Haile Selassie Gugsa

Haile Selassie Gugsa CBE (1907–1985) was an Ethiopian army commander and member of the Imperial family from Tigray. He is known for betraying his country during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and becoming a fascist collaborator.

Biography

Haile Selassie Gugsa was the son of ''Leul'' ''Ras'' Gugsa Araya Selassie. Gugsa Araya Selassie was the ''Shum'' of eastern Tigray Province as well as the great grandson of Emperor Yohannes IV.

''Shum'' of eastern Tigray

In April 1932, Gugsa Araya Selassie died and Haile Selassie Gugsa replaced him as ''Shum'' of eastern Tigray with the title of ''Dejazmatch''.

On 15 June 1932, ''Dejazmatch'' Haile Selassie Gugsa married '' Leult'' Zenebework Haile Selassie, Emperor Haile Selassie's second daughter. He was about 25 years old and she was not quite 14 years old. ''Leult'' Zenebework died in 1934. Relations between Emperor Haile Selassie and ''Dejazmatch'' Haile Selassie Gugsa became quite cold after this. The strain between them was especially apparent when the Emperor insisted on bringing his daughter's body back to Addis Ababa for burial rather than allowing her husband to bury her in the capital of eastern Tigray, Mek'ele. This was a clear sign of Emperor Haile Selassie's unhappiness with his son-in-law. ''Dejazmach'' Haile Selassie on his part was very bitter that he was not elevated to the titles of ''Leul'' and ''Ras'' which had been held by his father before him, and were held by his rival Seyum Mengesha of western Tigray.

At the same time as the marriage of Haile Selassie Gugsa to Zenebework Haile Selassie, Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen married ''Leult'' Wolete Israel Seyum, the daughter of ''Ras'' Seyum Mangasha of western Tigray Province. He was 16 years old and she was about 26 years old. The two marriages were meant to cement ties between the reigning Shoa branch of the Imperial Ethiopian dynasty with both rival sides of the Tigrean branch of the dynasty. The death of Princess Zenebework and the chill in relations between Haile Selassie Gugsa and Emperor Haile Selassie signalled the failure of this policy at least with the Eastern Tigrean branch of the dynasty.

Italo-Ethiopian War

On 3 October 1935, as ''Dejazmatch'', Haile Selassie Gugsa was the commander in the Mek'ele sector when the Italians invaded Ethiopia. As the Italians advanced, Emperor Haile Selassie ordered ''Ras'' Seyum Mangasha, the Commander of the Ethiopian Army of Tigre, to withdraw a day's march away from the Mareb River. Later, the Emperor ordered ''Ras'' Seyum to move back fifty-five miles from the border. ''Dejazmach'' Haile Selassie Gugsa, who was also in the area, was ordered to move back thirty-five miles. This was to demonstrate to the League of Nations that Italy was clearly the aggressor.

Betrayal

On 10 October, Haile Selassie Gugsa went over to the advancing Italians and announced his submission to Italian rule. The Italians immediately released photographs of Haile Selassie Gugsa participating in war councils with the Italian commander on the northern front, General de Bono. Furious Tigrayan patriots in Mek'ele promptly set fire to ''Dejazmach'' Haile Selassie Gugsa's home in the town. On 8 November, Mek'ele fell.

Some sources indicate that Haile Selassie Gugsa and his forces played an active part in aiding the Italian invasion. Other sources indicate his men were soon disarmed. Either way, Haile Selassie Gugsa remained loyal to the Italians who, at a minimum, used him for propaganda purposes during the balance of the invasion and during the five years of occupation. He was honoured by the Italians with the title of ''Ras'' which had been denied him by Emperor Haile Selassie, as well as an Italian pension, and recognition as the senior Tigrean prince over his rival Seyoum Mengesha.

