Henri Milne Edwards
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Henri Milne-Edwards (23 October 1800 – 29 July 1885) was an eminent French
zoologist Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the Animal, animal kingdom, including the anatomy, structure, embryology, evolution, Biological clas ...
.


Biography

Henri Milne-Edwards was the 27th child of
William Edwards William Edwards may refer to: Arts and entertainment *William Edwards (architect) (1719–1789), Welsh architect of the Pontypridd bridge in south Wales *William Camden Edwards (1777–1855), Welsh engraver *William Augustus Edwards (1866–1939), ...
, an English planter and colonel of the militia in
Jamaica Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
and Elisabeth Vaux, a Frenchwoman. Henri was born in
Bruges Bruges ( , nl, Brugge ) is the capital and largest City status in Belgium, city of the Provinces of Belgium, province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country, and the sixth-largest city of the countr ...
, in present-day
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...
, where his parents had retired; Bruges was then a part of the newborn
French Republic France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
. His father had been jailed for several years for helping some Englishmen in their escape to their country. Henri spent most of his life in France. He was brought up in Paris by his older brother Guillaume Frederic Edwards (1777–1842), a distinguished physiologist and ethnologist. His father was released after the fall of
Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
. The whole family then moved to Paris. At first he turned his attention to medicine, in which he graduated as an MD at Paris in 1823. His passion for natural history soon prevailed, and he gave himself up to the study of the lower forms of animal life. He became a student of
Georges Cuvier Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (; 23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French natural history, naturalist and zoology, zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuvier ...
and befriended
Jean Victoire Audouin Jean Victor Audouin (27 April 1797 – 9 November 1841), sometimes Victor Audouin, was a French natural history, naturalist, an entomologist, Herpetology, herpetologist, ornithologist, and malacologist. Biography Audouin was born in Paris and was ...
. He married Laura Trézel. They had nine children, including the biologist
Alphonse Milne-Edwards Alphonse Milne-Edwards (Paris, 13 October 1835 – Paris, 21 April 1900) was a French mammalogist, ornithologist, and carcinologist. He was English in origin, the son of Henri Milne-Edwards and grandson of Bryan Edwards, a Jamaican planter who se ...
.


Name

Originally the name Milne was one of the first names of Henri, but, to avoid confusion with his numerous relatives, he added it to his surname Edwards. He usually wrote it as "Milne Edwards", whilst his son Alphonse always used "Milne-Edwards". In taxon-authorship, the hyphenated name "Milne-Edwards" is most often used for both father and son.


Works

One of his earliest papers ('), which was presented to the
French Academy of Sciences The French Academy of Sciences (French: ''Académie des sciences'') is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV of France, Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French Scientific me ...
in 1829, formed the theme of an elaborate and eulogistic report by Cuvier in the following year. It embodied the results of two
dredging Dredging is the excavation of material from a water environment. Possible reasons for dredging include improving existing water features; reshaping land and water features to alter drainage, navigability, and commercial use; constructing da ...
expeditions undertaken by him and his friend Audouin during 1826 and 1828 in the neighbourhood of Granville, and was remarkable for clearly distinguishing the marine fauna of that portion of the French coast into four zones. Also in 1829, working in the scientific field of
herpetology Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ''herpetón'', meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and rept ...
, he described and named five new species of
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
s. He became professor of hygiene and natural history in 1832 at the . In 1841, after the death of Audouin, he succeeded him at the chair of entomology at the . In 1862 he succeeded
Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (16 December 1805 – 10 November 1861) was a French zoologist and an authority on deviation from normal structure. In 1854 he coined the term ''éthologie'' (ethology). Biography He was born in Paris, the son ...
in the long-vacant chair of zoology. Much of his original work was published in the ''Annales des sciences naturelles'', with the editorship of which he was associated from 1834. Of his books may be mentioned the ' (3 vols., 1837–1841), which long remained a standard work; ', published in 1858–1860, but begun many years before; ' (1857–1881), in 14 volumes; and a little work on the elements of zoology, originally published in 1834, but subsequently remodelled, which enjoyed an enormous circulation. In 1842, he was elected a foreign member of the
Royal Society The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, re ...
. The Royal Society in 1856 awarded him the
Copley Medal The Copley Medal is an award given by the Royal Society, for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science". It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences. Given every year, the medal is t ...
in recognition of his zoological investigations. He was elected an international member of the
American Philosophical Society The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and communit ...
in 1860. He died in Paris. His son, Alphonse Milne-Edwards (1835–1900), who became professor of ornithology at the museum in 1876, devoted himself especially to fossil birds and deep-sea exploration. A diagram of the natural classification of vertebrate animals, from Milne-Edwards, 1844. An important early classification scheme for vertebrates, diagrammed as a series of nested sets, was illustrated in Milne-Edwards (1844).


