HMCS St. Laurent (H83)
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HMS ''Cygnet'' was a C-class
destroyer In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, manoeuvrable, long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against powerful short range attackers. They were originally developed in ...
built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s. The ship was initially assigned to the
Home Fleet The Home Fleet was a fleet of the Royal Navy that operated from the United Kingdom's territorial waters from 1902 with intervals until 1967. In 1967, it was merged with the Mediterranean Fleet creating the new Western Fleet. Before the First ...
, although she was temporarily deployed in the Red Sea during the Abyssinia Crisis of 1935–36. ''Cygnet'' was sold to the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) in late 1937 and renamed HMCS ''St. Laurent''. She was stationed on the west coast of Canada when World War II began in September 1939, and had to be transferred to the Atlantic coast for convoy escort duties. She served as a convoy escort in the
Battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic, the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, ran from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, covering a major part of the naval history of World War II. At its core was the Allied naval blockade ...
and participated in the sinking of two German submarines. The ship was on anti-submarine patrols during the
invasion of Normandy Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 (D-Day) with the Norm ...
, and was employed as a troop transport after VE Day for returning Canadian servicemen. ''St. Laurent'' was decommissioned in late 1945 and
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in 1947.


Design and construction

''Cygnet'' displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a
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of and a draught of . She was powered by
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geared
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s, driving two shafts, which developed a total of and gave a maximum speed of . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers. ''Cygnet'' carried a maximum of of
fuel oil Fuel oil is any of various fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum (crude oil). Such oils include distillates (the lighter fractions) and residues (the heavier fractions). Fuel oils include heavy fuel oil, marine fuel oil (MFO), bun ...
that gave her a range of at . The ship's complement was 145 officers and men.Whitley, p. 26 The ship mounted four 45- calibre 4.7-inch Mk IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. For
anti-aircraft Anti-aircraft warfare, counter-air or air defence forces is the battlespace response to aerial warfare, defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".AAP-6 It includes surface based, ...
(AA) defence, ''Cygnet'' had a single QF 3-inch 20 cwt"cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 30 cwt referring to the weight of the gun. AA gun between her funnels, and two QF 2-pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on the aft end of her forecastle deck. The AA gun was removed in 1936 and the 2-pounders were relocated to between the funnels. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21-inch torpedoes. Three depth-charge chutes were fitted, each with a capacity of two
depth charge A depth charge is an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) weapon. It is intended to destroy a submarine by being dropped into the water nearby and detonating, subjecting the target to a powerful and destructive Shock factor, hydraulic shock. Most depth ...
s. After World War II began this was increased to 33 depth charges, delivered by one or two rails and two throwers. The ship was ordered on 15 July 1930 from Vickers-Armstrongs, Barrow-in-Furness under the 1929 Programme. ''Cygnet'' was laid down on 1 December 1930, launched on 29 September 1931,English, p. 45 as the 14th ship to carry the name, and completed on 1 April 1932.


Service history

After the ship commissioned on 9 April 1932, she was assigned to the
2nd Destroyer Flotilla The British 2nd Destroyer Flotilla (also styled as Second Destroyer Flotilla) was a naval formation of the Royal Navy from 1909 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1946. History The 2nd Destroyer Flotilla originated in early 1907 as a part of a Home ...
of the Home Fleet. ''Cygnet'' spent a lot of time in dockyard hands during her first two years of service. She was repaired at Devonport in November 1932 – January 1933, March–May, July–August and November 1933 – January 1934 before deploying to the West Indies with the Home Fleet between January and March 1934. The ship required more repairs upon her return in April–May and then a refit from 25 July to 31 August 1934. ''Cygnet'' was detached from the Home Fleet during the Abyssinian Crisis, and deployed in the Red Sea from September 1935 to April 1936. The ship returned to the UK in April 1936 and refitted at Devonport between 20 April and 18 June before resuming duty with the Home Fleet. In July–August she was deployed for patrol duties off the Spanish coast in the
Bay of Biscay The Bay of Biscay (), known in Spain as the Gulf of Biscay ( es, Golfo de Vizcaya, eu, Bizkaiko Golkoa), and in France and some border regions as the Gulf of Gascony (french: Golfe de Gascogne, oc, Golf de Gasconha, br, Pleg-mor Gwaskogn), ...
to intercept shipping carrying contraband goods to Spain and to protect British-flagged shipping during the first stages of the Spanish Civil War.English, p. 50


