Haplogroup NO (M214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572), also known as NO-M214 and NO1, is a

human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of ...

. NO is the sole confirmed

subclade In genetics, a subclade is a subgroup of a haplogroup. Naming convention Although human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups and subclades are named in a similar manner, their names belong to completely separate sy ...

of Haplogroup K2a1 (K-M2313), which is the sole subclade of Haplogroup K2a (K-M2308).G. David Poznik et al., 2016, "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences" ''Nature Genetics''
no. 48, pp. 593–599. NO is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in most parts of eastern and northern

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago ...

, including

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both Geography, geographical and culture, ethno-cultural terms. The modern State (polity), states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. ...

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...

and northern Fennoscandia. Before 2016, NO was generally regarded as synonymous with K2a. Researchers such as David Poznik (Poznik et al. 2016) documented examples of previously unknown subclades of haplogroup K2, in both ancient remains and living individuals, which: (firstly) had several, varying suites of the

SNPs In genetics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ; plural SNPs ) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome. Although certain definitions require the substitution to be present in a sufficiently larg ...

regarded previously as uniquely defining K2a and NO, but also (secondly) lacked any of the SNPs specifically identifying haplogroups Haplogroup N (M231) and Haplogroup O (M175). This demonstrated conclusively that multiple stages of development separated K2a from NO, which therefore constituted "grandparent" and "grandchild" clades. Poznik et al. 2016 used the name " K2a1" for the Y-DNA of some of the individuals who belonged to K2a(xK2a*,NO), while also mentioning that K2a1 did not include all examples of K2a(xK2a*,NO). As of 2020, the

International Society of Genetic Genealogy The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) is an independent non-commercial nonprofit organization of genetic genealogists run by volunteers. It was founded by a group of surname DNA project administrators in 2005 to promote DNA te ...

(ISOGG) refers to NO-M214 as "NO1", and to K2a/K2a1 as "NO". There may be at least one other primary branch of NO: the ISOGG official Y-DNA haplogroup tree lists a haplogroup known as "NO1~" (CTS707/M2306) alongside NO-M214 (which ISOGG refers to as "NO1"). The

tilde The tilde () or , is a grapheme with several uses. The name of the character came into English from Spanish, which in turn came from the Latin '' titulus'', meaning "title" or "superscription". Its primary use is as a diacritic (accent) i ...

(~) indicates that its exact position of NO1~ in the phylogeny is unknown. It may be a primary branch or sibling of NO, it may be a primary branch or sibling of K2a1, or it may instead be a primary branch of K2a. Based on the projected origins of K2a, K2a1, and the basal haplogroups N* and O* respectively, NO* probably originated in

Distribution

Migration of the Y chromosome haplogroup N and O in East Asia

While there is some evidence of NO* being found in living individuals, these examples are not well-researched. Further research may instead identify them as belonging to N* (M231), N1, or the provisional subclade N2 (F3373/M2283/Page56/S323). These cases include: * 5.7% (2/35) of Bouyei males, in China or Vietnam; * a pool of four samples of

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

males at 2.9% (6/210), particularly in Tokushima Prefecture at a rate of 5.7% (4/70),Hammer et al. (2005
"Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes,"
The Japan Society of Human Genetics, 2005 and; * small proportions of samples from Yizu, Malays, Sô,

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...

ns, Daurs, Manchurian

Evenks The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym )Autonym: (); russian: Эвенки (); (); formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; mn, Хамниган () or Aiwenji () are a Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Eve ...

, Hezhes, Huis, Yaos,

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eas ...

ns, Fiji (1/107 = 0.9%), Futuna 5%,

Niue Niue (, ; niu, Niuē) is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Zealand. Niue's land area is about and its population, predominantly Polynesian, was about 1,600 in 2016. Niue is located in a triangle between Tong ...

3.5%,

Tuvalu Tuvalu ( or ; formerly known as the Ellice Islands) is an island country and microstate in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. Its islands are situated about midway between Hawaii and Australia. They lie east-nor ...

3.6%, and

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands ( Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands ( Manono and Apolima); ...

3%. Members of Haplogroup NO* include a

Telugu Telugu may refer to: * Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India *Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India * Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language ** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode S ...

of Indian origin sampled in the United Kingdom and a Malay sampled in Singapore. Two sets of ancient remains previously considered as possibly belonging to NO have since been reclassified upstream to K2a. *

Ust'-Ishim man Ust'-Ishim man is the term given to the 45,000-year-old remains of one of the early modern humans to inhabit western Siberia. The fossil is notable in that it had intact DNA which permitted the complete sequencing of its genome, one of the oldest ...

dates from approximately 45,000 BP and was found in Omsk Oblast, Russia. (Until 2016 these remains were erroneously classified as K2*.) * Oase 1: the remains found in Romania of a male who lived 37,000-42,000 years BP. Likewise, cases previously regarded as possible examples of NO* or NO1*, and since ruled out, include: * two

Han Chinese The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctiv ...

males previously found to be negative for M175 (i.e. Haplogroup O) and LLY22g (an obsolete, possibly inaccurate marker for N1), have subsequently have been found to belong to N* (N-M231),Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox ''et al.'', "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification Across Indonesia," ''MBE'' Advance Access published March 5, 2010. and; * a clade first identified in South India, defined by the SNP M147 and labelled "pre-NO" and "Haplogroup X", among other names, was found to be a sibling of NO (K2a) within Haplogroup K2 (K-M526); the new clade was renamed K2e.

Subclades

Phylogenetic tree

''This phylogeny of haplogroups K2a, K2a1, and NO is based on YFull 2018, Poznik 2016,

ISOGG The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) is an independent non-commercial nonprofit organization of genetic genealogists run by volunteers. It was founded by a group of surname DNA project administrators in 2005 to promote DNA te ...

2018, Karafet 2008.'' K2a K-M2308 (''M2308'') Found only in the ancient remains "

" (c. 45,000 BP) and " Oase 1" (c. 39,500 BP). * K2a1 K-M2313 (''M2313/Z4858'') Named by Poznik 2016; previously not distinguished from K2a. ** NO K-M214 (''M214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572'') Poznik 2016 and ISOGG 2018 distinguish between NO1 (M214), N and O. **** N ''M231; CTS2947/M2175; Z4891; CTS10118'' **** O ''M175/P186/P191/P196; F369/M1755; F380/M1757/S27659'' The position of NO1~ (''CTS707/M2306''), a subclade of K2a1 or NO, in this phylogeny is unclear.

References

External links

{{Commons category, Haplogroup NO of Y-DNA NO

Distribution

Subclades

Phylogenetic tree

See also

References

External links