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Google Cardboard is a virtual reality (VR) platform developed by Google for use with a head mount for a smartphone. Named for its fold-out cardboard viewer, the platform is intended as a low-cost system to encourage interest and development in VR applications.[1][2] Users can either build their own viewer from simple, low-cost components using specifications published by Google, or purchase a pre-manufactured one. To use the platform, users run Cardboard-compatible applications on their phone, place the phone into the back of the viewer, and view content through the lenses.

The platform was created by David Coz and Damien Henry, Google engineers at the Google Cultural Institute in Paris, in their 20% "Innovation Time Off".[3] It was introduced at the Google I/O 2014 developers conference, where a Cardboard viewer was given away to all attendees. The Cardboard software development kit (SDK) is available for the Android and iOS operating systems; the SDK's VR View allows developers to embed VR content on the web as well as in their mobile apps.[4]

Through March 2017, over 10 million Cardboard viewers had shipped and over 160 million Cardboard app downloads had been made. Following the success of the Cardboard platform, Google announced an enhanced VR platform, Daydream, at Google I/O 2016.

Viewer assembly and operation

A Cardboard viewer unassembled (top) and assembled (bottom)

Google Cardboard headsets are built out of simple, low-cost components. The headset specifications were designed by Google, which made the list of parts, schematics, and assembly instructions freely available on their website, allowing people to assemble Cardboard themselves from readily available parts. Pre-manufactured viewers were only available from third-party vendors until February 2016, when Google began selling their own through the Google Store.[5]

The parts that make up a Cardboard viewer are a piece of cardboard cut into a precise shape, 45 mm focal length lenses, magnets or capacitive tape, a hook and loop fastener (such as Velcro), a rubber band, and an optional near field communication (NFC) tag. Google provides extra recommendations for large scale manufacturing, and pre-assembled kits based on these plans are available for less than US$5[6] from multiple vendors, who have also created a number of Cardboard variations.

Once the kit is assembled, a smartphone is inserted in the back of the device and held in place by the selected fastening device. A Google Cardboard–compatible app splits the smartphone display image into two, one for each eye, while also applying barrel distortion to each image to counter pincushion distortion from the lenses.[7] The result is a stereoscopic ("3D") image with a wide field of view.

The first version of Cardboard could fit phones with screens up to 5.7 inches (140 mm), and used magnets as input buttons, which required a compass sensor in the phone. An updated design released at Google I/O 2015 works with phones up to 6 inches (150 mm), and replaces the magnet switch with a conductive lever that triggers a touch event on the phone's screen for better compatibility across devices.

Software

Google provides three software development kits for developing Cardboard applications: one for the Android operating system using Java, one for the game engine Unity using C#, and one for the iOS operating system.[8] After initially supporting only Android, Google announced iOS support for the Unity plugin in May 2015 at the Google I/O 2015 conference.[9] Third-party apps with Cardboard support are available on the Google Play store[10] and App Store for iOS. In addition to native Cardboard apps, there are Google Chrome VR Experiments implemented using WebGL; phones, including Apple's, that support WebGL can run Google's web experiments.[11][12] A port of the Google Cardboard demonstration app to iOS was released at Google I/O 2015.[13] In January 2016, Google announced that the software development kits would support spatial audio, a virtual reality effect intended to simulate audio coming from outside of the listener's head located anywhere in 3D space.[14][15]

In March 2016, Google released VR View, an expansion of the Cardboard SDK allowing developers to embed 360-degree VR content on a web page or in a mobile app, across desktop, Android, and iOS.[16] The JavaScript and HTML code for web publishing VR content is open source and available on GitHub, allowing developers to self-host their content.[17]

Related initiatives

Jump

Jump is an ecosystem for virtual reality film-making developed by Google. It was announced at Google I/O on May 28, 2015. Much as Google did with the Cardboard viewer, for Jump the company developed specifications for a circular camera array made from 16 cameras that it will release to the public.[18] GoPro partnered with Google to build an array using their own cameras,[19] although the Jump rig will theoretically support any camera.[18] Once footage has been shot, the VR video is compiled from the individual cameras through "the assembler", Jump's back-end software. The assembler uses computational photography and "computer vision" to recreate the scene while generating thousands of in-between viewpoints.[18] Finalized video shot through Jump can then be viewed through a stereoscopic VR mode of YouTube with a Cardboard viewer.[18]

