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Great Canfield is a village and a
civil parish
In England, a civil parish is a type of administrative parish used for local government. It is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority ...
in the Uttlesford
Uttlesford is a local government district in Essex, England. Its council is based in the market town of Saffron Walden. At the 2011 Census, the population of the district was 79,443. Other notable settlements include Great Dunmow, Elmdon, Stebbi ...
district of Essex
Essex () is a county in the East of England. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, and G ...
, England. The village, which sits at the south-east edge of its civil parish, is approximately south-west from the small town of Great Dunmow
Great Dunmow is a historic market town and civil parish in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. It is situated on the north of the A120 road, approximately midway between Bishop's Stortford and Braintree, five miles east of London Stanst ...
, and north-west from High Roding
High Roding is a village and civil parish in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. The village is included in the eight hamlets and villages called The Rodings. High Roding is northwest from the county town of Chelmsford.
History
Accordi ...
. The civil parish contains the hamlets and small settlements of Hope End Green, Hellmans Cross, Bacon End, Baconend Green, and Puttocks End. The River Roding
The River Roding () rises at Molehill Green, Essex, England, then flows south through Essex and London and forms Barking Creek as it reaches the River Thames.
Course
The river leaves Molehill Green and passes through or near a group of eight o ...
defines the parish border at the south-east, and for 1 mile cuts through the parish before providing part of the north-east border.
History
Great Canfield civil parish contains Gradelisted building
In the United Kingdom, a listed building or listed structure is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, in Wales, and the Northern Irel ...
s and historic landscapes, and records dating back to the Domesday Book
Domesday Book () – the Middle English spelling of "Doomsday Book" – is a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William I, known as William the Conqueror. The manusc ...
of 1086. One entry found in the Domesday Book describes Great Canfield as having a "Value to the Lord in 1066 f£6" and agricultural resources from years 1066 to 1086: "Meadow 51 acres. Woodland 160 pigs. 1 mill."
Great Canfield is one of 104 parishes within the scope of The Hundred Parishes Society, which covers "450 square miles of northwest Essex, northeast Hertfordshire and southern Cambridgeshire". The society aims to raise awareness of the area's character and history and conserve and protect its historic buildings, natural landscape and culture. St Mary's Church at Great Canfield is of particular interest; the church is typically Norman
Norman or Normans may refer to:
Ethnic and cultural identity
* The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries
** People or things connected with the Norm ...
and thought to have been constructed between 1100-1150. It is described as being "in the shadow of an old Motte and Bailey and it was perhaps built on the site of an earlier church". The church contains a 13th–century painting of the Virgin Mary and the baby Jesus. St Mary's is part of a six-church Group ministry in west Essex – the other churches are St Mary the Virgin in Aythorpe Roding
__NOTOC__
Aythorpe Roding is a village and civil parish in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. The village is included in the eight hamlets and villages called The Rodings. Aythorpe Roding is northwest from the county town of Chelmsford ...
, St Andrews's in Halstead
Halstead is a town and civil parish in the Braintree District of Essex, England. Its population of 11,906 in 2011High Easter, All Saints in
Recorded from past census statistics; the population of Great Canfield has seen only one major decline in population, from its peak population of 511 in 1831, to 271 by 1901. Census data shows that a decline in population was consecutive with every recorded census between 1841 and 1901. An increase in population within Great Canfield after the census of 1841 was not recorded until 1911; the population rose from 271 recorded in 1901, to 305 by 1911- an increase of 34. Since the 1921 Census Great Canfield has seen regular increases in population, the greatest between the years 1921-1931 where there was an increase of 86, from 254 to 340. Since then the increases have been moderate.
Historically the measurement of employment within parishes such as Great Canfield has been varied in terms of categorizing workers within different industries. The 1801 Census primarily recorded levels of occupation by "those 'chiefly employed in agriculture', those 'chiefly employed in trade, manufacturers or handicraft', and others". By the census of 1841 the recording of occupational data had moved on from categorizing workers into 4 broad areas of industry 'and others'; the census now "listed over 3000 different occupational titles". This allowed for future census data to categorize these approximately 3000 job titles into more varied and accurate areas of industry. By the census of 1881 the occupational data for parishes such as Great Canfield was more organised then previous census data:
By 1881 Great Canfield had a working population of around 167, the majority within agriculture, and employed by farmers and land owners as labourers and to tend crops; this accounted for 47% of the working population of Great Canfield. The fact the majority of workers were employed within the agricultural industry reflects the social demographics of the occupants living in Great Canfield during the 1800s, the majority of people would have fallen under the 'labourers & servants' social status with little education and no professional trade. The second majority which was 30% of Great Canfield's workforce in 1881, falls under the 'unknown'- this does not just suggest unemployment but reflects the inconsistency of the census data during this time period in terms of jobs that do not fall under any title, or occupants not accurately recording their job title. A percentage of those under the 'unknown' section would have fallen under the unemployed sector.
Within the 1800s it is accurate to state that Great Canfield was mostly made up of people employed within the agricultural industry, most of whom would have been on a low income. Occupational distribution of Great Canfield based on the 2011 Census shows the majority percentage of employment is within the 'Managers, Directors and Senior Officials' sector with 21% of the working population within this sector. The second majority in distribution of employment as of the 2011 Census is within the 'skilled trades occupations' sector- making up 17% of the working population. A change from Great Canfield's distribution of employment in 1881 until 2011 is the percentage of employment within the 'professional occupations', the distribution within this sector in 1881 was 2% of Great Canfield's working population, the distribution in 'professional occupations' in 2011 was 15%- an increase of 13%. The type of sectors since 1881 has changed over 130 years, emergence of technology has allowed new job titles and industries to be created and other industries to decrease such as Great Canfield's agricultural industry.
