Haryana, India

Haryana (; ) is an Indian state located in the northern part of the country. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 Nov 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 21st in terms of area, with less than 1.4% () of India's land area. The state capital is Chandigarh, which it shares with the neighboring state of Punjab, and the most populous city is Faridabad, which is a part of the National Capital Region. The city of Gurugram is among India's largest financial and technology hubs. Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 revenue tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities and towns, 7,356 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats.

Haryana contains 32 special economic zones (SEZs), mainly located within the industrial corridor projects connecting the National Capital Region. Gurgaon is considered one of the major information technology and automobile hubs of India. Haryana ranks 11th among Indian states in human development index. The economy of Haryana is the 13th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of and has the country's 5th-highest GSDP per capita of .

The state is rich in history, monuments, heritage, flora and fauna and tourism, with a well developed economy, national highways and state roads. It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, by Rajasthan to the west and south, while river Yamuna forms its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh. Haryana surrounds the country's capital territory of Delhi on three sides (north, west and south), consequently a large area of Haryana state is included in the economically important National Capital Region of India for the purposes of planning and development.

Etymology

Anthropologists came up with the view that Haryana was known by this name because in the post- Mahabharata period here lived the Abhiras who developed special skills in the art of agriculture. According to Pran Nath Chopra Haryana got its name from Abhirayana-Ahirayana-Hirayana-Haryana.

History

Ancient period

The villages of Rakhigarhi in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are home to the largest and one of the world's oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization sites, dated at over 9,000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metal working (in both bronze and precious metals) have been uncovered. According to archaeologists, Rakhigarhi may be the origin of Harappan civilisation, which arose in the Ghaggar basin in Haryana and gradually and slowly moved to the Indus Valley.

During the Vedic era, Haryana was the site of the Kuru Kingdom, one of India's great Mahajanapadas.
The south of Haryana is the claimed location of the Manu's state of Brahmavarta. The area surrounding Dhosi Hill, and districts of Rewari and Mahendragarh had Ashrams of several Rishis who made valuable contributions to important Hindu scriptures like Vedas, Upanishads, Manusmriti, Brahmanas and Puranas. As per Manusmriti Manu was the king of Brahmavarta, the flood time state 10,000 years ago surrounded by oldest route of Sarasvati and Drishadwati rivers on the banks of which Sanatan-Vedic or present day Hindu ethos evolved and scriptures were composed.

Medieval period

Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain Tirthankara were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli, Bhiwani (Ranila, Charkhi Dadri and Badhra), Dadri, Gurgaon ( Gurugram ), Hansi, Hisar, Kasan, Nahad, Narnaul, Pehowa, Rewari, Rohad, Rohtak (Asthal Bohar) and Sonepat in Haryana.

Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled parts of northern India in the 7th century with its capital at Thanesar. Harsha was a prominent king of the dynasty. Tomara dynasty ruled the south Haryana region in the 10th century. Anangpal Tomar was a prominent king among the Tomaras.

After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398, Timur attacked and sacked the cities of Sirsa, Fatehabad, Sunam, Kaithal and Panipat. When he reached the town of Sarsuti (Sirsa), the residents fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur's troops, with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops. From there he travelled to Fatehabad, whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred. The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated, with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes. From there he travelled to Tohana, whose Jat inhabitants were robbers according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. They tried to resist but were defeated and fled. Timur's army pursued and killed 200 Jats, while taking many more as prisoners. He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered. Timur proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered, destroying all villages along the way. On the next day, he came to Assandh whose residents were " fire-worshippers" according to Yazdi, and had fled to Delhi. Next, he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on to Loni fort.

Hem Chandra Vikramaditya also called Hemu claimed royal status and throne of Delhi after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the Battle of Delhi and assumed the ancient title of Vikramaditya. The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the major empires of India. Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India. In the First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis. In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari. Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India during 1553 to 1556 from Punjab to Bengal, defeating Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.

British Period

The state was part of the British Punjab province. The Delhi division of Punjab province formed the bulk of Haryana. Among the princely states that were located in the state were Jind, Kalsia, Loharu, Dujana and Pataudi, as well as parts of the Patiala State.

Partition and aftermath

During the Partition of India, the Punjab province was one of two British Indian provinces, alongside Bengal, to be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Haryana, along with other Hindu and Sikh dominated areas of Punjab province, became part of India as East Punjab state. As a result, a significant number of Muslims left for the newly formed country of Pakistan. Similarly, a huge number of Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into the state from West Punjab. Gopi Chand Bhargava, who hailed from Sirsa in present-day Haryana, became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab.

Formation of Haryana

Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-districts of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district – along with Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhri – were to be included.

The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharar, SAS Nagar, Kharar, which includes Chandigarh, the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However Kharar, SAS Nagar, Kharar was given to Punjab. The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory, serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.

