History of rail transport in Thailand
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The history rail transport in Thailand began with the opening of the
Paknam Railway The Paknam Railway was Thailand's first railway line, established in 1893. Stretching 21 km (13 mi), it was a narrow gauge line. The line was constructed by the Paknam Railway Company established by a British navigator Alfred John Loftus a ...
on 11 April 1893.


Previous history

The Kingdom of Siam, the country's name at that time, now known as Thailand. The first Siamese railway projects, which were discussed from the 1840s onwards, were aimed at linking the then British Burma to the Chinese market, which was to be run over Northern Siam for reasons of accessible terrain, a project that had been operating in various variations up to the 1880s, but never realized. A second, early-discussed railway project was to traverse the Isthmus of Kra the narrowest point of the
Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula (Malay: ''Semenanjung Tanah Melayu'') is a peninsula in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area ...
with a railway because the
Kra Canal The Thai Canal, also known as Kra Canal or Kra Isthmus Canal, refers to proposals for a canal that would connect the Gulf of Thailand with the Andaman Sea across the Kra Isthmus in southern Thailand. Such a canal would significantly reduce tra ...
was technically unworkable. However, as the British feared the importance of
Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...
, this railway was not built even though the Siamese government had agreed in 1859. The King of Siam received a model railway in 1856 as a gift from
Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 21 ...
, which is now exhibited in the Bangkok National Museum. In 1871
King Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn ( th, จุฬาลงกรณ์, 20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910) was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, titled Rama V. He was known to the Siamese of his time as ''Phra Phuttha Chao Luang'' (พร ...
(Rama V), who ruled since 1868, first used railways even during state visits to Java and British India. In 1864, the Dutch colonial administration commissioned the first railroad in Southeast Asia.


Early projects (1880s-1917)


First projects

In the 1880s, the Siamese government issued various private
consortia A consortium (plural: consortia) is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for ...
concessions for the construction of railways. However, these consortia were mostly speculative companies, which never even built their routes. In the end, the first viable railway in Siam emerged from a privately financed initiative: on 11 April 1893, the metre-gauge Bangkok-Samut Prakan route (Paknam) was opened by the king. The king had inaugurated construction in 1891.


Establishment of state railway

The construction of a railway network was initially managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as the technology and knowledge required was imported from abroad. In 1890, responsibility shifted to the Ministry of Public Works, where the Royal Railway Department (RRD) was created. The government commissioned Sir
Andrew Clarke Andrew Clarke may refer to: *Andrew Clarke (British Army officer, born 1793) (1793–1847), Governor of Western Australia *Sir Andrew Clarke (British Army officer, born 1824) (1824–1902), Governor of the Straits Settlements, son of the above *And ...
in 1888 to work out plans for a railway network. By 1890 they were complete. In November 1888 the railway engineer :de:Karl Bethge (from
Krupp The Krupp family (see pronunciation), a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, is notable for its production of steel, artillery, ammunition and other armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG (Friedrich Krup ...
) came to Siam and were given these plans by the Siamese government for his assessment. It was agreed to build a route from
Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai language, Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estima ...
to Saraburi to Korat (
Nakhon Ratchasima Nakhon Ratchasima ( th, นครราชสีมา, ) is one of the four major cities of Isan, Thailand, known as the "big four of Isan". The city is commonly known as Korat (, ), a shortened form of its name. It is the governmental seat of ...
). The Siamese government called Bethge, engaged in
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in the
Royal Prussian The Kingdom of Prussia (german: Königreich Preußen, ) was a German states, German Monarchy, kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the ...
Building Commission, to Thai state service. He became head of the RRD in 1890.