Great Canfield Village Website
{{authority control Civil parishes in Essex Uttlesford Villages in Essex
High Roding
High Roding is a village and civil parish in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. The village is included in the eight hamlets and villages called The Rodings. High Roding is northwest from the county town of Chelmsford.
History
Accordi ...
, and the Church of St Margaret of St Antioch in Margaret Roding
Margaret Roding is a village and civil parish in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. The village is included in the eight Hamlet (place), hamlets and villages called The Rodings. Margaret Roding is north-west from the county town of Chelm ...
. The group shares a part-time priest who conducts services in each of the member churches.
At the centre of Great Canfield village, south-east from the church, are the earthwork remains of Great Canfield Castle
Great Canfield Castle lies in the small village of Great Canfield, south-west of Great Dunmow in Essex, England: .
The lords of Canfield, the de Veres, built a motte and bailey castle on low ground near the River Roding, probably in the late 1 ...
. The diameter and high remains are of a motte and bailey
A motte-and-bailey castle is a European fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or Bailey (castle), bailey, surrounded by a protective Rampart (fortification ...
castle. The remains are set within a wooded area bounded south-east to north-east by a bend of the River Roding, a feed from which was used to supply water to the castle moat. Great Canfield Castle is documented from 1154 to 1216, and is associated with the de Vere Earls of Oxford
Earl of Oxford is a dormant title in the Peerage of England, first created for Aubrey de Vere by the Empress Matilda in 1141. His family was to hold the title for more than five and a half centuries, until the death of the 20th Earl in 170 ...
.
Isaac Lodge
Isaac Lodge VC (6 May 1866 – 18 June 1923) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Details ...
, recipient of the Victoria Cross
The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest and most prestigious award of the British honours system. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. It was previously ...
for action during the Second Boer War
The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the Sout ...
, was born in the village.
Population
Recorded from past census statistics; the population of Great Canfield has seen only one major decline in population, from its peak population of 511 in 1831, to 271 by 1901. Census data shows that a decline in population was consecutive with every recorded census between 1841 and 1901. An increase in population within Great Canfield after the census of 1841 was not recorded until 1911; the population rose from 271 recorded in 1901, to 305 by 1911- an increase of 34. Since the 1921 Census Great Canfield has seen regular increases in population, the greatest between the years 1921-1931 where there was an increase of 86, from 254 to 340. Since then the increases have been moderate.
Housing
Since 1801, housing levels have changed in line with changing population. During the 1800s, however, this was not the case. Between the years 1831-1881, Great Canfield recorded an increase in the total number of houses from 93 to 104; the population rate during this time decreased. In the 1900s, the number of houses in Great Canfield increased: between 1921-1961, there was an increase in houses from 75 to 123 with consistent increases being reported at every census. The 2001 and 2011 censuses show an increase in the total number of houses within Great Canfield- the 2001 Census registered a total of 133 houses, and the 2011 Census, 156. This may be due to the pressure of increasing urban development within Great Canfield, however, such development remains widely rejected within the Great Canfield community. A scheme of 31 July 2014 proposed major residential development within Great Canfield with the building of a further 211 homes on the land west of Canfield Road. The proposal was refused on the 5 November 2014 by Uttlesford District Council.Employment
Historically the measurement of employment within parishes such as Great Canfield has been varied in terms of categorizing workers within different industries. The 1801 Census primarily recorded levels of occupation by "those 'chiefly employed in agriculture', those 'chiefly employed in trade, manufacturers or handicraft', and others". By the census of 1841 the recording of occupational data had moved on from categorizing workers into 4 broad areas of industry 'and others'; the census now "listed over 3000 different occupational titles". This allowed for future census data to categorize these approximately 3000 job titles into more varied and accurate areas of industry. By the census of 1881 the occupational data for parishes such as Great Canfield was more organised then previous census data:
By 1881 Great Canfield had a working population of around 167, the majority within agriculture, and employed by farmers and land owners as labourers and to tend crops; this accounted for 47% of the working population of Great Canfield. The fact the majority of workers were employed within the agricultural industry reflects the social demographics of the occupants living in Great Canfield during the 1800s, the majority of people would have fallen under the 'labourers & servants' social status with little education and no professional trade. The second majority which was 30% of Great Canfield's workforce in 1881, falls under the 'unknown'- this does not just suggest unemployment but reflects the inconsistency of the census data during this time period in terms of jobs that do not fall under any title, or occupants not accurately recording their job title. A percentage of those under the 'unknown' section would have fallen under the unemployed sector.
Within the 1800s it is accurate to state that Great Canfield was mostly made up of people employed within the agricultural industry, most of whom would have been on a low income. Occupational distribution of Great Canfield based on the 2011 Census shows the majority percentage of employment is within the 'Managers, Directors and Senior Officials' sector with 21% of the working population within this sector. The second majority in distribution of employment as of the 2011 Census is within the 'skilled trades occupations' sector- making up 17% of the working population. A change from Great Canfield's distribution of employment in 1881 until 2011 is the percentage of employment within the 'professional occupations', the distribution within this sector in 1881 was 2% of Great Canfield's working population, the distribution in 'professional occupations' in 2011 was 15%- an increase of 13%. The type of sectors since 1881 has changed over 130 years, emergence of technology has allowed new job titles and industries to be created and other industries to decrease such as Great Canfield's agricultural industry.
References
External links
*Great Canfield Village Website
{{authority control Civil parishes in Essex Uttlesford Villages in Essex