Expeditions

Expeditions is a program for providing VR experiences to school classrooms through Google Cardboard viewers, allowing educators to take their students on virtual field trips.[20] It was announced at Google I/O 2015, with plans to launch in fall 2015.[21] Each classroom kit would include 30 synchronized Cardboard viewers and smartphones, along with a tablet for the teacher to act as tour guide.[22] Teachers interested in bringing the program to their school can register online.[23] CNET called Cardboard "the first Virtual Reality platform targeted at children."[24] Through May 2016, over one million students had taken a VR field trip through the Expeditions program.[25] In July 2017, Google released a standalone version of the Expedition app, separating it from the platform's education initiative and making it available to the public.[26]

Partnerships and promotions

In November 2014, Volvo released Volvo-branded Cardboard goggles and an Android app, Volvo Reality, to let the user explore the XC90.[27] In February 2015, toy manufacturer Mattel, in cooperation with Google, announced a VR version of the stereoscopic viewer View-Master. Android support was available at the viewer's release in fall 2015, with support for iOS and Windows smartphones available later.[28]

Google also collaborated with LG Electronics to release a Cardboard-based headset for the LG G3 known as VR for G3. Released in February 2015, it was distributed as a free accessory with new G3 models sold in certain countries, and was perceived to be a competitor to the Samsung Gear VR accessory.[29]

On November 8, 2015, The New York Times included a Google Cardboard viewer with all home newspaper deliveries. Readers can download the NYT VR app on their smartphone, which displays journalism-focused immersive VR environments.[30]

In December 2015, Google offered free Star Wars-themed Cardboard viewers through the Google Store and Verizon as a part of promotional tie-in for the film Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[31]

Ticket holders for the 2016 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival received a Google Cardboard–inspired cardboard VR viewer in their welcome package that can be used with the Coachella VR mobile app. The festival's organizers partnered with Vantage.tv to offer VR content for the festival, such as 360° panoramic photos of previous events, virtual tours of the 2016 festival site, interviews, and performances.[32]

Reception

On January 27, 2016, Google announced that in the platform's first 19 months, over 5 million Cardboard viewers had shipped, over 1,000 compatible applications had been published, and over 25 million application installs had been made. According to the company, users viewed over 350,000 hours of YouTube videos in VR during that time, and 500,000 students took a VR field trip through the Expeditions program.[33][34] Through March 2017, over 10 million Cardboard viewers had been shipped and over 160 million Cardboard app downloads had been made.[35]

