Hollow Horn Bear (

Lakota Lakota may refer to: * Lakota people, a confederation of seven related Native American tribes *Lakota language, the language of the Lakota peoples Place names In the United States: * Lakota, Iowa * Lakota, North Dakota, seat of Nelson County * La ...

, Matȟó Héȟloǧeča; March 1850March 15, 1913) was a

Brulé The Brulé are one of the seven branches or bands (sometimes called "sub-tribes") of the Teton (Titonwan) Lakota American Indian people. They are known as Sičhą́ǧu Oyáte (in Lakȟóta) —Sicangu Oyate—, ''Sicangu Lakota, o''r "Burnt ...

chief. He fought in many of the battles of the

Sioux Wars The Sioux Wars were a series of conflicts between the United States and various subgroups of the Sioux people which occurred in the later half of the 19th century. The earliest conflict came in 1854 when a fight broke out at Fort Laramie in Wy ...

, including the

Battle of Little Big Horn The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota Sioux, Nor ...

. Later, while serving as police chief of the

Rosebud Indian Reservation The Rosebud Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation in South Dakota, United States. It is the home of the federally recognized Rosebud Sioux Tribe, who are Sicangu, a band of Lakota people. The Lakota name ''Sicangu Oyate'' translates as t ...

, he arrested

Crow Dog Crow Dog (also Kȟaŋǧí Šúŋka, Jerome Crow Dog; 1833 – August 1912) was a Brulé Lakota subchief, born at Horse Stealing Creek, Montana Territory. Family He was the nephew of former principal chief Conquering Bear, who was killed in 1854 in ...

for the murder of

Spotted Tail Spotted Tail (Siŋté Glešká pronounced ''gleh-shka''; birth name T'at'aŋka Napsíca "Jumping Buffalo"Ingham (2013) uses 'c' to represent 'č'. ); born c. 1823 – died August 5, 1881) was a Brulé Lakota tribal chief. Although a great war ...

, and later testified in the case of ''

Ex parte Crow Dog ''Ex parte Crow Dog'', 109 U.S. 556 (1883), is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that followed the death of one member of a Native American tribe at the hands of another on reservation land. Crow Dog was a member of th ...

'', argued before the

Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. Federal tribunals in the United States, federal court cases, and over Stat ...

. He was the chief Speaker and negotiator for the Lakota, making multiple trips to Washington, D.C. to advocate on their behalf. He later took part in the inaugural parades for both presidents

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...

and

Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...

. He died of pneumonia in Washington in 1913 after the last of these trips. Hollow Horn Bear was featured on a 1922

US postage stamp Postal service in the United States began with the delivery of stampless letters whose cost was borne by the receiving person, later encompassed pre-paid letters carried by private mail carriers and provisional post offices, and culminated in a ...

and a 1970 $10 Military Payment Certificate. Some sources record him as the basis for the image on the 1899 US five-dollar

silver certificate A silver certificate is a certificate of ownership that silver owners hold instead of storing the actual silver. Several countries have issued silver certificates, including Cuba, the Netherlands, and the United States. Silver certificates have also ...

and other depictions of Native Americans. A

historical marker A commemorative plaque, or simply plaque, or in other places referred to as a historical marker, historic marker, or historic plaque, is a plate of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material, typically attached to a wall, stone, or other ...

was erected in his honor in South Dakota in 1962. In 2021 the

Museum der Weltkulturen The Museum of World Cultures (german: link=no, Museum der Weltkulturen) is an ethnological museum in Frankfurt, Germany. Until 2001 it was called the Museum of Ethnology (''Museum für Völkerkunde''). History It was founded in 1904, as ...

Frankfurt Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , " Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on it ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

, repatriated a leather shirt belonging to Chief Hollow Horn Bear, which it had legally acquired in the early 20th century. The museum gave the shirt to his great-grandson Chief Duane Hollow Horn Bear in a ceremony on June 12 in

Rosebud, South Dakota Rosebud also Sicanġu ( Lakhota ''Sicanġu''; "Scorched Thigh") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Todd County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 1,455 at the 2020 census. Rosebud is located on the Rosebud Indian Reservation. I ...

. The museum said it returned the shirt for moral and ethical reasons, citing its high significance to the family and the Teton Lakota community.

Early life

Hollow Horn Bear was born in modern Sheridan County,

Nebraska Nebraska () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the sout ...