B. D. Sharma, Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became the first List of Chief Ministers of Haryana, Chief Minister of Haryana.

Demographics

Religion

According to the 2011 census, of total 25,351,462 population of Haryana, Hindus (87.46%) constitute the majority of the state's population with Muslims (7.03%) (mainly Meo (ethnic group), Meos) and Sikhs (4.91%) being the largest minorities.

Muslims are mainly found in the Nuh district, Nuh. Haryana has the second largest Sikh population in India after Punjab, and they mostly live in the districts adjoining Punjab (India), Punjab, such as Sirsa district, Sirsa, Jind district, Jind, Fatehabad district, Fatehabad, Kaithal district, Kaithal, Kurukshetra district, Kurukshetra, Ambala district, Ambala and Panchkula district, Panchkula.

Languages

The official language of Haryana is Hindi.
Several regional languages or dialects, often subsumed under Hindi, are spoken in the state. Predominant among them is Haryanvi language, Haryanvi (also known as Bangru), whose territory encompasses the central and eastern portions of Haryana. Hindustani language, Hindustani is spoken in the northeast, Bagri language, Bagri in the west, and Ahirwati, Mewati language, Mewati and Braj Bhasha in the south.

There are also significant numbers of speakers of Urdu and Punjabi language, Punjabi, the latter of which was recognised as a second official language of Haryana for government and administrative purposes in 2010. After the state's formation, Telugu was made the state's "second language" – to be taught in schools – but it was not the "second official language" for official communication. Due to a lack of students, the language ultimately stopped being taught. Tamil was made the second language in 1969 by Bansi Lal to show the state's differences with Punjab although there were no Tamil speakers in Haryana at the time. In 2010, due to the lack of Tamil speakers, the language was removed from its status.

There are also some speakers of several major regional languages of neighbouring states or other parts of the subcontinent, like Bengali language, Bengali, Bhojpuri language, Bhojpuri, Marwari language, Marwari, Mewari language, Mewari, and Nepali language, Nepali, as well as smaller communities of speakers of languages that are dispersed across larger regions, like Bauria language, Bauria, Bazigar language, Bazigar, Gujari language, Gujari, Gade Lohar language, Gade Lohar, Oadki language, Oadki, and Sansi language, Sansi.

Culture

Music

Haryana has its own unique traditional Music of Haryana, folk music, List of Indian folk dances#Haryana, folk dances, saang (folk theatre),Sachchidananda'' Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes'' Volume 1 - 1996 817141298X p416. Haryanvi cinema, cinema, belief system such as Punjabi folk religion#Jathera, Jathera (ancestral worship),A Glossary of the tribes & castes of Punjab by H. A Rose and arts such as Embroidery of India#Phulkari (Punjab and Haryana), Phulkari and Embroidery of India#Shisha or Mirrorwork (Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan), Shisha embroidery.

Folk dances

Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying cultural needs of primarily agrarian society, agrarian and martial race, martial natures of Haryanavi tribes.

Haryanvi musical folk theatre main types are Saang, Rasa lila and Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system, Ragini. The Saang and Ragini form of theatre was popularised by Lakhmi Chand.Manorma Sharma, 2007
Musical Heritage of India
Page 65-125.

Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements. Three popular categories of dance are: festive-seasonal, devotional, and ceremonial-recreational. The festive-seasonal dances and songs are Gogaji/Gugga, Holi, Phalgun, Phaag, Shravana, Sawan, Teej. The devotional dances and songs are Chaupai (poetry), Chaupaiya, Holi, Taal (instrument), Manjira, Rasa lila, Ras Leela, Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system, Raginis). The ceremonial-recreational dances and songs are of following types: legendary bravery (Punjabi Qisse, Kissa and Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system, Ragini of male warriors and female Satis), love and romance (Pungi, Been and its variant Nāginī dance, and Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system, Ragini), ceremonial (Chang dance, Dhamal Dance, Ghoomar, Jhumar, Jhoomar (male), Khoria, Loor, and Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system, Ragini).

Folk music and songs

Haryanvi folk music is based on day to day themes and injecting earthly humour enlivens the feel of the songs. Haryanvi music takes two main forms: "Classical folk music" and "Desi Folk music" (Country Music of Haryana), and sung in the form of ballads and love, valor and bravery, harvest, happiness and pangs of parting of lovers.S. C. Bhatt and Gopal K. Bhargava, 2006
Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: 21 Arts and Crafts of Haryana
S. Gajrani, 2004
History, Religion and Culture of India
Volume 1, Page 96.

