Hen Gwrt Moated Site
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Hen Gwrt, (
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...
:Old Court),
Llantilio Crossenny Llantilio Crossenny ( cy, Llandeilo Gresynni) is a small village and much larger former community, now in the community of Whitecastle, in Monmouthshire, south east Wales, in the United Kingdom. It is situated between the two towns of Aberga ...
,
Monmouthshire Monmouthshire ( cy, Sir Fynwy) is a county in the south-east of Wales. The name derives from the historic county of the same name; the modern county covers the eastern three-fifths of the historic county. The largest town is Abergavenny, with ...
is the site of a thirteenth century manor house and a sixteenth century hunting lodge. Originally constructed for the
Bishops of Llandaff The Bishop of Llandaff is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff. Area of authority The diocese covers most of the County of Glamorgan. The bishop's seat is in the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (the site of a ...
, it subsequently came into the possession of the Herberts of
Raglan Castle Raglan Castle ( cy, Castell Rhaglan) is a late medieval castle located just north of the village of Raglan in the county of Monmouthshire in south east Wales. The modern castle dates from between the 15th and early 17th centuries, when the succ ...
. The bishops constructed a substantial manor house on the site in the thirteenth century, which was moated in the fourteenth. The building was then adapted by the Herberts to create a lodge within their extensive hunting grounds. The lodge continued in use until the slighting of Raglan Castle in the
English Civil War The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians (" Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of re ...
. Historical accounts of Monmouthshire traditionally identify Hen Gwrt as the home of
Dafydd Gam Dafydd ap Llewelyn ap Hywel (c. 1380 – 25 October 1415), better known as Dafydd Gam, anglicized to David or Davy Gam, was a Welsh warrior, a prominent opponent of Owain Glyndŵr. He died at the Battle of Agincourt fighting for Henry V, King o ...
, the legendary opponent of
Owain Glyndŵr Owain ap Gruffydd (), commonly known as Owain Glyndŵr or Glyn Dŵr (, anglicised as Owen Glendower), was a Welsh leader, soldier and military commander who led a 15 year long Welsh War of Independence with the aim of ending English rule in Wa ...
and supporter of
Henry V Henry V may refer to: People * Henry V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1026) * Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (1081/86–1125) * Henry V, Duke of Carinthia (died 1161) * Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine (c. 1173–1227) * Henry V, Count of Luxembourg (121 ...
, but there is no evidence for this. Work at the site in the early nineteenth showed evidence of the footings of the earlier buildings, which were mapped, but by the time of subsequent archaeological investigations in the twentieth century, all of the stone on the site had been removed for road metalling. Today, no trace of either the manor or the lodge remains, and the moated site is in the care of
CADW (, a Welsh verbal noun meaning "keeping/preserving") is the historic environment service of the Welsh Government and part of the Tourism and Culture group. works to protect the historic buildings and structures, the landscapes and heritage s ...
.


