho in Guangdong province of China for (allegedly) being caught and pictured in a hotel bedroom having relations with a prostitute. Although there were some initial predictions that Ho's arrest would help the Democratic Party by highlighting deficiencies in the PRC's judicial system, it is generally agreed that his arrest greatly hurt the party among women voter support in Hong Kong. * The involvement of

James To James To Kun-sun (; ; born 11 March 1963) is a Hong Kong lawyer and Democratic Party politician. From 1991 to 2020, To was a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, representing the District Council (Second) constituency. In his fin ...

and

The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU) is a pro-Beijing camp, pro-Beijing labour and political group established in 1948 in Hong Kong. It is the oldest and largest labour group in Hong Kong with over 420,000 members in 253 affiliat ...

Chan Yuen-han Chan Yuen-han, SBS, JP (; born 16 November 1946 in Baoan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China) is a former member of Hong Kong Legislative Council and a noted Hong Kong female trade unionist. She is the vice-chairperson of the Hong Kong Federation ...

in scandals relating to the use of public funds for the benefit of their respective political groups. *

Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization, headquartered in New York City, that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures governments, policy makers, companies, and individual human r ...

issued a report a few days before the election, accusing the PRC government of creating a "climate of fear" to influence the election. In response, the Hong Kong government claimed that the report was distorted. * The assault of a candidate of the Democratic Party in the New Territories East,

Wong Sing-chi Nelson Wong Sing-chi (born 11 October 1957) is a Hong Kong politician and social worker. He had been member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong between 2000–04 and 2008–12. He was the founding member of the Democratic Party before he ...

. The suspect was arrested and reportedly found to be mentally ill. * The election of radical activist "Long Hair"

Leung Kwok-hung Leung Kwok-hung ( zh, t=梁國雄; born 27 March 1956), also known by his nickname "Long Hair" (), is a Hong Kong politician and social activist. He was a member of the Legislative Council, representing the New Territories East. A Trotskyi ...

, who ran as an independent but who is expected to side with pro-democracy representatives despite his revolutionary leanings.

Irregularities

There were a few reports of irregularities. Some polling stations ran out of ballot boxes, causing long delays in voting. To fit more ballots into the ballot boxes, some election workers forcefully stuffed ballots into the box using objects such as barbecue forks and metal rulers. Some stations also used random cardboard boxes without official seals. Some ballot boxes were opened before the close of polling. The polling station operating manual had mistakes in it, so some candidate representatives were kicked out after the closing of the poll and were prevented from witnessing the counting, as required by law. Some candidates have tried to challenge the election results, but have remained unsuccessful thus far. A report on the election process was published shortly after the election. Another report was commissioned by the government to suggest future improvements.

Votes summary

Seat summary

Incumbents defeated

Eight incumbents lost re-election

Candidate lists and results

Geographical Constituencies (30 seats)

Voting system:

Party-list proportional representation Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a subset of proportional representation electoral systems in which multiple candidates are elected (e.g., elections to parliament) through their position on an electoral list. They can also be us ...

with

largest remainder method The largest remainder method (also known as Hare–Niemeyer method, Hamilton method or as Vinton's method) is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems. It contrasts with variou ...

and Hare quota.

Functional Constituencies (30 seats)

Voting systems: Different voting systems apply to different functional constituencies, namely for the

Heung Yee Kuk The Heung Yee Kuk, officially the Heung Yee Kuk N.T., is a statutory advisory body representing establishment interests in the New Territories, Hong Kong. The council is a powerful organisation comprising heads of rural committees which repre ...

, Agriculture and Fisheries,

Insurance Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge ...

and

Transport Transport (in British English), or transportation (in American English), is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land ( rail and road), water, cable, pipelin ...

, the preferential elimination system of voting; and for the remaining 24 FCs used the

first-past-the-post voting system In a first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP or FPP), formally called single-member plurality voting (SMP) when used in single-member districts or informally choose-one voting in contrast to ranked voting, or score voting, voters cast their ...

Notes

References

External links

LegCo Elections 2004
{{Hong Kong elections 2004 elections in China 2004 in Hong Kong

Legislative A legislature is an assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial powers of government. Laws enacted by legislatures are usually known ...

Legislative Council of Hong Kong September 2004 events in China