Northeast Railway

In 1891, by law, the Nakhon Ratchasima Railway Company, the majority of which was located within the province, was established with the aim of building a railway from Bangkok to Khorat in
standard gauge A standard-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge of . The standard gauge is also called Stephenson gauge (after George Stephenson), International gauge, UIC gauge, uniform gauge, normal gauge and European gauge in Europe, and SGR in Ea ...
(1435 mm). Due to pressure from the British, the work was awarded to the English firm,
Murray Campbell Murray Campbell is a Canadian computer scientist known for being part of the team that created Deep Blue; the first computer to defeat a world chess champion. Biography Campbell was involved in surveillance projects related to petroleum produ ...
, contrary to Bethge's advice. After two years of preparation, the construction of the Northeastern Railway began on 9 March 1892 by the proclamation of King Chulalongkorn. The tools used for the first cut of the spade, a richly ornamented spade and the associated wheelbarrow, are now also exhibited at the Bangkok National Museum. The management of construction was assumed by
George Murray Campbell George may refer to: People * George (given name) * George (surname) * George (singer), American-Canadian singer George Nozuka, known by the mononym George * George Washington, First President of the United States * George W. Bush, 43rd Presiden ...
. Karl Bethge engaged other German engineers for railway construction,
Hermann Gehrts Hermann or Herrmann may refer to: * Hermann (name), list of people with this name * Arminius, chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe in the 1st century, known as Hermann in the German language * Éditions Hermann, French publisher * Hermann, Mis ...
(1854-1914) and
Luis Weiler Luis is a given name. It is the Spanish form of the originally Germanic name or . Other Iberian Romance languages have comparable forms: (with an accent mark on the i) in Portuguese and Galician, in Aragonese and Catalan, while is archaic ...
(1836-1918), both of the Prussian State Railways. Weiler reported to his father, who was also a railway engineer, in numerous letters. These are almost all preserved and are now in the archives of the
Deutsches Museum The Deutsches Museum (''German Museum'', officially (English: ''German Museum of Masterpieces of Science and Technology'')) in Munich, Germany, is the world's largest museum of science and technology, with about 28,000 exhibited objects from ...
in
Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...
. On 1 September 1896, the railway administration cancelled the contract with the British company since it did not carry out the construction work in accordance with the contract. The work was now continued on its own initiative. At the same time ''Nakhon Ratchasima Railway Company'' was nationalized and converted into a State Railways administration. The completed route was 135 kilometers long at this time. In December 1896, King Chulalongkorn took the opportunity to travel by train to the construction site. On an overhanging rock at 136.5 miles he wrote his name on a rock, the heavily weathered lettering is still visible today. On 26 March 1897, the first section from
Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai language, Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estima ...
to
Ayutthaya Ayutthaya, Ayudhya, or Ayuthia may refer to: * Ayutthaya Kingdom, a Thai kingdom that existed from 1350 to 1767 ** Ayutthaya Historical Park, the ruins of the old capital city of the Ayutthaya Kingdom * Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province (locally ...
was opened. This date is currently the "official birthday" of the
State Railway of Thailand The State Railway of Thailand (SRT) ( th, การรถไฟแห่งประเทศไทย, abbrev. รฟท., ) is the state-owned rail operator under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Transport in Thailand. History The SRT was ...
. Before the railway opened, a trip between Bangkok and Khorat (Nakhon Ratchasima) took five days, by train it was reduced to six hours. The line was officially opened on 21 December 1900 by
King Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn ( th, จุฬาลงกรณ์, 20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910) was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, titled Rama V. He was known to the Siamese of his time as ''Phra Phuttha Chao Luang'' (พร ...
.


Network expansion

On 24 February 1898, the government adopted the principle that all the main routes in the country should be established as national railways. Karl Bethge died of
cholera Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and ...
in 1900, and his successor, Hermann Gehrts, retired in 1904. In the spring of 1904, therefore, Luis Weiler in
Haifa Haifa ( he, חֵיפָה ' ; ar, حَيْفَا ') is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of in . The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropol ...
who was working on the construction of the Hejaz Railway became the director general of Siamese railways. As he assumed his position, the northeast railway was finished. Image:Ensign of the Royal State Railways of Siam.svg, Ensign of the Royal State Railways of Siam in 1898 (Original) German companies such as
Henschel Henschel & Son (german: Henschel und Sohn) was a German company, located in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment, including locomotives, trucks, buses and trolleybuses, and armoured fighting vehicle ...
and Krupp distinguished themselves by the delivery of locomotives. In 1909 a total of 49 locomotives from Germany went to the Siamese state railway. Other
rolling stock The term rolling stock in the rail transport industry refers to railway vehicles, including both powered and unpowered vehicles: for example, locomotives, freight and passenger cars (or coaches), and non-revenue cars. Passenger vehicles can b ...
s were imported from Germany,
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...
,
The Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
, and the United Kingdom.


Eastern Railway

Another project was the Eastern Railway. In 1901 an engineer's survey of the route was commissioned. However, both the southern and eastern railways were complicated by
geopolitics Geopolitics (from Greek γῆ ''gê'' "earth, land" and πολιτική ''politikḗ'' "politics") is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations. While geopolitics usually refers to ...
: to the south and west of Siam were British colonies and to the east French possessions. The French considered Siamese railway construction, creeping towards
French Indochina French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...
, as a threat, likewise Siam also feared French influence increasing in the region. When, shortly thereafter, a revolt broke out in northern Thailand, the state committed its resources to the construction of the Northern Railway, (Bangkok to
Chiang Mai Chiang Mai (, from th, เชียงใหม่ , nod, , เจียงใหม่ ), sometimes written as Chiengmai or Chiangmai, is the largest city in northern Thailand, the capital of Chiang Mai province and the second largest city in ...
).