=Classical Haryanvi folk music

=
Classical Haryanvi folk music is based on Indian classical music. Hindustani classical ragas, learnt in gharana parampara of guru–shishya tradition, are used to sing songs of heroic bravery (such as Alha-Khand (1163–1202 CE) about the bravery of Alha, Alha and Udal, Jaimal Rathore, Jaimal and Patta Sisodia, Patta of Maharana Udai Singh II), Brahmas worship and festive seasonal songs (such as Teej, Holi and Phalguna, Phaag songs of Phalgun month near Holi). Bravery songs are sung in high pitch.

=Desi Haryanvi folk music

=
Desi Haryanvi folk music, is a form of Haryanvi music, based on Bhairavi (Hindustani), Raag Bhairvi, Bhairav (raga), Raag Bhairav, Kafi (raga), Raag Kafi, Jaijaivanti, Raag Jaijaivanti, Jhinjhoti, Raag Jhinjhoti and Raga, Raag Pahadi and used for celebrating community bonhomie to sing seasonal songs, ballads, Religious music, ceremonial songs (wedding, etc.) and related religious legendary tales such as Puran Bhagat. Relationship and songs celebrating love and life are sung in medium pitch. Ceremonial and religious songs are sung in low pitch. Young girls and women usually sing entertaining and fast seasonal, love, relationship and friendship related songs such as Phalguna, Phagan (song for eponymous season/month), Kartik (month), Katak (songs for the eponymous season/month), Shraavana, Samman (songs for the eponymous season/month), (male-female duet songs), (songs of sharing heartfelt feelings among female friends). Older women usually sing devotional Mangal Geet (auspicious songs) and ceremonial songs such as Bhajan, Bhat (wedding gift to the mother of bride or groom by her brother), Punjabi wedding traditions#Sagai, Sagai, Hindu wedding, Ban (Hindu wedding ritual where pre-wedding festivities starts), Childbirth in India, Kuan-Poojan (a custom that is performed to welcome the birth of a child by worshiping the well or source of drinking water), Sanjhi and Holi festival.

= Socially normative-cohesive impact

=
Music and dance for Haryanvi people is a great way of demolishing societal differences as folk singers are highly esteemed and they are sought after and invited for the events, ceremonies and special occasions regardless of their caste or status. These inter-caste songs are fluid in nature, and never personalised for any specific caste, and they are sung collectively by women from different strata, castes, dialects. These songs do transform fluidly in dialect, style, words, etc. This adoptive style can be seen from the adoption of tunes of Bollywood movie songs into Haryanvi songs. Despite this continuous fluid transforming nature, Haryanvi songs have a distinct style of their own as explained above.

With the coming up of a strongly socio-economic metropolitan culture in the emergence of urban Gurgaon (Gurugram) Haryana is also witnessing community participation in public arts and city beautification. Several landmarks across Gurgaon are decorated with public murals and graffiti with cultural cohesive ideologies and stand the testimony of a lived sentiment in Haryana folk.

Cuisine

As per a survey, 13% of males and 7.8% of females of Haryana are non-vegetarian. The Indian cuisine#Haryana, regional cuisine features the staples of roti, saag, Curry, vegetarian sabzi and milk products such as ghee, milk, lassi and kheer.Cuisine of Haryana
, Haryana Tourism.

Society

Haryanvi people have a concept of inclusive society involving the ''"36 royal races, 36 Jātis"'' or communities. Castes such as Jat, Rajput, Gurjar, Saini, Pasi (caste), Pasi, Ahirs, Ror, Meo (ethnic group), Mev, Charan, Bishnoi, Harijan, Aggarwal, Brahmin, Khatri and Tyagi are some of the notable of these 36 Jātis.

Geography

Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude. The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of the geographical area of the country. The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level. Haryana has only 4% (compared with national 21.85%) area under forests. Karoh Peak, a tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district, is highest point in Haryana.
Most of the state sits atop the fertile Punjab Plain, a subsection of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Haryana has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border – Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh.

Plains and mountains

Haryana has four main geographical features.
* The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state is also called ''Delhi doab'' consisting of ''Sutlej-Ghaggar doab'' (between Sutlej in north in Punjab and Ghaggar-Hakra River, Ghaggar river flowing through northern Haryana), ''Ghaggar-Hakra doab'' (between Ghaggar river and Drishadvati river, Hakra or Drishadvati river which is the paleochannel of the holy Saraswati River) and ''Hakra-Yamuna doab'' (between Hakra river and Yamuna).
* The Shivalik Hills, Lower Shivalik Hills to the northeast in foothills of Himalaya
* The Bagar tract semi-desert dry sandy plain to the south-west. See also: Doab#Khadir and bangar, Bangar and Khadir.
* The Aravalli Range, Aravali Range's northernmost low rise isolated non-continuous outcrops in the south

Hydrography

The Yamuna, tributary of Ganges, flows along the state's eastern boundary.