. Named for his grandfather, he was one of seven sons of Chief

Iron Shell Iron Shell (1816–1896) was a Brulé Sioux chief. He initially became prominent after an 1843 raid on the Pawnee, and became sub-chief of the Brulé under Little Thunder. He became chief of the Brulé Orphan Band during the Powder River War of ...

and his wife. His mother was Wants Everything. During the Battle of Ash Hollow, the boy and his mother were captured by Federal soldiers and held at

Fort Laramie Fort Laramie (founded as Fort William and known for a while as Fort John) was a significant 19th-century trading-post, diplomatic site, and military installation located at the confluence of the Laramie and the North Platte rivers. They joined ...

, until they were released in October 1855. Hollow Horn Bear took part in 31 battles of the Sioux Wars. He took part in his first battle at age 12. At age 16 he and his father fought the

Pawnee Pawnee initially refers to a Native American people and its language: * Pawnee people * Pawnee language Pawnee is also the name of several places in the United States: * Pawnee, Illinois * Pawnee, Kansas * Pawnee, Missouri * Pawnee City, Nebraska ...

near present-day

Genoa, Nebraska Genoa ''(pron. je NO uh)'' is a city in Nance County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 1,003 at the 2010 census. The city was founded by Mormons in 1857. In the fall of 1859, the Mormon Colony was forced to abandon Genoa when the town a ...

, and, still a teenager, he participated in raids against settlers and miners across the present-day states of Montana, Wyoming, and North and South Dakota. He went on to fight against the

US Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cla ...

Wyoming Wyoming () is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Idaho to the west, Utah to the southwest, and Colorado to t ...

and near present-day

Crow Agency, Montana Crow Agency ( cro, awaasúuchia) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Big Horn County, Montana, United States and is near the actual location for the Little Bighorn National Monument and re-enactment produced by the Real Bird family known as ...

, and, in 1869, in actions against workers constructing the Union Pacific Railroad. In 1874 Hollow Horn Bear married Good Bed, with whom he would have seven children. The same year he began working with the US Army as a scout. In 1876 Hollow Horn Bear was with a band of

Two Kettles Two Kettles ("Two Boilings" or "Two Kettles") are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires). They reside on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation. Together ...

Lakota searching for lost horses, when they happened upon a group of soldiers under the command of

Alfred Terry Alfred Howe Terry (November 10, 1827 – December 16, 1890) was a Union general in the American Civil War and the military commander of the Dakota Territory from 1866 to 1869, and again from 1872 to 1886. In 1865, Terry led Union troops to v ...

. After two days of following Terry's men, they broke off and went ahead of the column to meet with the camp of those under

Sitting Bull Sitting Bull ( lkt, Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake ; December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance against United States government policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock ...

. After five days there, the Lakota took part in the

Battle of the Little Bighorn The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota Sioux, No ...

. For his part, Hollow Horn Bear claimed to have personally fought there against Marcus Reno as well as

George Armstrong Custer George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars. Custer graduated from West Point in 1861 at the bottom of his class, b ...

. In 1880 Hollow Horn Bear traveled to Washington, D.C. to discuss issues regarding the reservation with the US government.

Arrest and trial of Crow Dog

Hollow Horn Bear was appointed the head of police of the Rosebud Agency in

South Dakota South Dakota (; Sioux: , ) is a U.S. state in the North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who comprise a large po ...

, as part of the Indian Police on the reservation, organized by the

Bureau of Indian Affairs The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and A ...

. He arrested

for the murder of

on August 5, 1881. Testifying in 1883 at the trial in ''

'', Hollow Horn Bear recounted:

Mr. Lelar gave me a paper for the arrest of Crow Dog. Found defendant on a hill between White River and Rosebud Creek, where I made the arrest. Defendant had no clothes at the time, except a blanket, breechclout, and leggings and was on horseback. I did as I was ordered and took defendant to Fort Niobara.

Once found, Hollow Horn Bear testified he told Crow Dog he "wanted him to go with me to the post", to which he and Black Crow, who was with him at the time, agreed. Hollow Horn Bear had been a long-time friend of Crow Dog, and testified he had attended his wedding when he was nine years old. The case, argued before the US Supreme Court, became an important milestone in federal legal dealings with tribes, and contributed to the passage of the 1885

Major Crimes Act The Major Crimes Act (U.S. Statutes at Large, 23:385) Hollow Horn Bear resigned the position as head of police five years later due to illness.