Northern Railway

There has been substantial amount of pressure from the foreigners for a state railway to the north. The construction of the
Northern line The Northern line is a London Underground line that runs from North London to South London. It is printed in black on the Tube map. The Northern line is unique on the Underground network in having two different routes through central London, two ...
started once the Khorat line opened to traffic in 1898. The line was decided to divert from the Northeastern Line at
Ban Phachi Junction Ban Phachi Junction ( th, สถานีชุมทางบ้านภาชี, ) is a railway junction located in Phachi District, Ayutthaya Province, Thailand. It is a Class 1 Station and serves as a junction for the North and Northeaste ...
, contrary to the Punchard Survey which suggests a junction at Saraburi. The first section to Lopburi was opened in 1901. Due to financial strains, the government loaned a total of 4-million pounds from English and French banks, accelerating the pace of the construction, opening up to Uttaradit by 1909. The construction was greatly slowed down after reaching the northern mountains. Furthermore, with the start of the construction of the Southern Railway in 1909, further extension of the Northern Line was halted and some engineers were relocated to the southern construction site. In 1912, the construction was resumed, planning to reach Lampang and
Chiang Mai Chiang Mai (, from th, เชียงใหม่ , nod, , เจียงใหม่ ), sometimes written as Chiengmai or Chiangmai, is the largest city in northern Thailand, the capital of Chiang Mai province and the second largest city in ...
. Although the construction was again stagnated due to the resource shortages caused by
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
. As a result, while the construction reached Lampang by 1918, the 109 km section to Chiang Mai was only opened in 1922.


= Northern Railway gallery

= Image:Phitsanulokstation0205.jpg, Phitsanulok station (ca. 1920 by German architect Karl Siegfried Döring). Image:728-Steam-Locomotive.JPG, Steam locomotive


Southern Railway

With the completion of the northeastern railway, planning for the Southern Railway to
Phetchaburi Phetchaburi ( th, เพชรบุรี, ) or Phet Buri () is a town (''thesaban mueang'') in southern Thailand, capital of Phetchaburi Province. In Thai, Phetchaburi means "city of diamonds" (''buri'' meaning "city" in Sanskrit). It is approx ...
began, and its construction began in April 1900. In contrast to the previously established railway network east of the
Chao Phraya River The Chao Phraya ( or ; th, แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา, , or ) is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand. Et ...
, which was built in
standard gauge A standard-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge of . The standard gauge is also called Stephenson gauge (after George Stephenson), International gauge, UIC gauge, uniform gauge, normal gauge and European gauge in Europe, and SGR in Ea ...
, the state railway chose metre-gauge to lower construction cost as well as to ease the transition to
Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
and
Malaya Malaya refers to a number of historical and current political entities related to what is currently Peninsular Malaysia in Southeast Asia: Political entities * British Malaya (1826–1957), a loose collection of the British colony of the Straits ...
which also used the metre-gauge. This decision was made easier as the southern railway was cut off from the rest of the network as there was no bridge across the Chao Phraya River. The southern route, therefore, did not depart from Bangkok's main railway station, Hua Lamphong Station, but had its own terminus in
Thonburi __NOTOC__ Thonburi ( th, ธนบุรี) is an area of modern Bangkok. During the era of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, its location on the right (west) bank at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River had made it an important garrison town, which is ...
, at the Thonburi Station. Its station building was designed by the German architect Karl Siegfried Döhring in the style of the
Brick Expressionism The term Brick Expressionism (german: Backsteinexpressionismus) describes a specific variant of Expressionist architecture that uses bricks, tiles or clinker bricks as the main visible building material. Buildings in the style were erected mostl ...
. In 1909, a British engineer, Henry Gittins, was appointed as the head of the project. Later in 1913, the group separated into an independent body as the Southern Railway Department, with the RRD then renamed as the Northern Railway Department. The construction was separated into three sections with construction on all three commencing simultaneously in order to shorten construction time. In 1921, the entire line was opened, becoming Siam's first international railway.


Effects of World War I

Siam joined the
First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
in 1917, forcing the firing of 28 German engineers employed in the RRD. To solve the engineer shortage,
King Vajiravudh Vajiravudh ( th, วชิราวุธ, , 1 January 188126 November 1925) was the sixth monarch of Siam under the Chakri dynasty as Rama VI. He ruled from 23 October 1910 until his death in 1925. King Vajiravudh is best known for his efforts ...
ordered the unification of the Southern and Northern Railway Departments on 5 June 1917 into the Royal Railway Department under Prince Kamphaeng Phet, becoming the first Thai to head the department.


The Interwar period and World War 2 (1917-1945)

Siam's participation in the war enhanced its stance on the international stage. With the prospect of potential colonization subsiding, Siam becoming an international railway hub of Southeast Asia became a possibility which was fulfilled by the Japanese occupation force in the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
.


Postwar expansion


Eastern Railway

While the project was initially suspended in 1906 due to fear of French intervention, the line to Aranyapratet was reconsidered. While the transport demand for the line was expected to be relatively low,
King Vajiravudh Vajiravudh ( th, วชิราวุธ, , 1 January 188126 November 1925) was the sixth monarch of Siam under the Chakri dynasty as Rama VI. He ruled from 23 October 1910 until his death in 1925. King Vajiravudh is best known for his efforts ...
pressed the project forward as a gesture of goodwill. In 1926, the 194 km line to Aranyapratet was opened, however due to the French side prioritizing the construction of roads, the construction of the rail on the
French Indochina French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...
side had not yet started.