History

In the
Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
ownership of the parish of Llantilio Crossenny was divided between the King and the Bishops of Llandaff, ''Llantelyo regis'' being the lands owned by the king and ''Llantelyo episcopi'' being those owned by the bishops. The bishops administered their portion from Hen Gwrt. This episcopal presence also accounts for the "exceptional scale" and "unusual grand(eur)" of the
parish church A parish church (or parochial church) in Christianity is the church which acts as the religious centre of a parish. In many parts of the world, especially in rural areas, the parish church may play a significant role in community activities, ...
, dedicated to
St Teilo Saint Teilo ( la, Teliarus or '; br, TeliauWainewright, John. in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol. XIV. Robert Appleton Co. (New York), 1912. Accessed 20 July 2013. or '; french: Télo or ';  – 9 February ), also known by his ...
, which stands a little south of Hen Gwrt. The bishops' manor is believed to have been of timber construction. By the reign of Henry VI, the manor had been leased to
William ap Thomas Sir William ap Thomas (died 1445) was a Welsh nobleman, politician, knight, and courtier. He was a member of the Welsh gentry family that came to be known as the Herbert family through his son William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (8th creati ...
who had purchased the manor of Raglan in 1432 and begun the great expansion of the castle. William, or possibly his son, William Herbert, enclosed a substantial deer park, of some 250 hectares, at Llantilio Crossenny.
Elisabeth Whittle Elisabeth Whittle is a garden historian from Wales. A former president of the Welsh Historic Gardens Trust and a trustee of the National Botanic Garden of Wales, her published works include studies of the historic gardens of Wales and of the hi ...
's ''Historic Gardens of Wales'' reproduces a map of 1610 by
John Speed John Speed (1551 or 1552 – 28 July 1629) was an English cartographer, chronologer and historian of Cheshire origins.S. Bendall, 'Speed, John (1551/2–1629), historian and cartographer', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (OUP 2004/ ...
that shows the deer parks of Monmouthshire, including that centred at Hen Gwrt. In the Herbert's ownership, in the sixteenth century, the bishops' timber manor was reconstructed as a stone hunting lodge. William Herbert was the grandson of Dafydd Gam, through his father's second marriage to
Gwladys ferch Dafydd Gam Gwladys ferch Dafydd Gam (died 1454) was a Wales, Welsh noblewoman. She was the daughter of Dafydd ap Llewelyn ap Hywel, otherwise known as Dafydd Gam, who was killed at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.#Prichard, Prichard pp. 431-433 Gwladys was ...
, and this familial connection may account for the long-held tradition, repeated by both William Coxe and Sir Joseph Bradney, that Hen Gwrt was the site of Daffyd Gam's manor house. In his Introduction to ''The Diary of Walter Powell of Llantilio Crossenny in the County of Monmouth, Gentleman'', Bradney records that David Gam's; "seat was the castle called Hengwrt (Old Court), of which only the moat remains." The church at Llantilio Crossenny has two stained glass windows, moved from Llantilio Court, showing the arms of Gam and of Herbert, but there is no documentary evidence linking Gam to the Hen Gwrt site. In 1646, towards the end of the
First English Civil War The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They include the Bishops' Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Second English Civil War, the Anglo ...
and after a three-month siege, Raglan Castle was surrendered to the Parliamentary forces of
Thomas Fairfax Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron (17 January 161212 November 1671), also known as Sir Thomas Fairfax, was an English politician, general and Parliamentary commander-in-chief during the English Civil War. An adept and talented command ...
by
Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester Henry may refer to: People *Henry (given name) *Henry (surname) * Henry Lau, Canadian singer and musician who performs under the mononym Henry Royalty * Portuguese royalty ** King-Cardinal Henry, King of Portugal ** Henry, Count of Portugal, ...
. The surrender, and subsequent slighting, of the castle also saw the end of the use of Hen Gwrt as a hunting lodge and its subsequent complete destruction. In 1941, Sir Henry Mather Jackson, whose grandfather, Sir William Jackson had bought the site in 1873, and who had also owned White Castle, gave guardianship of Hen Gwrt to the
Ministry of Public Building and Works Ministry may refer to: Government * Ministry (collective executive), the complete body of government ministers under the leadership of a prime minister * Ministry (government department), a department of a government Religion * Christian mi ...
. In that year, it was also designated a
scheduled monument In the United Kingdom, a scheduled monument is a nationally important archaeological site or historic building, given protection against unauthorised change. The various pieces of legislation that legally protect heritage assets from damage and d ...
. It is now in the care of
CADW (, a Welsh verbal noun meaning "keeping/preserving") is the historic environment service of the Welsh Government and part of the Tourism and Culture group. works to protect the historic buildings and structures, the landscapes and heritage s ...
.


Description

The site comprises an island, rectangular in plan, and measuring 39m by 45m. The island is completely surrounded by a moat, giving dimensions of 72.5m by 76m overall, and is connected by a modern bridge over the moat, although a beam from the original bridge survives. The site offers no natural defences, and the platform within the moat has not been raised, suggesting that the moat was not intended to serve a serious defensive purpose. Describing Hen Gwrt in his 2016 walking guide ''Offa's Dyke Pass'', Mike Dunn writes; "the moat is clogged with
bulrushes Bulrush is a vernacular name for several large wetland grass-like plants *Sedge family (Cyperaceae): **''Cyperus'' **''Scirpus'' **'' Blysmus'' **''Bolboschoenus'' **''Scirpoides'' **''Isolepis'' **''Schoenoplectus'' **''Trichophorum'' *Typhacea ...
but still very picturesque and the site is open and grassy."


Archaeology and excavations

Writing in 2000, in his ''Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300-1500'', Anthony Emery noted that "Hen Gwrt is one of the few (moated) sites to have been thoroughly examined." In the 1820s, a plan of "''The foundations of the Old Court, taken as they were discovered''" was drawn up at the time the stone from the site was removed for road metalling. Craster and Lewis suggest an alternative use for the stone may have been in the building of Llantilio Court. Whittle follows their suggestion and also notes that the associated changes to the road layout obliterated the southern corner of the site. The plan shows the footings of a rectangular building, built in stone, and surrounded by a stone wall encircling the inner edge of the moat. The building has both a large and a small chamber, and two rooms which probably housed latrines. By the time of later excavations in the 1950s all traces of the stone foundations had gone, although elements indicating the earlier, timber-framed, manor house of the Bishops of Llandaff were uncovered. These excavations, the most detailed undertaken at the site, were led by O.E. Craster and J.M. Lewis and their findings published in Volume 112 of the ''Archaeologia Cambrensis'', the journal of the Cambrian Archaeological Association, in 1963.
CADW (, a Welsh verbal noun meaning "keeping/preserving") is the historic environment service of the Welsh Government and part of the Tourism and Culture group. works to protect the historic buildings and structures, the landscapes and heritage s ...
considers that the site still "offers considerable archaeological potential."


Notes


References

* * * * * * * * * * * {{Commons category, Hen Gwrt, position=right Scheduled monuments in Monmouthshire Archaeological sites in Monmouthshire History of Monmouthshire