Northern Haryana has several north-east to west flowing rivers originating from the Sivalik Hills of Himalayas, such as Ghaggar-Hakra River, Ghaggar-Hakra (palaeochannel of vedic Sarasvati river),

Chautang (paleochannel of vedic Drishadvati river, tributary of Ghagghar), Tangri river (tributary of Ghagghar), Kaushalya river (tributary of Ghagghar), Markanda river, Haryana, Markanda River (tributary of Ghagghar), Sarsuti, Dangri, Somb river. Haryana's main seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra, known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage, rises in the outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district, passes through Ambala and Sirsa district, Sirsa, it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan. The seasonal Markanda River, Haryana, Markanda River, known as the ''Aruna'' in ancient times, originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala, and swells into a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power, carries its surplus water on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar.

Southern Haryana has several south-west to east flowing seasonal rivulets originating from the Aravalli Range in and around the hills in Mewat region, including Sahibi RiverCultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume, Vijai Shankar Śrivastava, 1981
Minerals and Metals in Ancient India: Archaeological evidence
Arun Kumar Biswas, Sulekha Biswas, University of Michigan. 1996. . (called Najafgarh drain in Delhi),Environment Minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel
22 February 2005, The Indian ExpressNajafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters
, 25 December 2009, The Times of Indiadrain causes less pollution in Yamuna now
4 July 2006, The Indian Express Dohan river (tributary of Sahibi, originates at Mandoli village near Neem Ka Thana in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and then disappears in Mahendragarh district), Krishnavati river (former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba, Rajasthan, Dariba and disappears in Mahendragarh district much before reaching Sahibi river) and Indori river (longest tributary of Sahibi River, originates in Sikar district of Rajasthan and flows to Rewari district of Haryana), these once were tributaries of the Drishadwati/Saraswati river.

Major canals are Western Yaumna Canal, Western Yamuna Canal, Sutlej Yamuna link canal (from Sutlej river tributary of Indus), and Indira Gandhi Canal.Ramtanu Maitra: The Indira Gandhi Canal: greening the desert in India EIR Volume 14, Number 7, 13 February 1987

Major dams are Kaushalya Dam in Panchkula district, Hathnikund Barrage and Tajewala Barrage on Yamuna in Yamunanagar district, Pathrala barrage on Somb river in Yamunanagar district, ancient Anagpur Dam near Surajkund in Faridabad district, and Ottu barrage on Ghaggar-Hakra River in Sirsa district.

Major lakes are Dighal Wetland, Basai Wetland, Badkhal Lake in Faridabad,

holy Brahma Sarovar and Sannihit Sarovar in Kurukshetra, Blue Bird Lake in Hisar, Damdama Lake at Sohna in Gurgram district,Damdama lake
, official website.Rajiv Tiwari
"Delhi A Travel Guide"
, . Hathni Kund in Yamunanagar district, Karna Lake at Karnal,Page 153, Tourism: Theory, Planning, and Practice, By K.K. Karma, Krishnan K. Kamra, Published 1997, Indus Publishing, ancient Surajkund in Faridabad, and Tilyar Lake in Rohtak.Page 149, ''India: A Travel Guide'', By B.R. Kishore, published 2001, Diamond Pocket Books (P) Limited,

The ''Haryana State Waterbody Management Board'' is responsible for rejuvenation of 14,000 Johad#Johads of Haryana, Johads of Haryana and up to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state."Haryana to develop 50-60 small lakes, water bodies in NCR: Manohar Lal Khattar"
, Indian Express, 1 November 2017."Haryana to constitute pond management authority "
, Business Standard, 1 November 2017.

Only hot spring of Haryana is the Sohna#Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring, Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring at Sohna in Gurgaon district."Sohna Hot Spring."
, The Tribune. Tosham Hill range has several Tosham Hill range#Sacred Sulphur Ponds of Tosham Hill, sacred sulphur pond of religious significance that are revered for the healing impact of sulphur, such as ''Pandu Teerth Kund'', ''Surya Kund'', ''Kukkar Kund'', ''Gyarasia Kund'' or ''Vyas Kund''.2004
"Records, Volume 135, Part 1."
, Geological Survey of India, Page 144.

Seasonal waterfalls include Morni#Tikkar Taal, Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni, Morni hiills, Dhosi Hill in Mahendragarh district and Pali village on outskirts of Faridabad.

Climate

Haryana is hot in summer at around and mild in winter. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest December and January. The climate is arid to semi-arid with average rainfall of 354.5 mm. Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September as a result of the Monsoon, and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February as a result of the Western Disturbance.

Flora and fauna

Forests

Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586 km²) and the Tree Cover in the state was 2.90% (1282 km²), giving a total forest and tree cover of 6.49%. In 2016–17, 18,412 hectares were brought under tree cover by planting 14.1 million seedlings. Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the monsoon, a carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry, eucalyptus, pine, kikar, shisham and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck, nilgai, Leopard, panther, fox, mongoose, jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here.