Unification of railways

There were two main issues preventing the unification of the lines on the East Bank and West Bank of the
Chao Praya River Chao may refer to: People * Chao (surname), various Chinese surnames (including 晁 and 巢, as well as non-Pinyin spellings) * Zhou (surname) (周), may also be spelled Chao * Zhao (surname) (趙/赵), may also be spelled Chao in Taiwan and Hon ...
: The difference in
gauge Gauge ( or ) may refer to: Measurement * Gauge (instrument), any of a variety of measuring instruments * Gauge (firearms) * Wire gauge, a measure of the size of a wire ** American wire gauge, a common measure of nonferrous wire diameter, es ...
sizes and the lack of a bridge connection. While the Northern and Northeastern lines, on the East Bank, use the standard-gauge (1435 mm), the Southern line, on the West Bank, uses the
meter-gauge Metre-gauge railways are narrow-gauge railways with track gauge of or 1 metre. The metre gauge is used in around of tracks around the world. It was used by European colonial powers, such as the French, British and German Empires. In Europe, l ...
(1000 mm). In the end, it was decided that all standard-gauge lines were to be converted to metre-gauge in order to make potential international connections more convenient since all the neighbouring countries adopted the metre-gauge. The conversion started in 1920 and took ten years to complete. Along with the standardisation of the track gauge, it was also decided to unify the two workshops into one central workshop, thus requiring a connection across the river. The construction of the
Rama VI bridge Rama VI Bridge ( th, สะพานพระราม 6, , ) is a railway bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, in Thailand, connecting the districts Bang Sue and Bang Phlat. It is the first bridge to cross the Chao Phraya River and was ...
was then started in 1922 and opened to traffic in 1927.


Coordination with roads

As part of the engineer shortage in World War I, the Department of Ways, in charge of constructing and maintains main roads, were put under the jurisdiction of Prince Kamphaeng Phet. The policy adopted by the state regarding land transport then became rail-oriented with roads only functioning as feeder roads or secondary transport to places where rail is unable to reach.


Locomotive improvements

In 1929, the RRD proposed a plan to electrify the 90 km section between Bangkok to Ban Phachi. However, the plan was rejected due to the fact that electrified railways were still new to Southeast Asia and electric locomotives would not be able to be utilized in other sections. In the end, the RRD adopted diesel locomotives instead. In 1928, two diesel mechanical locomotives were introduced, with 13 more ordered and put into service in the early 1930s.


The 1932 revolution

After the 1932 revolution, the Royal Railway Department, previously holding the authority equivalent to a ministry, was downgraded to a department. With itself now at the same level as the Department of Ways, the RRD lost its full control over land transportation. The People's Party government began to divert to a road-oriented plan, formulating the national road construction eighteen-year plan in 1936. Rail expansion stagnated during the 1930s as budgets were concentrated in the construction of new roads. However, competition between roads and rails did not occur immediately as the newly built roads were unpaved and of poor quality due to the rapid nature of their construction.


World War 2

Thailand's participation in the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
and its support of Japanese military expansion led to the Thai railway being expanded due to its role in Japan's supply lines and to its being bombed by allied forces.


Expansion of International Railway

As the Japanese forces began to advance into mainland Southeast Asia, a supply line was needed and thus they constructed a number of military railway lines connecting previously disconnected networks as an effort to improve its supply situation for their campaigns in
Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
and
British Malaya The term "British Malaya" (; ms, Tanah Melayu British) loosely describes a set of states on the Malay Peninsula and the island of Singapore that were brought under British hegemony or control between the late 18th and the mid-20th century. U ...
.


= Eastern railway

= After the Franco-Thai War, Thailand inherited parts of
French Indochina French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...
and its railway in the east. At that point, the railway from
Phnom Penh Phnom Penh (; km, ភ្នំពេញ, ) is the capital and most populous city of Cambodia. It has been the national capital since the French protectorate of Cambodia and has grown to become the nation's primate city and its economic, indus ...
and Aranyapratet has not yet been fully constructed, with the section between Mongkol Borey and Aranyapratet still unfinished. In October 1941, the construction of the remaining section began, and on 8 December, Japanese troops invaded Thailand, took over the construction and finished the missing link in about two weeks. Trains started running between Phnom Penh and Bangkok on 22 December. Since the Eastern line was originally planned as a feeder line, it faced serious capacity limit and strain from the extensive use by the Japanese military.


= Connection to Burma

= The Japanese army also planned a rail connection between Thailand and Burma as part of a connection from Burma to Manchuria and Tokyo for its plan of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. While the Japanese forces had already secured Burma by 1942, it had relied on water transport for supplies and needed a land route. As a result, a railway crossing the Tenasserim range from Nong Pladuk to Thanbyuzayat started construction in July 1942 and was scheduled to be completed by the end of 1943. Allied
prisoners of war A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held Captivity, captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. Belligerents hold priso ...
and labourers began the construction, but due to the severe jungle environment and floods, the construction work did not progress as expected. In order to hasten construction, in February 1943 the planned transport capacity for the route was reduced, from 3000 tons per day to 1000 tons per day, and a deadline was ordered to be the end of August. More prisoners of war and labourers were put to work, however, due to inappropriate health measures, more than one-third of the labourers died. The line opened in October 1943 and was used as a part of Operation U-Go.