Later life

Hollow Horn Bear was an advocate for the Lakota throughout repeated negotiations from 1890 to 1910. One source noted, he was unable "to prevent the government from violating the 1868 treaty", but his "presence at the negotiations clearly pushed the agreements in the direction of Lakota interests", without which "things would have been much worse" for them. In 1895 he was arrested over a dispute involving reduction of wages paid to members of his tribe who were working for the railroad. The company had originally cut the wages by half, although at the time of his arrest, they had changed it to a cut of 35%. The ''New York Times'' report summarized the tension saying:

Hollow Horn Bear appears to have an excellent record, extending back nearly twenty years. Col. Guy V. Henry is quoted as saying, in view of his services in 1876 and again in 1890, consideration should have been shown him unless he had committed some grievous fault more than the reports from that region have indicated. Still, threatening to burn the agency buildings and summoning large bodies of Indians to intimidate the agent must be accounted a grievous fault...

In 1889 he was chosen to represent his tribe in negotiations with

George Crook George R. Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. During the 1880s, the Apache nicknamed Crook ''Nanta ...

, over land sales aimed at opening up eastern parts of the

Dakota Territory The Territory of Dakota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1861, until November 2, 1889, when the final extent of the reduced territory was split and admitted to the Union as the states of N ...

to include the

Black Hills The Black Hills ( lkt, Ȟe Sápa; chy, Moʼȯhta-voʼhonáaeva; hid, awaxaawi shiibisha) is an isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States. Black ...

. He opposed selling of native lands in the Black Hills as part of the

Black Hills Land Claim The Black Hills land claim is an ongoing land dispute between Native Americans from the Sioux Nation and the United States government over the Black Hills mountain range in the US states of South Dakota and Wyoming. The land in question was pled ...

dispute. He instead wished to sell land in modern-day Gregory and Tripp counties in South Dakota, which "he saw as worthless prairie lands in comparison to the rich Black Hills." Hollow Horn Bear believed that individual ownership of land would protect his people legally, while commonly held land would "always be open to unilateral annexation by Congress". The US government had earlier made the decision to improve their offer from the previous $1.00 per acre to $1.25, to of land for homesteads to the family heads, and provide horses for plowing rather than oxen. Hollow Horn Bear asked instead for $1.50 for the best land. As reported by ''

The Brooklyn Daily Eagle :''This article covers both the historical newspaper (1841–1955, 1960–1963), as well as an unrelated new Brooklyn Daily Eagle starting 1996 published currently'' The ''Brooklyn Eagle'' (originally joint name ''The Brooklyn Eagle'' and ''King ...

'', Hollow Horn Bear was part of a delegation to Washington, D.C. in 1891, which met with

Secretary of the Interior Secretary of the Interior may refer to: * Secretary of the Interior (Mexico) * Interior Secretary of Pakistan * Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (Philippines) * United States Secretary of the Interior See also *Interior ministry An ...

John Willock Noble. According to the paper, after taking the floor he:

asked that those Indians who had lost property during the late trouble might be reimbursed and went into financial matters in connection with the old and unfulfilled treaties.

He asked that money which was owed the tribe, and was to be spent on beef, instead be spent on cattle and horses, as crops had been a failure, but raising cattle had been successful. He asked for more housing to be built, and for construction of promised school houses. As the paper phrased it, "He wanted the children to have an opportunity to learn something." In 1901, Hollow Horn Bear served as part of the Sioux delegation to Washington, D.C. after the

Great Sioux Reservation The Great Sioux Reservation initially set aside land west of the Missouri River in South Dakota and Nebraska for the use of the Lakota Sioux, who had dominated this territory. The reservation was established in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 ...

was broken up into smaller reservations. In 1905, he was invited to take part in the presidential inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt, and was one of the Native Americans who rode in the inaugural parade on March 4, 1905. The others were

Geronimo Geronimo ( apm, Goyaałé, , ; June 16, 1829 – February 17, 1909) was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendahe Apache people. From 1850 to 1886, Geronimo joined with members of three other Central Apache b ...

(

Apache The Apache () are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States, which include the Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Mimbreño, Ndendahe (Bedonkohe or Mogollon and Nednhi or Carrizaleño a ...

Quanah Parker Quanah Parker (Comanche ''kwana'', "smell, odor") ( – February 23, 1911) was a war leader of the Kwahadi ("Antelope") band of the Comanche Nation. He was likely born into the Nokoni ("Wanderers") band of Tabby-nocca and grew up among the Kwah ...

