The Hamburg School of Astrology originated in

Hamburg, Germany (male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal ...

, and revolved around the research and teachings of surveyor/

astrologer Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects. Di ...

/amateur

astronomer An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either ...

Alfred Witte Alfred Witte (2 March 1878 in Hamburg, Germany – 4 August 1941 in Hamburg, Germany), was a German surveyor, astrologer, an amateur astronomer, and the founder of the Hamburg School of Astrology. Witte revived and further developed the use of ...

. The term ''Hamburg School'' as an astrological method originated in 1923 at the Second German Astrological Congress in

Leipzig, Germany Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as wel ...

. The Hamburg School was established as an Association as "Astrologenverein Hamburger Schule" on October 31, 1925 at 9h45'51" PM (-1 = GMT), in Hamburg/Germany. In 1932 the first partner group was established in Düsseldorf/Germany by Theodor Keysers. Early collaborators of Alfred Witte were

Friedrich Sieggrün Friedrich may refer to: Names *Friedrich (surname), people with the surname ''Friedrich'' *Friedrich (given name), people with the given name ''Friedrich'' Other *Friedrich (board game), a board game about Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' ...

and Ludwig Rudolph. In a search for planets beyond Neptune (

Pluto Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of trans-Neptunian object, bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object to directly orbit the S ...

had yet to be discovered), Witte claimed four hypothetical trans-Neptunian planets, and in 1927 Sieggrün claimed yet another four. None of the these planets were astronomically verifiable. Witte named his planets Cupido, Hades, Zeus and Kronos. Sieggrün expanded the list planets with Apollon, Admetos, Vulkanus and Poseidon. In the 1930s, the American Richard Svehla became official advocate of the "Hamburg School" and created the term "Uranian Astrology" for the US in 1936. Ludwig Rudolph printed and published Witte's claims, the core of which were published in the '' Rulesbook for Planetary Pictures'' (''Regelwerk für Planetenbilder'') in 1928. An increasing amount of the research of the Hamburg School revolved around astrological midpoints and use of the extra planets. Witte and Rudolph were pursued by the

Gestapo The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one orga ...

as enemies of the

Third Reich Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

. Witte committed suicide before he could be sent to a

concentration camp Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects". Thus, while it can simpl ...

, and Rudolph was interned, the ''Rulebook for Planetary Pictures'' banned and burned by the Nazis.

Reinhold Ebertin Reinhold Ebertin (February 16, 1901 - March 14, 1988) was a German school teacher, publisher and astrologer. Life and work Ebertin utilized the research on astrological midpoints of Hamburg School surveyor and astrologer Alfred Witte first publi ...

, a student of Hamburg School methods, eliminated the use of the hypothetical planets while maintaining the core teachings of the Hamburg School, renamed it "

Cosmobiology Historically, the term 'Kosmobiologie' was used by the German medical astrologer Friedrich Feerhow and Swiss statistician Karl Krafft in a more general sense "to designate that branch of astrology working on scientific foundations and keyed to ...

" (german: Kosmobiologie), and published it in ''

The Combination of Stellar Influences Reinhold Ebertin (February 16, 1901 - March 14, 1988) was a German school teacher, publisher and astrologer. Life and work Ebertin utilized the research on astrological midpoints of Hamburg School surveyor and astrologer Alfred Witte first publi ...

'' in 1940, last updated in English in 1972. After the fall of the Third Reich, the Hamburg School reconvened, and Ludwig Rudolph played the key role in perpetuating the teachings of the Hamburg School. The Hamburg School astrologer

Hermann Lefeldt Hermann or Herrmann may refer to: * Hermann (name), list of people with this name * Arminius, chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe in the 1st century, known as Hermann in the German language * Éditions Hermann, French publisher * Hermann, Miss ...

combined Witte's theories with more astrological traditions such as the use of

astrological houses Most horoscopic traditions of astrology systems divide the horoscope into a number (usually twelve) of houses whose positions depend on time and location rather than on date. In Hindu astrological tradition these are known as Bhāvas. The ho ...

. However, other Hamburg practitioners maintained their focus on working only with astrological midpointsbr>
abandoning Western astrology, traditional practices, including the 12 houses and rulerships.

Associations of Hamburg School Astrology (inactive)

* Astrological Association "Hamburg School", German: Astrologenverein "Hamburger Schule", Hamburg/Germany, est. 1925 * Witte Study Group Düsseldorf, German: Witte-Studiengemeinschaft Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf/Germany, est. 1932 * Uranian Astrology Research Club, Cleveland, Ohio/USA, 1939 * Astrological Study Society (Hamburg School), German: Astrologische Studiengesellschaft (Hamburger Schule), Hamburg/Germany, est. 1947 * The Bangkok Astrological School, Bangkok/Thailand, est. 1972

Associations of Hamburg School Astrology (active)

* Th
Uranian Society
New York City/USA, est. 1985 * Th
International Uranian Fellowship
The Hague/Netherlands est. 2007

Publications

* L.Rudolph, Witte: ''"Regelwerk für Planetenbilder von Alfred Witte - Die Astrologie von morgen"''
1st Edition
Witte-Verlag Ludwig Rudolph, 1928/1929 * L.Rudolph, Witte: ''"Regelwerk für Planetenbilder von Alfred Witte - Die Astrologie von morgen"''
2nd Edition
Witte-Verlag Ludwig Rudolph, 1932. * L.Rudolph, Witte: ''"Regelwerk für Planetenbilder von Alfred Witte - Die Astrologie von morgen"''
3rd Edition
Witte-Verlag Ludwig Rudolph, Hamburg 1935. * First official English translation by Richard Svehla as: ''"Rulesbook for Planetary Pictures by A.Witte & L.Rudolph"'', Phoenix Bookshop, Cleveland/Ohio, USA 1939
Reprint 2014
http://d-nb.info/1059564912] * Perpetual Ephemeris: Witte, Alfred: ''"Immerwahrende Ephemeride fur ..upido, Hades, Zeus und Kronos ..''
Special Edition
from "Regelwerk...", Witte-Verlag Ludwig Rudolph, Hamburg 1935. * Witte, Alfred

Hamburg 1975. * Schnitzler, Ilse: ''"Lexikon für Planetenbilder"'', Ludwig Rudolph (Witte-Verlag), Hamburg 1957. * L.Rudolph, H.Lefeldt: ''"Witte: Regelwerk für Planetenbilder"'',Extended Version based on the 3rd Edition by A.Witte & L.Rudolph. The 4th Edition by Herman Lefeldt and Ludwig Rudolph included the Transneptunians by Friedrich Sieggrun for the first time. Ludwig Rudolph (Witte-Verlag), Hamburg. Editions: 1946-50, 1959, 1983, 2012 * Second official English translation as: ''"Rulesbook for Planetary Pictures"'', Ludwig Rudolph (Witte-Verlag), Hamburg 1974
USA 1990
* Brummund, Ruth: ''"Astropsychologische Charaktermerkmale"'', Ludwig Rudolph (Witte-Verlag), Hamburg 1972. * Brummund, Ruth
''"Regelwerk-Neufassung"'', Udo Rudolph Verlag
Hamburg 1990.

Associations of Hamburg School Astrology (inactive)

Associations of Hamburg School Astrology (active)

Publications

References

See also