Honour

The name of Henri Milne-Edwards is honoured in several names of genera and species, such as: *''
Edwardsia ''Edwardsia'' is a genus of sea anemones, the type of the family Edwardsiidae. They have eight mesenteries and live in tubes in the sand. The name, in New Latin, commemorates the French zoologist Henri Milne-Edwards. The genus contains the fo ...
'' de Quatrefages, 1841 *'' Edwardsiella'' Andres, 1883 *''
Henricia ''Henricia'' is a large genus of slender-armed sea stars belonging to the family Echinasteridae. It contains about fifty species. The sea stars from this genus are ciliary suspension-feeders, filtering phytoplankton. Species According to the Wo ...
'' J. E. Gray, 1840 *'' Myrianida edwardsi'' (de Saint-Joseph, 1887) *'' Lophoura edwardsi'' Kölliker, 1853 *'' Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus'' (Johnson, 1867) *'' Plesionika edwardsii'' (Brandt, 1851) *'' Dynamene edwardsi'' (Lucas, 1849) *'' Grapsicepon edwardsi'' Giard & Bonnier, 1888 *'' Glossocephalus milneedwardsi'' Bovallius, 1887 *'' Onisimus edwardsii'' (Krøyer, 1846) *'' Diastylis edwardsi'' (Krøyer, 1841) *'' Neoamphitrite edwardsii'' (de Quatrefages, 1865) *'' Colpaster edwardsi'' (Perrier, 1882) *''
Milnesium ''Milnesium'' is a genus of tardigrades. It is rather common, being found in a wide variety of habitats across the world. It has a fossil record extending back to the Cretaceous, the oldest species found so far (''M. swolenskyi'') is known from T ...
'' Doyère, 1840 *''
Jasus edwardsii ''Jasus edwardsii'', the southern rock lobster, red rock lobster, or spiny rock lobster, is a species of spiny lobster found throughout coastal waters of southern Australia and New Zealand including the Chatham Islands. It is commonly called '' ...
'' (Hutton, 1875) *'' Odontozona edwardsi'' (Bouvier, 1908) *'' Milneedwardsia'' Bourguignat, 1877 *'' Boeckosimus edwardsii'' (Krøyer, 1846) *'' Lithophyllon edwardsi'' (Rosseau, 1850) *'' Goniastria edwardsi'' Chevalier, 1971 *'' Fedora edwardsi'' Jullien, 1882 *''
Ciona edwardsi ''Ciona'' is a genus of sea squirts in the family Cionidae. The body of ''Ciona'' is bag-like and covered by a tunic, which is a secretion of the epidermal cells. The body is attached at a permanent base located at the posterior part, and the op ...
'' (Roule, 1886) *'' Maasella edwardsi'' (de Lacaze-Duthiers, 1888) *'' Forskalia edwardsi'' Kölliker, 1853 *'' Costa edwardsii'' (Roemer, 1838) *'' Colobomatus edwardsi'' (Richiardi, 1876) *'' Salmincola edwardsi'' (Olsson, 1869) *'' Aristaeopsis edwardsianus'' (Johnson, 1867) *'' Sergestes edwardsii'' Krøyer, 1855 *'' Odontozona edwardsi'' (Bouvier, 1908) *'' Alphaeus edwardsii'' (Audouin, 1826) *'' Ebalia edwardsii'' Costa, 1838 *'' Fedora edwardsi'' Jullien, 1882 *'' Teuchopora edwardsi'' (Jullien, 1882) *''
Calliostoma milneedwardsi ''Calliostoma milneedwardsi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Calliostomatidae. Description The height of the shell attains 44 mm. Distribution This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocea ...
'' Locard, 1898 *''
Ocinebrina edwardsii ''Ocinebrina edwardsii'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Description The shell size varies between 12 mm and 20 mm. Distribution This species is dist ...
'' Payraudeau, 1826 *'' Discodoris edwardsi'' Vayssière, 1902 *'' Tergipes edwardsii'' Nordmann, 1844 *''
Sadayoshia edwardsii ''Sadayoshia'' is a genus of 14 species of squat lobsters in the family Munididae. Species *'' Sadayoshia acamar'' Macpherson & Baba, 2012 *'' Sadayoshia acroporae'' Baba, 1972 *'' Sadayoshia actaea'' Macpherson & Baba, 2012 *''Sadayoshia adar ...
'' (Miers, 1884) *'' Periclimenes edwardsi'' (Paulson, 1875) *'' Ocenebra edwardsi'' Payraudeau, 1826 *'' Conus milneedwardsi'' F. P. Jousseaume, 1894 *'' Montipora edwardsi'' Bernard, 1879 *''
Goniastrea edwardsi ''Goniastrea'' is a genus of stony corals in the family Merulinidae. Species belonging to the genus ''Goniastrea'' forms massive colonies, usually spherical or elongate, with well developed paliform lobes. Polyps can be seen only at night. Spe ...
'' Chevalier, 1971 *'' Pagurus edwardsi'' (Dana, 1852) *'' Chirostylus milneedwardsi'' (Henderson, 1885) *'' Pisoides edwardsi'' Bell, 1835 *'' Cancer edwardsi'' Bell, 1835 *'' Haploblepharus edwardsii'' Voigt, 1832 *'' Diogenes edwardsii'' (de Haan, 1849) *'' Propithecus edwardsi'' (A. Grandidier, 1871) *'' Archaeoniscus edwardsii'' (Westwood, 1854)


References


Bibliography

*Marcelin Berthelot, ''Notice historique sur Henri Milne Edwards'', Didot, Paris 1891. *Trevor Norton: ''Stars beneath the sea'', Carroll & Graf, New York 2000.


External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Milne-Edwards, Henri 1800 births 1885 deaths French taxonomists French carcinologists French ornithologists Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the Copley Medal Members of the French Academy of Sciences Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Foreign Members of the Royal Society Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) French people of English descent Scientists from Bruges 19th-century French zoologists National Museum of Natural History (France) people Presidents of the Société entomologique de France