Shortage of rolling stock

To supply its advancing forces in British Malaya, the Japanese army began to utilize Thai railway immediately and on 9 December 1941, military trains began to run from Bangkok to the south, many of which never returned to Bangkok, as of March 1942 around one-third of Thailand's wagons had been left in Malaya. Military trains operated on the Southern, Eastern, and Northern lines, causing a shortage of rolling stock, particularly on the Northeastern line. The number and frequency of civil trains were reduced significantly, from 166 per day before the war to 96 per day by 1943.


Bombings by the Allied forces

Due to the Thai railway becoming a vital part of the Japanese's supply line, the Thai railway and facilities needed for its operation became one of the targets of allied bombings, with major bridges becoming targets. By 1944, the railway network was already severely damaged with major railway bridges destroyed, including the
Rama VI bridge Rama VI Bridge ( th, สะพานพระราม 6, , ) is a railway bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, in Thailand, connecting the districts Bang Sue and Bang Phlat. It is the first bridge to cross the Chao Phraya River and was ...
which became completely unusable by the end of 1944. By the end of the war, the Thai railway was heavily damaged, with as much as 40 km of tracks being destroyed. The Makkasan Railway Depot, needed to repair rolling stocks, was also heavily damaged.


Post-war reconstruction and development (1945-1958)


Damage from the war

The state of Thai railway was left in a dire state by allied bombings and overuse of
locomotive A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the Power (physics), motive power for a train. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a multiple unit, Motor coach (rail), motor ...
s and tracks during the war.


Locomotive shortage and lacking facilities

Originally in Thailand at the time, there were 186 steam locomotives, 105 of which were now unusable with 78 being in irreparable condition. A similar situation was also found with diesel locomotives, passenger coaches, and freight cars. Measures were put in place in order to prevent further damaging of the locomotives, however some damage was inevitable. Satisfactory repair of disabled wagons was further prevented by the Makkasan Railway Depot being severely damaged, as well as the lack of resources and equipments.


Recovery

As part of the recovery effort, Thailand purchased a total of 142 locomotives from the allied countries, 74 steam locomotives from
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
(50 of which were already brought to Thailand, intended to be used on the
Thai-Burma railway The Burma Railway, also known as the Siam–Burma Railway, Thai–Burma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar). It was built from 1940 to 1943 ...
) and 68 locomotives from the United States. The Thai government continues to purchase more
rolling stock The term rolling stock in the rail transport industry refers to railway vehicles, including both powered and unpowered vehicles: for example, locomotives, freight and passenger cars (or coaches), and non-revenue cars. Passenger vehicles can b ...
s, in 1948 Thailand ordered 50 steam locomotives, 200 passenger cars, and 500 wagons from Japan. Another order for 50 more steam locomotives and 500 wagons was also made in 1950. Thailand also took deliveries of 7 diesel electric locomotives from
Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
that were ordered before the war.


First World Bank loan

In 1950, Thailand received aid in the form of a US$25.3 million loan from
the World Bank The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries. It is the largest and best-known development bank in the world and an observer at the United Nations Development Grou ...
in order to assist in the reconstruction of basic infrastructure. As per the conditions of the loan, Thailand was not allowed to use it to construct any new line or purchase
locomotive A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the Power (physics), motive power for a train. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a multiple unit, Motor coach (rail), motor ...
s, as the World Bank views that new rail lines should be built using the national budget and rehabilitation of the Makkasan Railway Depot was more important in order to maintain and repair existing
rolling stock The term rolling stock in the rail transport industry refers to railway vehicles, including both powered and unpowered vehicles: for example, locomotives, freight and passenger cars (or coaches), and non-revenue cars. Passenger vehicles can b ...
.


= Reorganization of the Royal Railway Department

= Another condition set by the World Bank was for the Royal Railway Department to be reorganized into an independent
state enterprise A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a government entity which is established or nationalised by the ''national government'' or ''provincial government'' by an executive order or an act of legislation in order to earn profit for the governmen ...
in order to give it more flexibility and maintain profit. As such, on 1 July 1951, the Royal Railway Department became a new state enterprise under the name of the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). Though the SRT should be more profitable and flexible in theory, in practice the government restricted fare hikes in fear of public opposition.


Second World Bank loan

Later, in 1955, the SRT formulated a five-year priority investment program and submitted it to
the World Bank The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries. It is the largest and best-known development bank in the world and an observer at the United Nations Development Grou ...
, receiving another $12 million loan to improve rail transport in Thailand. By 1960, Thailand's rolling stock fleet, through the help of foreign aids and loans, increased rapidly to 8,391 cars, compared to about 4,000 in the prewar days.


Improvement in infrastructure

To further increase rail's transport capacity, the rail infrastructure, particularly the traction system and the tracks, underwent refurbishment.


