Halil Hamid Pasha, also Halil Hamit Paşa (1736–1785) was the grand vizier of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

from 31 December 1782 to 30 April 1785. He was of Bosnian origin. He was especially instrumental in inviting foreign experts, especially French ones, to the Ottoman Empire from 1784.''Imperialism and science: social impact and interaction'' by George Vlahakis p.92
/ref> As a result, French missions were sent to the

to train the Ottoman Navy in naval warfare and fortification building.''From Louis XIV to Napoleon'' Jeremy Black p.144
/ref> Up to the

French revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in coup of 18 Brumaire, November 1799. Many of its ...

in 1789, about 300 French artillery officers and engineers were active in the Ottoman Empire to modernize and train artillery units.''Ottoman wars 1700-1870: an empire besieged'' by Virginia H. Aksan p.20

/ref> From 1784,

André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé, also André-Joseph de Lafitte (1740 in Clavé, a mansion of Moncrabeau – 1794 in Perpignan) was a French Army engineering officer. He became Colonel on 1 April 1791, and Maréchal de Camp on 25 October 1792. He wa ...

and Joseph-Monnier de Courtois instructed engineering drawings and techniques in the new Turkish engineering school ''Mühendishâne-i Hümâyûn'' established by Halil Hamid Pasha.''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' by Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters p.395
/ref> Mostly French textbooks were used on mathematics, astronomy, engineering, weapons, war techniques and navigation. Halil Hamid Pasha had argued for a path towards modernization for the Ottoman Empire, and a conciliatory stance against

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

, but he was ultimately suspected of plotting for the succession of

Abdul Hamid I Abdülhamid or Abdul Hamid I ( ota, عبد الحميد اول, ''`Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i evvel''; tr, Birinci Abdülhamid; 20 March 1725 – 7 April 1789) was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning over the Ottoman Empire from 1774 ...

and future ruler Selim III, due to reactionary intrigues and the rise of the anti-French sentiment.''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' by Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters p.6
/ref>''A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk'' Mesut Uyar,Edward J. Erickson p.199
/ref> Secret correspondence between Selim III and

Louis XVI Louis XVI (''Louis-Auguste''; ; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as ''Citizen Louis Capet'' during the four months just before he was ...

was discovered, and a plot against the current ruler was alleged. Halil Hamid Pasha was beheaded, and the war party rose to power, leading the Ottoman Empire to war with Russia in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). The French experts ultimately had to leave in 1788 with the start of the hostilities. Some returned to Constantinople, but eventually all instructors had to leave with the end of the Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1798. Halil Hamid Pasha's son-in-law was

Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1743 – 18 September 1812) was a grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire and served from 1794 to 1798. Izzet Mehmet Pasha was born in Safranbolu (today in Karabük Province, Turkey). His uncle was Kapudan Pasha (gr ...

, who served as grand vizier from 1794 to 1798.

Notes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halil Hamid Pasha 1736 births 1785 deaths Burials at Karacaahmet Cemetery Reis ül-Küttab 18th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire Executed people from the Ottoman Empire 18th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire

See also

Notes