Italian East Africa

In May 1938, Haile Selassie Gugsa was in Italy to welcome German dictator Adolf Hitler when the Nazi leader paid a state visit to King Victor Emmanuel III. Hitler was visiting at the invitation of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in Rome. Haile Selassie Gugsa watched as Mussolini's son, Bruno, led a squadron of twenty-eight bombers that sank two 23,000-ton empty freighters in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

By 27 September 1939, during the Feast of Maskal in Addis Ababa, ''Ras'' Haile Selassie Gugsa, ''Ras'' Hailu Tekle Haymanot, and ''Ras'' Seyum Mangasha sat with Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta, the Viceroy and Governor General of Italian East Africa (''Africa Orientale Italiana'', or AOI).Mockler, ''Haile Sellassie's War'', p. xxxiv All three Ethiopian leaders had submitted to Italian control of what had been their homeland and what was now the AOI colony.

Liberation of Ethiopia

In 1941, towards the end of the liberation of Italian East Africa by British, Commonwealth, and Ethiopian ''Arbegnoch'' forces, Haile Selassie Gugsa was temporarily placed in power in Tigray by the British. British Brigadier Maurice Stanley Lush, Deputy Chief Political Officer for Ethiopia, placed him back in command of eastern Tigray Province, with the intention of separating Tigray from Ethiopia, joining it to Eritrea and establishing a new "Greater Tigray/Tigrign" monarchy under either Haile Selassie Gugsa or Ras Seyum Mangasha. This plan had the support of many British colonial officers, but not of the British High Command nor of the British government, and Ras Seyum proved to be cold towards any plan of dismembering the Ethiopian Empire. The Lush group had hoped that Haile Selassie Gugsa would be more accommodating. However, Haile Selassie Gugsa was soon caught corresponding with the Italians. As a result, the British took him into custody and kept him first in British held Asmara. The government of Emperor Haile Selassie I approached the British administration and listed the crimes and treason of Haile Selassie Gugsa and requested his extradition. The British indicated that they would extradite him only after obtaining a promise that his punishment would not include death. However, the British ultimately removed Haile Selassie Gugsa from Asmara and sent him to the Seychelles for safe keeping.Haile Selassie I, Volume II, p. 174

Life sentence

In 1946, after continued requests for extradition, Haile Selassie Gugsa was returned to the Ethiopians. In 1947, he stood trial and was declared a fascist collaborator and a traitor. Haile Selassie Gugsa then threw himself on the mercy of the Emperor. As a result, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was placed under house arrest at Gore, and later at Ambo for twenty-eight years. His Italian-supplied honorific title of ''Ras'' was not recognised and he reverted to his old title of ''Dejazmach''.

In 1947, eastern Tigray was incorporated into western Tigray and was governed by ''Ras'' Seyum Mangasha as hereditary prince of all Tigray. ''Dejazmach'' Haile Selassie Gugsa and his side of the family of Emperor Yohannes IV fell from grace. They no longer enjoyed favour either from the Emperor in Addis Ababa or from ''Ras'' Seyum Mangasha in Tigray.

The Derg and Death

In 1974, the Derg toppled the Ethiopian monarchy and ''Dejazmach'' Haile Selassie Gugsa was freed. However, even after he was released, the Derg continued to regard him as a fascist collaborator and as a traitor to his country. Haile Selassie Gugsa remained under effective house arrest at Ambo in western Ethiopia from that point on although technically no longer a state prisoner. Haile Selassie Gugsa died in early 1985.

Honours

Foreign honours

See also

* Monarchies of Ethiopia
* Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
* Desta Damtew – Another son-in-law of Haile Selassie
* Beyene Merid – Another son-in-law of Haile Selassie

Notes

;Footnotes

;Citations

References

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External links

* ''Time'' magazine, Monday, 18 November 1935
Gugsa Makes Good
* ''Time'' magazine, Monday, 16 May 1938

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Haile Selassi Gugsa
1985 deaths
Ethiopian nobility
Ethiopian Royal Family
Ethiopian princes
Ethiopian military personnel
Defectors
Ethiopian collaborators with Fascist Italy
Ethiopian prisoners sentenced to death
Ethiopian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
1907 births
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century Ethiopian people