= Improved traction

= All
couplers Coupler may refer to: Engineering Mechanical * Railway coupler, a mechanism for connecting rolling stock in a train device ** Janney coupler ** SA3 coupler ** Scharfenberg coupler for multiple unit passenger cars * Quick coupler, used in constru ...
in Thailand at that point were A.B.C. couplers, introduced in 1903 to comply with the same system in
Malaya Malaya refers to a number of historical and current political entities related to what is currently Peninsular Malaysia in Southeast Asia: Political entities * British Malaya (1826–1957), a loose collection of the British colony of the Straits ...
. The A.B.C. couplers had various flaws: connecting and separating wagons require manpower to perform the task manually, and its maximum load is only 10 tons, restricting transport capacity in mountainous areas. The SRT decided to introduce new automatic couplers, in order to reduce connection and separation time and increase loading capacity. As Japan managed to quickly switch to automatic couplers in 1925, engineers were dispatched to Japan to study the process. It was decided that the switching process in Thailand was to be done gradually line by line, starting from the Northern line, to the Northeastern line, and the Southern line. The operation started by the end of 1957 and finally ended in 1960.


= Improved tracks

= Prior to the replacement, Thailand main lines used 50-pound rails, with some replacement parts in the Northerneastern line being 60-pound rails. Though foreign consultants recommended converting to 80-pound rails, due to high cost the
World Bank The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the Interna ...
advised a conversion to 70-pound rails. The replacement operation began in 1955 using part of the second World Bank loan, and by 1960, 45% of Thai railway were using 60-pound or heavier rails. However, as the 70-pound rails quickly began to show signs of wear, they were replaced with 80-pound rails starting in 1966, and later 100-pound rails in the 1990s. Along with the replacement of rails, shorter rails were also welded together into longer tracks.


New lines construction and closure


End of international railway

During the war, Thai railway functioned as an international railway, supplying the Japanese army into
Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
and
Malaya Malaya refers to a number of historical and current political entities related to what is currently Peninsular Malaysia in Southeast Asia: Political entities * British Malaya (1826–1957), a loose collection of the British colony of the Straits ...
. With the war ended, international trains ceased operation. The Eastern line connecting to
Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand t ...
reverted to domestic use, ending at Aranyapratet, after the territory taken during
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
was returned to
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
. The
Thai-Burma railway The Burma Railway, also known as the Siam–Burma Railway, Thai–Burma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar). It was built from 1940 to 1943 ...
also ceased operation as the Burmese side of the tracks were retrieved and used to restore their domestic rail, making it so that the Thai side can only function as a domestic line. While there has been attempts to reconnect the line, due to negligible demand for passenger or freight service the connection remains closed.


Plans for new lines

In 1949, five new lines were approved for construction:
Kaeng Khoi Kaeng Khoi ( th, แก่งคอย, ) is a district ('' amphoe'') of Saraburi province in central Thailand. Located on the bank of the Pa Sak River amid the surrounding hills of the Dong Phaya Yen Mountains, its main town of the same name de ...
- Buayai line, Surat Thani- Thanoon line, Udon Thani-
Nong Khai Nong Khai ( th, เทศบาลเมืองหนองคาย, ) is a city in northeast Thailand. It is the capital of Nong Khai province. Nong Khai city is located in Mueang Nong Khai district. Nong Khai lies on the Mekong River, near ...
line, Kumphawapi-
Nakhon Phanom Nakhon Phanom ( th, นครพนม, ) is a town (''thesaban mueang'') in northeastern Thailand, capital of Nakhon Phanom Province. The town covers ''tambons'' Nai Mueang and Nong Saeng and parts of ''tambons'' At Samat and Nong Yat, all in M ...
line, and Buayai-
Mukdahan Mukdahan ( th, มุกดาหาร, ) is a town (''thesaban mueang'') and capital of Mukdahan Province, which became Thailand's 73rd province in 1982. In the northern region of the country, on the right (west) bank Mekong River, it was form ...
line. Priority was given such that the first three lines were to be built in the first half of the decade, and the remaining two being built in the latter five years. However, due to budget shortfalls, there were several delays and in 1958, all construction work was temporarily suspended. As a result, the last two lines were never constructed and the Surat Thani-Thanoon line was only partially built, leaving the Kaeng Khoi-Buayai line and Udon Thani-Nong Khai line as the only two completely finished lines out of the five planned. The Kaeng Khoi-Buayai line were to be a bypass route for the Northeastern line since the Dong Phayayen pass had become a bottleneck. The first section between
Kaeng Khoi Kaeng Khoi ( th, แก่งคอย, ) is a district ('' amphoe'') of Saraburi province in central Thailand. Located on the bank of the Pa Sak River amid the surrounding hills of the Dong Phaya Yen Mountains, its main town of the same name de ...
and Suranarai opened in 1956. The Surat Thani-Thanoon line resumed construction in 1951 and opened to traffic as far as Khiri Rat Nikhom in 1956, and due to budget shortfalls further extension to Thanoon was never built. The Udon Thani-Nong Khai line began construction in 1954. The line became a priority after the United States government needed access to
Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...
, and so with aid from the United States the line was rapidly built and was completed in 1955 with the terminus in the city's downtown. The line was also extended to reach the Mekong River in 1958. In response to increasing tension in the region due to the
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
, military lines were also planned. The government planned a new line between Nong Pladuk and Lopburi as a bypass from the Southern line to the
Northern line The Northern line is a London Underground line that runs from North London to South London. It is printed in black on the Tube map. The Northern line is unique on the Underground network in having two different routes through central London, two ...
for military purposes. As the two lines were separated by the
Chao Praya River Chao may refer to: People * Chao (surname), various Chinese surnames (including 晁 and 巢, as well as non-Pinyin spellings) * Zhou (surname) (周), may also be spelled Chao * Zhao (surname) (趙/赵), may also be spelled Chao in Taiwan and Hon ...
with the only connection being the
Rama VI Bridge Rama VI Bridge ( th, สะพานพระราม 6, , ) is a railway bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, in Thailand, connecting the districts Bang Sue and Bang Phlat. It is the first bridge to cross the Chao Phraya River and was ...
, the bypass would allow the Northern and Southern lines to connect even if the bridge was rendered unusable or destroyed. The construction of the section between Nong Pladuk and
Suphanburi Suphan Buri () is a town (''thesaban mueang'') in central Thailand. It covers ''tambon'' Tha Philiang and parts of ''tambons'' Rua Yai and Tha Rahat, all within the Mueang Suphan Buri District. As of 2006 it had a population of 26,656. The town ...
then began in 1954. Due to budget shortfalls, the remaining section from Suphanburi to Lopburi was never constructed.