Wildlife

Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana. Sultanpur National Park is a notable Park located in Gurugram District

Environmental and ecological issues

Haryana Environment Protection Council is the advisory committee and Department of Environment, Haryana is the department responsible for the administration of environment. Areas of Haryana surrounding National Capital Region (India), Delhi NCR are the most polluted. During smog of November 2017, Air quality index of Gurgaon and Faridabad showed that the density of Particulates, Fine particulates (2.5 Micrometre, PM diameter) was an average of 400 PM and monthly average of Haryana was 60 pm. Other sources of pollution are exhaust gases from old vehicles, Crusher, stone crushers and Brick Kiln. Haryana has 7.5 million old vehicles, of which 40% are old more polluting vehicles, besides 500,000 new vehicles are added every year. Other majorly polluted cities are Bhiwani, Bahadurgarh, Dharuhera, Hisar and Yamunanagar."From Punjab to Patna pollution spreads."
Dainik Jagran, 12 November 2017.

Administration

Divisions

The state is divided into 6 revenue divisions, 5 Police ranks and insignia of India#State police forces and their structure, Police Ranges and 3 Police ranks and insignia of India#State police forces and their structure, Police Commissionerates (c. January 2017).Reorganisation of Haryana divisions
, Daily Pioneer, 3 January 2017.
, 2 February 2017.Authority set up to rejig administrative units across Haryana
, Times of India, 3 January 2017.
, Web India, 2 February 2017. Divisions of Haryana#Revenue divisions, Six revenue divisions are: Ambala Division, Ambala, Rohtak Division, Rohtak, Gurgaon Division, Gurgaon, Hisar Division, Hisar, Karnal division, Karnal and Faridabad division, Faridabad. Haryana has 11 Municipal Corporations in India, municipal corporations (Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Rohtak, Hisar, Panipat, Karnal, Sonepat, and Manesar), 18 municipal councils and 52 Nagar Palika, municipalities.Municipal taxes will be sanctioned to the weak bodies of the state

Within these there are 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, 6,226 villages panchayats and numerous smaller Dhani (settlement type), dhanis.

Districts

Law and order

Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana. Divisions of Haryana#Police ranges, Five Police Ranges are Ambala, Hissar, Karnal, Rewari and Rohtak.Haryana establishes five police ranges
, business Standard, 16 January 2017. Divisions of Haryana#Police commissionerates, Three Police Commissionerates are Faridabad, Gurgaon and Panchkula. Cybercrime investigation cell is based in Gurgaon's Sector 51.

The highest judicial authority in the state is the Punjab and Haryana High Court, with next higher right of appeal to Supreme Court of India. Haryana uses an e-filing facility.

Governance and e-governance

The Common Service Centres (CSCs) have been upgraded in all districts to offer hundreds of e-services to citizens, including applications of new water and sanitation connections, electricity bill collection, ration card member registration, result of Haryana Board of School Education, HBSE, admit cards for board examinations, online admission forms for government colleges, long route booking of buses, admission forms for Kurukshetra University and Haryana Urban Development Authority, HUDA plots status inquiry. Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar-enabled birth registration in all the districts. Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services are also available 24/7 service, 24/7 online through single unified UMANG app and portal as part of Digital India initiative."Government unveils Umang app for citizen services."
, Economic Times, 23 November 2017.
, Business Standard, 23 November 2017.

Economy

Haryana's list of Indian states and union territories by GDP, 14th placed 12.96% 2012-17 compound annual growth rate, CAGRIndustrial Development & Economic Growth in Haryana
, India Brand Equity Foundation, Nov 2017. estimated 2017-18 GSDP of US$95 billion is split in to 52% Service economy, services, 30% Industrial sector, industries and 18% Agriculture in India, agriculture.

Services sector is split across 45% in real estate and financial and professional services, 26% trade and Tourism in Haryana, hospitality, 15% state and central govt employees, and 14% transport and logistics & warehousing. In IT services, Gurugram ranks number 1 in India in growth rate and existing technology infrastructure, and number 2 in startup ecosystem, innovation and livability (Nov 2016).India's Top 12 Tech Cities: Digital Indian Cities Survey, 2016
, CEOWORLD magazine, Nov 2016.

Industries sector is split across 69% manufacturing, 28% construction, 2% utilities and 1% mining. In industrial manufacturing, Haryana produces India's 67% of passenger cars, 60% of motorcycles, 50% of tractors and 50% of the refrigerators.

Services and industrial sectors are boosted by 7 operational special economic zone, SEZs and additional 23 formally approved SEZs (20 already notified and 3 in-principal approval) that are mostly spread along the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project, Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor, Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor and Delhi Western Peripheral Expressway, Western Peripheral Expressway.