(

Comanche The Comanche or Nʉmʉnʉʉ ( com, Nʉmʉnʉʉ, "the people") are a Native American tribe from the Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the federally recognized Comanche Nation, headquartered in ...

), Buckskin Charley ( Ute), Little Phime (

Blackfoot The Blackfoot Confederacy, ''Niitsitapi'' or ''Siksikaitsitapi'' (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ, meaning "the people" or "Blackfoot language, Blackfoot-speaking real people"), is a historic collective name for linguistically related groups that make up t ...

) and

American Horse American Horse ( lkt, Wašíčuŋ Tȟašúŋke) (a/k/a "American Horse the Younger") (1840 – December 16, 1908) was an Oglala Lakota chief, statesman, educator and historian. American Horse is notable in American history as a U.S. Army Indian S ...

(

Oglala Lakota The Oglala (pronounced , meaning "to scatter one's own" in Lakota language) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires). A majority of the Oglala live ...

). Along with Geronimo and American Horse, he also took part that year in the

Louisiana Purchase Exposition The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was an World's fair, international exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from April 30 to December 1, 1904. Local, state, and federal funds tota ...

held in

St. Louis St. Louis () is the second-largest city in Missouri, United States. It sits near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a population of 301,578, while the bi-state metropolitan area, which e ...

. Hollow Horn Bear converted to

Catholicism The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

in later life. The church had established St. Francis Mission at the reservation, as well as missions in other locations in South Dakota. Hollow Horn Bear's daughter was baptized in 1907, taking the Christian name "Emelie". Much of the family was later baptized. Hollow Horn Bear was baptized and took the name "Daniel"; his mother Wants Everything took the name "Susie". Many other Lakota were baptized along with them. He was a guest speaker in the 1906 convention of the American Federation of Catholic Societies in

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...

, after having influenced much of his tribe to join the Catholic Church.

Death

In 1913, Hollow Horn Bear attended the dedication of the National American Indian Memorial, where he spoke on behalf of the tribes represented at the ceremony. He also took part in the inaugural parade for President

, and presented Wilson with "a

peace pipe A ceremonial pipe is a particular type of smoking pipe, used by a number of cultures of the indigenous peoples of the Americas in their sacred ceremonies. Traditionally they are used to offer prayers in a religious ceremony, to make a ceremonial ...

made of South Dakota red clay". The chief caught

pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. The severit ...

during the visit to the capital and died on March 15 at

Providence Hospital Providence Hospital may refer to: * Providence Hospital (Columbia, South Carolina) * Providence Hospital (Mobile) in Mobile, Alabama * Providence Hospital (Southfield), Michigan * Providence Hospital (Washington, D.C.) in Washington, D.C. *Providenc ...

. A funeral service was held in Washington, D.C., and newspapers reported several hundred in attendance. The crowd was so large that police were needed to clear the aisle so that the coffin could be brought in. Writing on March 22, 1913, the ''Sacred Heart Review'' described the scene at the funeral:

Chiefs of the Blackfoot, Crow, and Sioux Indians, resplendent in feathers and colors, followed the body to the altar with heads bowed in grief. Kneeling in the front pews of the dimly-lit church, the red men paid their last homage to the dead chief. The funeral attracted a great crowd.

The chief's body left Washington via the train at

Union Station A union station (also known as a union terminal, a joint station in Europe, and a joint-use station in Japan) is a railway station at which the tracks and facilities are shared by two or more separate railway companies, allowing passengers to ...

; it was given a military escort by order of Secretary of the Interior

Franklin Knight Lane Franklin Knight Lane (July 15, 1864 – May 18, 1921) was an American progressive politician from California. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as United States Secretary of the Interior from 1913 to 1920. He also served as a commi ...

. It was returned and buried at the Rosebud Reservation, at the St. Francis Mission there. In 1917 his son Henry Hollow Horn Bear, requested permission to attend the inauguration of President Woodrow Wilson, to continue his father's role as chief. ''

The Washington Times ''The Washington Times'' is an American conservative daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., that covers general interest topics with a particular emphasis on national politics. Its broadsheet daily edition is distributed throughou ...

'' reported that he was assured he would be given "a warm reception" and a "prominent section in the parade." It took place Monday, March 5, 1917.

Commemoration

Hollow Horn Bear was featured on a 14-cent postage stamp and on a five dollar bill. Although identified as simply an "American Indian," the stamp, designed by

Clair Aubrey Huston Clair Aubrey Huston (a.k.a. Charles Aubrey Huston) was chief postage stamp designer at the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) early in the 20th century. He was the great-grandson of Michael Leib (1759–1822), an American physicia ...