Transfer to the Royal Canadian Navy

Together with her sister , ''Cygnet'' was sold to Canada on 20 October 1936 for a total price of £400,000. She was refitted again to meet Canadian standards, including the installation of Type 124 ASDIC, and handed over on 1 February 1937. The ship was renamed as HMCS ''St. Laurent'' and commissioned into the RCN on 17 February. ''St. Laurent'' was assigned to Halifax, Nova Scotia and arrived there in May. She remained there for a year before she was transferred to Esquimalt in 1938. The ship remained there until she was ordered to the
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on 31 August 1939, arriving at Halifax on 18 September. ''St. Laurent'' escorted local convoys while based there, including the convoy carrying half of the
1st Canadian Infantry Division The 1st Canadian Division (French: ''1re Division du Canada'' ) is a joint operational command and control formation based at CFB Kingston, and falls under Canadian Joint Operations Command. It is a high-readiness unit, able to move on very short ...
to the UK on 10 December. The ship was ordered to
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on 24 May 1940 and arrived there on 31 May. Upon arrival, the ship's rear torpedo tube mount was removed and replaced by a 12-pounder AA gun and the 2-pounders were exchanged for quadruple Mark I mounts for the QF 0.5-inch Vickers Mark III machine gun. On 9 June, ''St. Laurent'' was ordered to Le Havre, France to evacuate British troops, but none were to be found and the ship evacuated a small group of French soldiers further up the coast on 11 June. The ship was taken under fire by a German artillery battery near Saint-Valery-en-Caux, but she was not hit and Lieutenant Commander H.G. DeWolf, the ship's captain, ordered her to return fire although no results were noted. After returning to England, ''St. Laurent'' escorted several troop convoys on the last legs of their journeys from Canada, Australia and New Zealand in mid-June and was assigned to escort duties with Western Approaches Command afterwards. On 2 July, whilst escorting the British
battleship A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns. It dominated naval warfare in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The term ''battleship'' came into use in the late 1880s to describe a type of ...
, ''St. Laurent'' received word that the unescorted British passenger ship had been torpedoed by , about northeast of
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, Ireland. Arriving some four and a half hours after the
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sank, the ship rescued 857 survivors, including German and Italian
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. Together with the British
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, she badly damaged the whilst defending Convoy HX 60 on 4 August. On 2 December, ''St. Laurent'' rescued survivors from the
armed merchant cruiser An armed merchantman is a merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact. In the days of sail, piracy and privateers, many merchantmen would be routinely armed, especially those engaging in lo ...
that had been torpedoed and sunk by as well survivors from the British oil tanker ''Conch''. After refitting at Halifax from 3 March to 11 July 1941, ''St. Laurent'' was assigned to the 14th Escort Group of the RCN's
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which covered convoys in the Mid-Atlantic. Whilst escorting Convoy ON 33 in November in a gale, the ship was damaged severely enough by the weather that she was forced to return to Halifax for repairs. ''St. Laurent'' was transferred to the Mid-Ocean Escort Force in December and remained until March 1943. She was given a lengthy refit at Halifax in April–August 1942. In early December 1942, the ship's director-control tower and rangefinder were exchanged for a Type 271 target indication radar mounted above the bridge. By this time, she had been fitted with a high-frequency direction finding system as well. Whilst assigned to Escort Group C1 defending
Convoy ON 154 Convoy ON 154 - also ON(S) 154 or ONS 154 - was a North Atlantic convoy of the ON series which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in World War II. It was the 154th of the numbered series of merchant ship convoys Outbound from the British ...
in late December 1942, ''St. Laurent'' had her first victory; In the early hours of 27 December 1942, while north of the Azores, she sighted a U-boat on the surface which she engaged with gunfire, followed by a depth charge attack as the boat crash-dived. As she attacked again she found oil on the surface, but no other evidence of destruction. However, in the post-war examination she was credited with sinking . The ship was refitted in
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, between 17 August and December 1943. On 10 March 1944, ''St. Laurent'' was credited with sinking in the North Atlantic, along with the destroyer , and
frigate A frigate () is a type of warship. In different eras, the roles and capabilities of ships classified as frigates have varied somewhat. The name frigate in the 17th to early 18th centuries was given to any full-rigged ship built for speed and ...
s and . The other changes made to the ship's armament during the war (exactly when these occurred is unknown) included the replacement of 'B' gun by a Hedgehog anti-submarine spigot mortar, exchanging the two quadruple .50-calibre Vickers machine guns mounted between her funnels for two Oerlikon 20 mm AA guns, the addition of two Oerlikon guns to her searchlight platform and another pair were fitted on the wings of her bridge, and the removal of her 12-pounder AA gun. Type 286 short-range surface search radar was also added. 'Y' gun was also removed to allow her depth charge stowage to be increased to at least 60 depth charges. In May 1944 she was transferred to the 11th Escort Group to support the Allied
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. On D-Day itself – 6 June 1944 – she was deployed with the Canadian destroyers , , and stationed in the entrance to the English Channel to prevent U-boat attacks on the invasion convoys. Later she was deployed with her group in the
Bay of Biscay The Bay of Biscay (), known in Spain as the Gulf of Biscay ( es, Golfo de Vizcaya, eu, Bizkaiko Golkoa), and in France and some border regions as the Gulf of Gascony (french: Golfe de Gascogne, oc, Golf de Gasconha, br, Pleg-mor Gwaskogn), ...
for anti-submarine operations. On 8 August she was unsuccessfully attacked by a glide bomb, and on the 13th she and ''Ottawa'' rescued survivors from which had been sunk with depth charges by a
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aircraft. These duties continued into October, when she returned to Canada to refit. Conducted at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, the refit lasted from November 1944 to 20 March 1945. ''St. Laurent'' returned to service in April 1945, and was attached to the Halifax Escort Force for convoy defence off the east coast. After the German surrender on 6 May, she was employed as a troop transport, until paid off on 10 October 1945. The ship was sold for scrap and broken up in 1947.


Trans-Atlantic convoys escorted


Successes

During her service ''St. Laurent'' was credited with the destruction of one U-boat: A model of HMS ''Cygnet'' by Norman A. Ough is held by the National Maritime Museum.


Notes


Footnotes


References

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External links


''St. Laurent'' on Naval-history.org
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cygnet (H63) Ships of the Royal Canadian Navy 1931 ships C and D-class destroyers Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness Canadian River-class destroyers converted from C and D-class destroyers