Agriculture sector is split across 93% crops and livestock, 4% commercial forestry and logging, and 2% fisheries. Agriculture sector of Haryana, with only less than 1.4% area of India, contributes 15% food grains to the Public distribution system, central food security public distribution system, and 7% of total national agricultural exports including 60% of total national Basmati rice export.

Agriculture

Crops

Haryana is traditionally an agrarian society of zamindars (owner-cultivator farmers). About 70% of Haryana's residents are engaged in agriculture. The Green Revolution in India, Green Revolution in Haryana of the 1960s combined with completion of Bhakra Dam in 1963 and Western Yamuna Canal#Western Yamuna Command Network, Western Yamuna Command Network canal system in 1970s resulted in the significantly increased food grain production. As a result, Haryana is self sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains
In 2015–2016, Haryana produced the following principal crops: 13,352,000 tonne wheat, 4,145,000 tonne basmati, rice, 7,169,000 tonne sugarcane, 993,000 tonne cotton and 855,000 tonne oilseeds (mustard seed, sunflower, etc.).

Fruits, vegetables and spices

Vegetable production was: potato 853,806 tonnes, onion 705,795 tonnes, tomato 675,384 tonnes, cauliflower 578,953 tonnes, Leaf vegetable, leafy vegetables 370,646 tonnes, brinjal 331,169 tonnes, Cucurbitaceae, guard 307,793 tonnes, peas 111,081 tonnes and others 269,993 tonnes.

Fruits production was: citrus 301,764 tonnes, guava 152,184 tonnes, mango 89,965 tonnes, Sapota, chikoo 16,022 tonnes, Indian gooseberry, aonla 12,056 tonnes and other fruits 25,848 tonnes.

Spices production was: garlic 40,497 tonnes, fenugreek 9,348 tonnes, ginger 4,304 tonnes and others 840 tonnes.

Flowers and medicinal plants

Cut flowers production was: Calendula officinalis, marigold 61,830 tonnes, gladiolus 2,448,620 million, rose 1,861,160 million and other 691,300 million.

Medicinal plants production was: aloe vera 1403 tonnes and stevia 13 tonnes.

Livestock

Haryana is well known for its high-yield Murrah buffalo. Other breeds of cattle native to Haryana are Haryanvi cattle, Haryanvi, Mewati cattle, Mewati, Sahiwal cattle, Sahiwal and Nili-Ravi.

Research

To support its agrarian economy, both central government (Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Central Sheep Breeding Farm, National Research Centre on Equines, ICAR CIFE Rohtak centre, Central Institute of Fisheries, National Dairy Research Institute, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research and National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources) and state government (Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, CCS HAU, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, LUVAS, Government Livestock Farm, Hisar, Government Livestock Farm, Regional Fodder Station, Hisar, Regional Fodder Station and Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute) have opened several institutes for research and education.M Gupta, 2011
Ranking of Indian institutions in agriculture & allied sciences
.Jagvir Singh Yadav, 1992
Evaluation of Agricultural Extension: A Study of Haryana
Page 44.Salim Ahmed Lalli, 2007
Infrastructure and agricultural development in Haryana: policy implications

Industrial sector

Manufacturing

* Faridabad is one of the biggest industrial cities of Haryana as well as North India. The city is home to large-scale MNC companies like India Yamaha Motor Company, Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd., Havells India Limited, JCB (company), JCB India Limited, Escorts Group, Indian Oil (R&D), and Larsen & Toubro (L&T). Eyewear e-tailer Lenskart and healthcare startup Lybrate have their headquarters in Faridabad.
* Hisar, India, Hissar, a National Capital Region (India)#Counter magnets, NCR Counter Magnet city known as steel and cotton spinning hub as well as upcoming integrated industrial aerocity and Maintenance, repair, and operations, aero MRO hub at Hisar Airport,Hisar aerodrome being considered for international airport, says MLA
, HT Correspondent, Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2 December 2014.Haryana to develop international airport at Hisar

TravelBizMonitor
, Retrieved in March 2016.
, The Tribune (Chandigarh), The Tribune, 29 May 2015. is a fast developing city and the hometown of Navin Jindal and Subhash Chandra of Zee TV fame. Savitri Jindal, Navin Jindal's mother, has been listed by ''Forbes'' as the third richest woman in the world.
* Panipat has heavy industry, including a refinery operated by the Indian Oil Corporation, a urea manufacturing plant operated by National Fertilizers Limited and a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant. It is known for its woven ''modhas'' or round stools.
* Sonipat: Kundli#Kundli Industrial Area, IMT Kundli, Nathupur, Rai and Barhi are industrial areas with several Small and medium-sized enterprises, including come large ones such as Atlas cycles, E.C.E., Birla family, Birla factory, OSRAM
* Gurgaon: Manesar#Industrial Model Township .28IMT.29.2C Manesar, IMT Manesar, Dundahera and Sohna are industrial and logistics hubs, that also has National Security Guards, Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs, National Brain Research Centre and National Bomb Data Centre.

