Haitian literature

Haitian literature has been closely intertwined with the political life of Haiti. Haitian intellectuals turned successively or simultaneously to African traditions, France, Latin America, the UK, and the United States. At the same time, Haitian history has always been a rich source of inspiration for literature, with its heroes, its upheavals, its cruelties and its rites.

The nineteenth century

In the eighteenth century, settlers published descriptive and political works in France. Haitian literature has its origins in the country's independence.

In 1804, Fligneau's play ''The Haitian expatriate'' made its debut. But the ruling classes and the intellectual elites in the emerging Haitian state remain imbued with French culture. There was a patriotic vein that recounted the deeds of convulsive independence. It adopted, over the 19th century, the successive literary currents coming from France: classicism, romanticism, Parnassianism, and symbolism. Major authors of this period include Antoine Dupré (1782–1816), Juste Chanlatte (1766–1828), François Romain Lhérisson (1798–1859) and Jules Solime Milscent (1778–1842), who founded the journal ''L'abeille haytienne'' in 1817.

In this period of intense literary turmoils, newspapers like ''Le Républicain'' and later ''L'Union'' opened their pages to the first romantics. ''L'Observateur'', created in 1819, published romantic poetry. In 1836 the group of the ''Cénacle'' was formed, with the romantic poets Ignace Nau (1808–1845) and Coriolan Ardouin (1812–1838). Later Oswald Durand (1840–1906) and Massillon Coicou (1867–1908) represented this movement.

Theatrical production was equally rich and important, parallel to the emergence of melodrama in France. All genres were represented: prose drama, tragedy, comedy, and works reflecting current and changing mores.

At the end of the 19th century, Haitian literature was imbued with the prestige of the French language and almost exclusively oriented towards Paris. Touching only the literate francophone minority, it ignored Haitians' daily lives, despite a strong patriotic dimension.

The twentieth century

The twentieth century opened with the creation of the magazine ''La Ronde'' by Pétion Gérome in 1895. The poets in this intimate and delicate school ( Etzer Vilaire, Georges Sylvain) continued to use France as a point of reference. This vein continued during the first part of the 20th century with poets such as Dantès Bellegarde and Ida Faubert.

The American occupation, starting 1915, was a shock. The ''génération de la gifle'' (slap generation) created successive militant literary magazines: ''La Revue de la ligue de la jeunesse haïtienne'' (1916), ''La Nouvelle Ronde'' (1925), and above all ''La Revue indigène'' (1927). The Indigeniste movement, through its founder Jean Price-Mars