Heptarchy

The Heptarchy were the seven petty kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England that flourished from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century until they were consolidated in the 8th century into the four kingdoms of Mercia, Northumbria, Wessex and East Anglia.

The term 'Heptarchy' (from the Greek , ; from , : "seven"; , : "reign, rule" and the suffix , ) is used because of the traditional belief that there had been seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, usually described as East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex.

The first known written reference to the historiographical traditional belief that there were these 'seven kingdoms' was in Henry of Huntingdon’s 12th century work, ''Historia Anglorum''; the term ''Heptarchy'' is not known to have been used to describe them until the 16th century.

History

By convention, the Heptarchy period lasted from the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century, until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829. This approximately 400-year period of European history is often referred to as the Early Middle Ages or, more controversially, as the Dark Ages.
Although ''heptarchy'' suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly during this period as competing kings contended for supremacy.

In the late 6th century, the king of Kent was a prominent lord in the south. In the 7th century, the rulers of Northumbria and Wessex were powerful. In the 8th century, Mercia achieved hegemony over the other surviving kingdoms, particularly during the reign of Offa the Great. Yet, as late as the reigns of Eadwig and Edgar (955–75), it was still possible to speak of separate kingdoms within the English population.

Alongside the seven kingdoms, a number of other political divisions also existed, such as the kingdoms (or sub-kingdoms) of: Bernicia and Deira within Northumbria; Lindsey in present-day Lincolnshire; the Hwicce in the southwest Midlands; the Magonsæte or Magonset, a sub-kingdom of Mercia in what is now Herefordshire; the Wihtwara, a Jutish kingdom on the Isle of Wight, originally as important as the Cantwara of Kent; the Middle Angles, a group of tribes based around modern Leicestershire, later conquered by the Mercians; the Hæstingas (around the town of Hastings in Sussex); and the Gewisse, a Saxon tribe in what is now southern Hampshire that later developed into the kingdom of Wessex.

The decline of the Heptarchy and the eventual emergence of the kingdom of England was a drawn-out process, taking place over the course of the 9th to 10th centuries. In the 9th century, the Danish enclave at York expanded into the Danelaw, with about half of England under Danish rule.
English unification under Alfred the Great was a reaction to the threat from this common enemy. In 886, Alfred retook London, and the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' says that "all of the English people (''all Angelcyn'') not subject to the Danes submitted themselves to King Alfred."The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Freely licensed version at Gutenberg Project. Note: This electronic edition is a collation of material from nine diverse extant versions of the Chronicle. It contains primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram, as published in the Everyman edition.
Asser's ''Life of King Alfred'', ch. 83, trans. Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, ''Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources'' (Penguin Classics) (1984), pp. 97–8.

The unification of the kingdom of England was complete only in the 10th century, following the expulsion of Eric Bloodaxe as king of Northumbria. Æthelstan is credited as the first to be King of all England.

List of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

The four main kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England were:

* East Anglia
* Mercia
* Northumbria, including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira
* Wessex

The other main kingdoms, which were conquered by others entirely at some point in their history, before the unification of England, are:

* Essex
* Kent
* Sussex

Other minor kingdoms and territories:

* Bernicia
* Deira
* Dumnonia (only annexed to Wessex at a later date, and a Cornish kingdom)
* Haestingas
* The Hwicce
* Kingdom of the Iclingas, a precursor state to Mercia
* Lindsey
* Magonsæte
* The Meonwara, a Jutish tribe in Hampshire
* Middle Angles
* Middle Saxons (Middlesex, subsequently absorbed by the Kingdom of Essex)
* Pecsæte
* Rheged
* Surrey
* Tomsæte
* Wreocensæte
* Wihtwara

See also

*History of Anglo-Saxon England
*Cornovii (Cornish)
*Related terms: Bretwalda, High King for hegemons among kings
*Compare: Tetrarchy
*Five Burghs

References

Bibliography

*'' Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte''
* Campbell, J. et al. ''The Anglo-Saxons'' (Penguin, 1991).
* Sawyer, Peter Hayes. ''From Roman Britain to Norman England'' (Routledge, 2002).
* Stenton, F. M. ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (3rd edition. Oxford U. P. 1971).

External links

Monarchs of Britain
''Encyclopædia Britannica''

ogdoad.force9.co.uk
The Burghal Hidage – Wessex's fortified burhs

{{Early Germanic Kingdoms

States and territories established in the 5th century
States and territories disestablished in the 8th century
Historiography of England
Former subdivisions of England
Barbarian kingdoms
7 (number)