The decline of rail transport (1958-1980s)


Competition with road transport

The state of the national highways before 1958 were generally poor and unpaved, particularly in sections distant from
Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai language, Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estima ...
. The poor condition of these roads meant that rail transport continued to be an important mode of national transportation even during the road-oriented period from the policy shift after the 1932 revolution. The
Mittraphap Road Mittraphap Road (, , ) or Highway 2 (, ) is one of the four primary highways in Thailand, along with Phahonyothin Road (Highway 1), Sukhumvit Road (Highway 3), and Phetkasem Road (Highway 4). It runs from Saraburi to Nong Khai. The road was origi ...
, built with help from United States' foreign aid, was the first high-standard highway in Thailand. It opened to traffic in 1958, with an extension to
Nong Khai Nong Khai ( th, เทศบาลเมืองหนองคาย, ) is a city in northeast Thailand. It is the capital of Nong Khai province. Nong Khai city is located in Mueang Nong Khai district. Nong Khai lies on the Mekong River, near ...
completed in 1965. With its opening, the Sarit government began a shift in transport policy, and from 1963 onwards construction of high-quality highways in Thailand progressed rapidly. The total length of paved roads increased from 3,123 km in 1960 to 10,000 km in 1970 and 39,931 km in 1990. Along with the increase in high-standard highways, the number of motor vehicles also increased rapidly, further increasing the use of road transport and decreasing the demand for rail transport.


Closure of railways in Bangkok

The Highway-oriented policy was also implemented in Bangkok.
Tram A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport are ...
ways were abolished in order to widen the streets and by 1968, all tram services were suspended.
Level crossing A level crossing is an intersection where a railway line crosses a road, Trail, path, or (in rare situations) airport runway, at the same level, as opposed to the railway line crossing over or under using an Overpass#Railway, overpass ...
s also generated congestion, as such there were plans to rid the inner city of railways and replace them with roads. The Paknam line and Meaklong line became victims of the policy, the Paknam line was abolished entirely to make way for the
Rama IV Road Rama IV Road ( th, ถนนพระรามที่ 4, ; usually shortened to , ) is a main road in Bangkok, Thailand. It starts at Mo Mi Junction in the area of Bangkok's Chinatown in Samphanthawong and Pom Prap Sattru Phai Districts and e ...
and the Maeklong line was shortened to eliminate level crossings in the inner city.


= Proposed relocation of the terminus

= The main railway north of Hua Lampong station has caused traffic congestion due to the level crossings. In 1959, a plan was proposed to relocate the terminus to Bang Sue station and close the Hua Lampong station. However, as the relocation would include many facilities as well as a need for a new connection to the Eastern line, the relocation plan was found to be more expensive than elevating tracks within the city. In December 1960, the freight transport service was moved to Bang Sue, while the plan to relocate the passenger terminus was eventually canceled in 1964, instead opting for a plan to eliminate level crossings. In 1966, an agreement was made between the
SRT SRT may refer to: Automotive * SRT, (Speed & Racing Technology) American high-performance automobile group associated with Dodge, Chrysler and Jeep. * Suter Racing Technology, a Swiss Moto2 constructor * Selleslagh Racing Team, Belgium * Swiss ...
and the Bangkok municipality to construct 14 bridges, however the construction of bridges was stalled due to disagreements. Later the Hopewell plan aimed to solve the disagreement by fully elevating the railways, however it too was eventually stalled.