, was based on a photograph of Hollow Horn Bear taken by De Lancey Gill. A historical marker was erected in

Todd County, South Dakota Todd County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 9,319. Todd County does not have its own county seat. Instead, Winner in neighboring Tripp County serves as its administrative c ...

U.S. Route 18 U.S. Route 18 (US 18) is an east–west U.S. highway in the Midwestern United States. The western terminus is in Orin, Wyoming at an interchange with Interstate 25. Its eastern terminus is in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. However, US 18 ru ...

in 1962 which states in part:

Hollow Horn Bear, born in 1850, fought the whiteman where he could find him in Wyoming and Montana, but after Spotted Tail was killed in 1881, he became Police Captain at Rosebud and in the Treaty of 1889, with General Crook, was the Indians chief orator and negotiator.

On currency

A number of sources report Hollow Horn Bear as the basis for the image featured on a US five-dollar bill, including '' The National Magazine'' and ''

The Numismatist ''The Numismatist'' (formerly ''Numismatist'') is the monthly publication of the American Numismatic Association. ''The Numismatist'' contains articles written on such topics as coins, tokens, medals, paper money, and stock certificates. All mem ...

'', a publication of the

American Numismatic Association The American Numismatic Association (ANA) is an organization founded in 1891 by George Francis Heath. Located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, it was formed to advance the knowledge of numismatics (the study of coins) along educational, histori ...

. One newspaper recounted in 1909, that upon visiting the Indian Bureau to secure about $300,000 in federal payments owed his tribe, "Hollow Horn Bear hopes to take home about 50,000 copies of his picture on the $5 certificates." Another contemporary source records him commemorated on both the five and 20-dollar-bills, stating "Hollow Horn Bear made a great speech in congress in 1889, and as he is a good looking specimen icof his race, his picture was engraved on both the $5 and $20 dollar bills." However, this is disputed by other sources which record that the image on the five-dollar note was instead based on that of Running Antelope, a leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota. At least one source says that Hollow Horn Bear was represented on the

buffalo nickel The Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel is a copper-nickel five-cent piece that was struck by the United States Mint from 1913 to 1938. It was designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser. As part of a drive to beautify the coinage, five denomin ...

. But, the coin's designer, Janes Earle Frasier, stated "Before the nickel was made I had done several portraits of Indians, among them Iron Tail, Two Moons, and one or two others, and probably got characteristics from those men in the head on the coins, but my purpose was not to make a portrait but a type." Hollow Horn Bear was featured on the 1970 to 1973 Series 692 Military Payment Certificate issued by the

US Military The United States Armed Forces are the Military, military forces of the United States. The armed forces consists of six Military branch, service branches: the United States Army, Army, United States Marine Corps, Marine Corps, United States N ...

Repatriation

The Frankfurt-based

(Museum of World Cultures) repatriated a leather shirt belonging to Chief Hollow Horn Bear to his great-grandson Chief Duane Hollow Horn Bear, his family, and the Teton Lakota people in a ceremony on June 12, 2021 in

. German Museum Repatriates Lakota Chief’s Shirt, Citing ‘Moral and Ethical Reasons’
in artnews.com The shirt had been part of the museum's collection since 1908, when it was legally acquired as part of an exchange of items with the

American Museum of Natural History The American Museum of Natural History (abbreviated as AMNH) is a natural history museum on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. In Theodore Roosevelt Park, across the street from Central Park, the museum complex comprises 26 int ...

in New York. That museum had received it two years earlier as a donation by Graham Phelps Stokes. Chief Duane Hollow Horn Bear had a 1900 photograph of his great-grandfather wearing the shirt, which was taken by John Alvin Anderson. He used this documentation as part of his repatriation request in 2019. The Museum made a statement:

“The Chief’s shirt is a culturally specific, identity-forming object of religious significance to the Teton Lakota Indigenous community. It bears special patterns of brightly colored glass beads and human hair, which are undoubtedly attributable to the Hollow Horn Bear family and prove personal possession prior to 1906. . . . For Chief Duane Hollow Horn Bear and his family, the return of the shirt is like the return of the great-grandfather himself.”

Notes

References

External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Hollow Horn Bear Brulé people Native American people of the Indian Wars People from Sheridan County, Nebraska People from Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota Lakota leaders Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C. Year of birth uncertain Date of death missing 1913 deaths