Successor

The success of Cardboard convinced Google to develop more advanced virtual reality hardware and appoint a new chief of virtual reality.[36] Google announced an enhanced VR platform called Daydream at Google I/O on May 18, 2016.[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ Pierce, David (May 28, 2015). "Google Cardboard is VR's Gateway Drug". Wired. Retrieved June 17, 2015. 
  2. ^ Branstetter, Ben (June 28, 2015). "Cardboard is everything Google Glass never was". kernelmag.dailydot.com. Retrieved 2015-06-28. 
  3. ^ Statt, Nick (June 25, 2014). "Facebook has Oculus, Google has Cardboard". CNET. Retrieved August 19, 2014. 
  4. ^ Pierce, David (April 14, 2016). "Inside Google's Plan to Make VR Amazing for Absolutely, Positively Everyone". Wired Magazine. Retrieved April 14, 2016. 
  5. ^ Fingas, Jon (February 29, 2016). "Google starts selling Cardboard VR viewers through its store". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved April 3, 2016. 
  6. ^ Dougherty, Conor (May 28, 2015). "Google Intensifies Focus on its Cardboard Virtual Reality Device". New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2015. 
  7. ^ "Unity Reference: Google Cardboard". developers.google.com. Retrieved June 3, 2015. ...specifies whether you want the values as seen through the Cardboard lenses (Distorted) or as if no lenses were present (Undistorted). ... When VR Mode is enabled, stereo cameras render side-by-side to this target automatically. Each frame, the result is corrected for distortion and then displayed. ... Implements the same barrel distortion that is performed by the native code. 
  8. ^ "Google Cardboard – Google". Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015. 
  9. ^ Tarantola, Andrew (May 28, 2015). "Google Cardboard now works on iOS". Engadget. Retrieved June 2, 2015. 
  10. ^ Broida, Rick (July 17, 2014). "Five more apps that work with Google Cardboard: Games, flight sims, movie players, and more, all great fits for your Google VR headset". CNET. Retrieved August 19, 2014. 
  11. ^ "Virtual Reality". Chrome Experiments. Retrieved August 19, 2014. 
  12. ^ Johnson, Dave (August 18, 2014). "Google Cardboard works on the iPhone, too". CBS News. Retrieved August 19, 2014. 
  13. ^ Lee, Nicole (May 28, 2015). "Google Cardboard VR for iPhone hands-on". Engadget. Retrieved June 2, 2015. 
  14. ^ Eadicicco, Lisa (January 14, 2016). "Google's Cheap Virtual Reality Headset Is About to Get Better". Time.com. Time Inc. Retrieved January 17, 2016. 
  15. ^ Martz, Nathan (January 13, 2016). "Spatial audio comes to the Cardboard SDK". Google Developers Blog. Retrieved January 17, 2016. 
  16. ^ Vincent, James (March 31, 2016). "Google's new VR View tool allows easy embedding of 360-degree content". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved April 3, 2016. 
  17. ^ Martz, Nathan (March 30, 2016). "Introducing VR view: embed immersive content into your apps and websites". Google Developers Blog. Retrieved April 3, 2016. 
  18. ^ a b c d O'Kane, Sean (May 28, 2015). "Google Jump is an entire ecosystem for virtual reality film-making". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved June 9, 2015. 
  19. ^ Duino, Justin (May 29, 2015). "We took a look at the GoPro Google Jump camera array". Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved June 9, 2015. 
  20. ^ Etherington, Darrell (May 28, 2015). "Google Launches 'Expeditions,' An App For Shared Virtual School Field Trips". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved June 12, 2015. 
  21. ^ Novet, Jordan (May 28, 2015). "Google announces Cardboard Expeditions to let teachers take classes on field trips". VentureBeat. Retrieved June 12, 2015. 
  22. ^ Lee, Nicole (June 4, 2015). "Google makes its case for VR by reinventing the field trip". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved June 12, 2015. 
  23. ^ Robertson, Adi (May 28, 2015). "Google has a new Cardboard headset, and it supports iPhones". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved June 12, 2015. 
  24. ^ Stein, Scott (June 2, 2015). "Cardboard for kids: Google's bet on the future of VR is children". CNET. Retrieved June 28, 2015. 
  25. ^ Novet, Jordan (May 19, 2016). "Google is working with IMAX and Yi Technology to build Jump-ready VR camera rigs". VentureBeat. Retrieved July 18, 2016. 
  26. ^ Matney, Lucas (July 19, 2017). "Google opens Expeditions VR education app to the public". TechCrunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved July 28, 2017. 
  27. ^ Ziegler, Chris (November 13, 2014). "Volvo is using Google Cardboard to get people inside its new SUV". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved June 2, 2015. 
  28. ^ Baig, Edward C. (February 13, 2015). "View-Master rides Google Cardboard into virtual reality". USA Today. Retrieved May 30, 2015. 
  29. ^ "For LG's G3, virtual reality is just a bundle away". CNET. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  30. ^ "NYT VR: How to Experience a New Form of Storytelling From The Times". New York Times. November 5, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015. 
  31. ^ Olanoff, Drew (December 11, 2015). "Get a Free Star Wars Edition Google Cardboard". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 12, 2015. 
  32. ^ Brennan, Collin (March 10, 2016). "Coachella 2016 will be broadcast in virtual reality". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved March 11, 2016. 
  33. ^ Dipane, Jared (January 27, 2016). "Google: 5 million Cardboard viewers shipped, 25 million VR apps downloaded". Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved January 27, 2016. 
  34. ^ Singleton, Micah (January 27, 2016). "Google has shipped over 5 million Cardboard headsets". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved January 27, 2016. 
  35. ^ Jonnalagadda, Harish (March 1, 2017). "Google has shipped 10 million Cardboard VR headsets since 2014". Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved March 1, 2017. 
  36. ^ Nicas, Jack (January 12, 2016). "Alphabet Appoints New Virtual-Reality Chief". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 12, 2016. 
  37. ^ Robertson, Adi; Miller, Ross (May 18, 2016). "Daydream is Google's Android-powered VR platform". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 18, 2016. 

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