Hamid Idris Awate (10 April 1910 – 28 May 1962) was the founder of the Eritrean Army (the armed wing of the

Eritrean Liberation Front ar, جبهة التحرير الإريترية it, Fronte di Liberazione Eritreo , war = the Ethiopian Civil War, Eritrean War of Independence and the Eritrean Civil Wars , image = , caption = Flag of the ELF ...

), and a symbol of the Eritrean struggle for independence.

Early life in Italian Eritrea

Awate was born in 1910 in Gerset, located between Tessenei and Golluj in southwestern Italian Eritrea. His father, a peasant, trained him as early as childhood in the use of guns. Hamid was of Tigre and

Nara The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an " independent federal agency of the United States government within the executive branch", charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It ...

descent. In 1935, Hamid was conscripted by the

Italians , flag = , flag_caption = The national flag of Italy , population = , regions = Italy 55,551,000 , region1 = Brazil , pop1 = 25–33 million , ref1 = , region2 ...

to serve in the colonial army of the Eritrean Ascari. Beside his fluency in Arabic, Tigre, Tigrinya, Nara, Hedareb, and Kunama, Hamid learned the

Italian language Italian (''italiano'' or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. Together with Sardinian, Italian is the least divergent language from Latin. Spoken by about ...

very well within a short period of time and was sent to

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

for a course in military intelligence. After returning from Italy, he was appointed as a security officer in western Eritrea. Shortly after, he served as deputy chief (Mayor) of the city of

Kassala Kassala ( ar, كسلا) is the capital of the state of Kassala in eastern Sudan. Its 2008 population was recorded to be 419,030. Built on the banks of the Gash River, it is a market town and is famous for its fruit gardens. Many of its inhabit ...

(Sudan) and its surroundings during the brief Italian occupation of that city in 1940/1941 at the beginning of

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

. As Mayor of Kassala he promoted the political union of that city to his country, Eritrea, but Allied offensives at the end of January 1941 forced him to renounce to it. He fought as an Eritrean ascari in the Battle of Keren during

and participated in the Italian guerrilla campaign in Eritrea against Allied forces with the cavalrymen of Ali Gabre. After the Italians were completely pushed out of Eritrea, Hamid settled in western Eritrea but eventually went into a dispute against the British authorities and began an armed campaign against Britain's control over Eritrea from 1942 to 1948. Afterwards, Hamid and his armed faction came to a truce agreement with the British authorities. In the meantime, the Eritrean independence movement was taking shape and working towards making Eritrea an independent country by peaceful means rather than joining landlocked Ethiopia.

Resistance against Ethiopia

In 1958 a group of Eritrean exiles in

Cairo Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the Capital city, capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, List of ...

founded the Eritrean Liberation Movement under Hamid's leadership. In July 1960, in the city of Cairo, a group of young Eritrean students and intellectuals held a meeting and formed the

(ELF). Back home, the Eritrean authorities were suspicious of Hamid's movements and activities and were watching him closely. Eritrean police forces planned to arrest Hamid in his village in August 1961. Turkey explains that the Ethiopians deployed a large amount of police forces but their plans were foiled by an Eritrean Muslim within the Eritrean police who informed Hamid earlier of that plan. Hamid then fled to Mount Adal located to the west of Agordat. Hamid's decision to begin armed resistance was reached after a period of long deliberations with other Muslims. In an interview with ''Eritrea Al-haditha'', issue #75, second year, pioneer Mohammed Al-Hassan Dohen, a long time friend of Hamid and Hamid's assistant when he was district chief, says: "In the year 1960, Idris Mohammed Adem sent a message to Hamid. Hamid Awate told me that Idris Mohammed Adem was asking him to declare the armed struggle; but he was not ready for it at that time. After four months, Mohammed Al-Shiekh Daood came and asked Hamid to declare the revolution. Hamid agreed to lead the armed struggle and declare the revolution but asked for money and weapons as long as he was notorious Outlaw. Mohammed Al-Shiekh Daood braved Hamid with old arms, three five bullet rifles "abu khamsa" and gave him 3 Birr with sugar and tea all was provided throw Egyptian Muslims. In addition, Ibrahim Mohammed Ali brought two rifles. On 1 September 1961, eleven rebels led by Hamid attacked police posts in the west of Eritrea include one on Mount Adal. A fierce battle ensued between Hamid's and Eritrean police forces, lasting 30 minutes ending in a stalemate.

Death

On May 27 1962, Awate told his unit that he was not feeling well. His condition began to deteriorate quickly. It is said that Awate called pioneer Kiboob Hajaj and gave him his beloved gun emphasizing on the continuation of the revolution. On the morning of next day, Awate died; his companions buried him secretly and did not reveal his death until four years later. A statue was erected by the Government of Eritrea on 1 September 1994 at his grave site. Even in Italy Hamid is celebrated by the Italo-Eritrean associations.

References

External links

From the Experiences of the ELA

Ascari: I Leoni di Eritrea/Ascari: The Lions of Eritrea
a website in honor of the Eritrean Ascari
"In Memory of Awate the History Maker"
by Taher Indoul
"Seeing the image of an Eritrean Hero"
{{DEFAULTSORT:Awate, Hamid Idris 1910 births 1962 deaths Eritrean People's Liberation Front members People of former Italian colonies Eritrean soldiers Italian military personnel of World War II People from Gash-Barka Region