Utilities

Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important inputs for the development of the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.

Power in the state are:
* Renewable and non-polluting sources
** Hydroelectricity
*** Bhakra Dam#Electricity generation, Bhakra-Nangal Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant
***Haryana Power Generation Corporation#Generation capacity, WYC Hydro Electric Station, 62.4 MW, Yamunanagar
** Solar power stations
*** Haryana Power Generation Corporation#Plans, Faridabad Solar Power Plant: being set up by Haryana Power Generation Corporation, HPGCL Faridabad (c.2016).
* Nuclear power stations
** Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant, 2800MW, Fatehabad, Phase-I 1400MW by 2021
* Thermal power station#Typical coal thermal power station, Coal-fired thermal power stations
** Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station, 600MW, Yamunanagar
** Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project, 1500MW, Jhajjar
** Jhajjar Power Station, 1500MW
** Panipat Thermal Power Station I, 440MW
** Panipat Thermal Power Station II, 920MW
** Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station, 1200MW, Hisar

Services sector

Transport

=Aviation

=

=Roads and Highways

=

Haryana has a total road length of , including List of National Highways in India, 29 national highways, List of state highways in Haryana, state highways, Major District Roads (MDR) and Other District Roads (ODR) (c. December 2017)."Single agency to handle road repair work from January 1"
, ''Tribune'', 29 December 2017. A fleet of 3,864 Haryana Roadways buses covers a distance of 1.15 million km per day, and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.

Ancient Delhi Multan Road and Grand Trunk Road, South Asia's oldest and longest major roads, pass through Haryana. GT Road passes through the districts of Sonipat district, Sonipat, Panipat district, Panipat, Karnal district, Karnal, Kurukshetra district, Kurukshetra and Ambala district, Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way. The Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway(KMP), Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway (KMP) will provide a high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonipat, Gurgaon, and Faridabad.

The Delhi-Agra Expressway (NH-2) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from current four lanes. It will further boost Faridabad's connectivity with Delhi.

= Railway

=

Rail network in Haryana is covered by five rail divisions under three rail zones. Diamond Quadrilateral High-speed rail in India, High-speed rail network, Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (72 km) and Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (177 km) pass through Haryana.

Bikaner railway division of North Western Railway zone manages rail network in Hisar division, western and Gurgaon division, southern Haryana covering Jodhpur–Bathinda line, Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh line, Bathinda–Rewari line, Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar-Bathinda line, Hisar-Sadulpur line and Rewari-Loharu-Sadulpur line. Jaipur railway division of North Western Railway zone manages the rail network in Hisar division, south-west Haryana covering Delhi–Jaipur line, Rewari-Reengas-Jaipur line, Delhi-Alwar-Jaipur line and Loharu-Sikar line.

Delhi railway division of Northern Railway zone manages the rail network in Karnal division, north and Rohtak division, east and central Haryana covering Delhi–Kalka line, Delhi-Panipat-Ambala line, Delhi–Fazilka line, Delhi-Rohtak-Tohana line, Rewari–Rohtak line, Jind-Sonepat line and Delhi–Jaipur line, Delhi-Rewari line. Agra railway division of North Central Railway zone manages another very small part of the network in South Haryana, south-east Haryana covering Palwal railway station, Palwal-Mathura railway station, Mathura line only.

Ambala railway division of Northern Railway zone manages a small part of the rail network in Ambala division, north-east Haryana covering Moradabad–Ambala line, Ambala-Yamunanagar line, Delhi–Kalka line, Ambala-Kurukshetra line and UNESCO World Heritage Site, UNESCO World Heritage Kalka–Shimla Railway.Ambala Division map and history
.

=Metro

=

Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with NCR cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon and Bahadurgarh. Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 11 stations and track length being 17 km.

=Sky Way

=

The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the international standard Delhi Faridabad Skyway, the first of its kind in North India, to connect Delhi and Faridabad.

Communication and media

Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the country. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea Vodafone Essar, Aircel, Uninor and Videocon) have operations in the state. Two biggest cities of Haryana, Faridabad and Gurgaon which are part of National Capital Region come under the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. The rest of the cities of Haryana comes under Haryana Telecommunication System.

Electronic media channels include, MTV, 9XM, Star Group, SET Max, News Time, NDTV 24x7 and Zee Group. The radio stations include All India Radio and other FM broadcasting, FM stations.