Rail's adaptation

With the competition with motor vehicles increasing, the railway began to implement new measures to improve its service such as the modernization of its
rolling stock The term rolling stock in the rail transport industry refers to railway vehicles, including both powered and unpowered vehicles: for example, locomotives, freight and passenger cars (or coaches), and non-revenue cars. Passenger vehicles can b ...
s, introduction of new faster and more frequent routes, and new special routes to attract more passengers.


Dieselization of locomotives

An important step in modernizing rail transport in Thailand was the decision to replace the entire
locomotive A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the Power (physics), motive power for a train. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a multiple unit, Motor coach (rail), motor ...
fleet with
diesel locomotive A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine. Several types of diesel locomotives have been developed, differing mainly in the means by which mechanical power is conveyed to the driving whee ...
s. By the 1950s, the SRT had stopped purchasing
steam locomotive A steam locomotive is a locomotive that provides the force to move itself and other vehicles by means of the expansion of steam. It is fuelled by burning combustible material (usually coal, oil or, rarely, wood) to heat water in the locomot ...
s and diesel locomotives were gradually added to replace them. In 1961, following a rapid depletion of
firewood Firewood is any wooden material that is gathered and used for fuel. Generally, firewood is not highly processed and is in some sort of recognizable log or branch form, compared to other forms of wood fuel like pellets or chips. Firewood can ...
needed to run steam locomotives, the SRT finally decided to completely dieselize its locomotives by the end of the 1970s. Over that period, the number of diesel locomotives increased rapidly, from 64 cars in 1960 to 244 cars in 1975, while steam locomotives' prevalence decreased dramatically, from 306 in 1960 to only 7 in 1985, with some remaining maintained for special occasions. Diesel locomotives allowed trains to run faster and require less frequent refueling.


Long-distance night trains

To accommodate increasing numbers of passengers, the SRT began to operate long-distance night time trains. In 1965, the rapid train between
Thonburi __NOTOC__ Thonburi ( th, ธนบุรี) is an area of modern Bangkok. During the era of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, its location on the right (west) bank at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River had made it an important garrison town, which is ...
and
Su-ngai Kolok Su-ngai Kolok ( th, สุไหงโกลก, ms, Sungai Golok) is a border town, subdistrict, and district on the Malaysia-Thailand Border in Narathiwat Province, Thailand. It is one of the largest and most prosperous districts in Narathiwa ...
began night time operation, along with other rapid and express routes. Ordinary trains, running shorter distances, also began operating night time services as well in the 1960s, with the first service between
Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai language, Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estima ...
and Phitsanulok starting in 1961.


New line constructions

Thailand saw little expansion of its railway network after the 1960s, only seeing an increase of about 360 km from 1960 to 1990. The plan to construct five new lines, introduced in the 1950s, was partly suspended by the Sarit government, with only two lines, the
Kaeng Khoi Kaeng Khoi ( th, แก่งคอย, ) is a district ('' amphoe'') of Saraburi province in central Thailand. Located on the bank of the Pa Sak River amid the surrounding hills of the Dong Phaya Yen Mountains, its main town of the same name de ...
- Buayai line and the
Suphan Buri Suphan Buri () is a town (''thesaban mueang'') in central Thailand. It covers ''tambon'' Tha Philiang and parts of ''tambons'' Rua Yai and Tha Rahat, all within the Mueang Suphan Buri District. As of 2006 it had a population of 26,656. The town ...
line, resuming construction.


See also

*
Rail transport in Thailand The railway network of Thailand is managed and operated by the State Railway of Thailand (SRT) and has a route length of 4,346 km (2,700 mi). 151 km (94 mi) or 3.47% of all the routes are electrified. History Interest in ...
* History of rail transport *
History of rail transport by country The history of rail transport began in the BCE times. It can be divided into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of track material and motive power used. Ancient systems The Post Track, a prehistoric causeway in the va ...


References


Further reading

* R. Ramaer: ''The Railways of Thailand''. Bangkok: White Lotus Co Ltd, 1994. {{ISBN, 978-974-480-151-7 * กองประชาสัมพันธ์. การรถไฟแห่งประเทศไทย (Public Relation Department, State Railway of Thailand): 100 ปี รถไฟไทย (100 Years of Thai Railway). Bangkok, World Vision Press, BE2540 (1997) * ปริญญา ชูแก้ว, รักพล สาระนาค, สุรจิต จามรมาน (บรรณาธิการ). 100 ปี สถานีกรุงเทพ (100 Year Bangkok Railway Station), Bangkok BE2559 (2016) * 110 ปี สถานีรถไฟศาลายา : ประวัติศาสตร์ วรรณกรรม และวัฒนธรรม ว่าด้วยวิวัฒนาการการเดินทางและการขนส่งจากบางกอก-ศาลายา (110 Year Salaya Railway station: History, Literature, and Culture the evolution of travel and transport from Bangkok to Salaya). นครปฐม : ศูนย์สยามทรรศน์ศึกษา คณะศิลปศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล (Nakhon Pathom: Center of Thai Studies, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Mahidol University) BE2557 (2014) Railway lines in Thailand Metre gauge railways in Thailand
Rail Transport Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a p ...