Panipat, Hisar, Ambala and Rohtak are the cities in which the leading newspapers of Haryana are printed and circulated throughout Haryana, in which Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Punjab Kesari, The Tribune (Chandigarh), The Tribune, Aaj Samaj, Hari Bhoomi and Amar Ujala are prominent.

Healthcare

The total fertility rate of Haryana is 2.3. The infant mortality rate is 41 (SRS 2013) and maternal mortality ratio is 146 (SRS 2010–2012). The state of Haryana has various Medical Colleges including Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak, Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College in District Sonipat, ESIC Medical College, Faridabad along with notable private medical institutes like Medanta, Max Hospital, Gurgaon, Max Hospital, Fortis Healthcare

Education

Literacy

Literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 per cent as per 2011 population census. Male literacy stands at 85.38 per cent, while female literacy is at 66.67 per cent. In 2001, the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67.91 per cent of which male and female were 78.49 per cent and 55.73 per cent literate respectively. , Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30% followed by Panchkula at 81.9 per cent and Ambala at 81.7 per cent. In terms of districts, Rewari had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 79%, and female 67%.

Schools

Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over 700,000 candidates attend annual examinations in February and March; 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year. The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the bachelor's degree level.

In 2015–2016, there were nearly 20,000 schools, including 10,100 state government schools (36 Aarohi Schools, 11 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas, 21 Model Sanskriti Schools, 8,744 government primary school, 3386 government middle school, 1,284 government high school and 1,967 government senior secondary schools), 7,635 private schools (200 aided, 6,612 recognised unaided, and 821 unrecognised unaided private schools) and several hundred other central government and private schools such as Kendriya Vidyalaya, Indian Army Public Schools, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and D.A.V. College Managing Committee, DAV schools affiliated to central government's Central Board of Secondary Education, CBSE and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, ICSE school boards.

Universities and higher education

Haryana has 48 universities and 1,038 colleges, including 115 government colleges, 88 government-aided colleges and 96 self-finance colleges.Haryana is growing rapidly in higher education, 299 colleges in small state
, 17 January 2018. Hisar has three universities: Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University – Asia's largest agricultural university, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences); several national agricultural and veterinary research centres (NRC on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, National Research Centre on Equines), Central Sheep Breeding Farm, National Institute on Pig Breeding and Research, Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB); and more than 20 colleges including Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha.

Demographically, Haryana has 471,000 women and 457,000 men pursuing post-secondary school higher education. There are more 18,616 female teachers and 17,061 male teachers in higher education.

Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India (STPI) would be set up in Panchkula's existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23. Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi, Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages.

Sports

In the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi, 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana. During the 33rd National Games held in Assam in 2007, Haryana stood first in the nation with a medal tally of 80, including 30 gold, 22 silver and 28 bronze medals.

The 1983 Cricket World Cup, 1983 World Cup winning captain Kapil Dev made his domestic-cricket debut playing for Haryana. Nahar Singh Stadium was built in Faridabad in the year 1981 for international cricket. This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as spectators. Tejli Sports Complex is an ultra-modern sports complex in Yamuna Nagar. Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Gurgaon is a multi-sport complex.

Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced the "Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy", a policy to support 26 Olympic sports, on 12 January 2015 with the words "We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country."

Haryana is home to Haryana Gold, one of India's eight professional basketball teams which compete in the country's UBA Pro Basketball League.

At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Sakshi Malik won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category, becoming the first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics and the fourth female Olympic medalist from the country.

Notable Badminton Player, Saina Nehwal is from Hisar in Haryana.

Notable Athlete, Neeraj Chopra , who competes in Javelin Throw and won the first track and field gold medal in 2020 Tokyo Olympics for India, was born and raised in Panipat, Haryana.
Wrestling is also very prominent in Haryana as 2 medals won in wrestling at 2020 Tokyo Olympics were from Haryana.

Notable Athlete, Ravi Dahiya, who was born in Nahri village of Sonipat District. Won Silver Medal in 2020 Tokyo Olympics for India.

Bajrang Punia-Bronze Medal. Ravi Kumar,[2] is an Indian freestyle wrestler who won a silver medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in the 57 kg category. Dahiya is also a bronze medalist from 2019 World Wrestling Championships and a two-time Asian champion.

See also

* List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana
* List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana
* List of people from Haryana
* Outline of Haryana
* Politics of Haryana
* Tourism in Haryana
* Haryanvi cinema
* List of earthquakes in Haryana

References

Sources

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

External links

; Government

The Official Site of the Government of Haryana

Official Tourism Site of Haryana, India

Haryana Community website

Latest Hindi News Today

News Apke Saath

जुगाड़ से बना दिया Electric Bullet
; General information
*

{{Authority control

Haryana,
North India, *
1966 establishments in India
Hindi-speaking countries and territories
Punjabi-speaking countries and territories
States and territories established in 1966
States and union territories of India