The golden jackal ( Canis
Canis aureus) is a wolf-like canid that is native to Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and regions of Southeast Asia. Compared with the Arabian wolf, which is the smallest of the gray wolves, ( Canis
Canis lupus), the jackal is smaller and possesses shorter legs, a shorter tail, a more elongated torso, a less-prominent forehead, and a narrower and more pointed muzzle. The golden jackal's coat can vary in color from a pale creamy yellow in summer to a dark tawny beige in winter. It is listed as Least Concern
Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its widespread distribution and high density in areas with plenty of available food and optimum shelter. The ancestor of the golden jackal is believed to be the extinct Arno river dog that lived in Mediterranean Europe
Mediterranean Europe 1.9 million years ago. It is described as having been a small, jackal-like canine. Genetic studies indicate that the golden jackal expanded from India around 20,000 years ago towards the end of the last ice age. The oldest golden jackal fossil, found at the Ksar Akil
Ksar Akil rock shelter near Beirut, Lebanon, is 20,000 years old. The oldest golden jackal fossils in Europe were found in Greece and are 7,000 years old. There are seven subspecies of the golden jackal. The golden jackal is more closely related to the gray wolf, coyote, African golden wolf, and Ethiopian wolf
Ethiopian wolf than it is to the African black-backed or side-striped jackals. It is capable of producing fertile hybrids with both the gray wolf and the African golden wolf. Jackal–dog hybrids called Sulimov dogs are in service at the Sheremetyevo Airport
Sheremetyevo Airport near Moscow
Moscow where they are deployed by the Russian airline Aeroflot
Aeroflot for scent-detection. Golden jackals are abundant in valleys and beside rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores. They are rare in foothills and low mountains. The golden jackal is a social species, the basic social unit of which consists of a breeding pair and any young offspring. It is very adaptable, with the ability to exploit food ranging from fruit and insects to small ungulates. They will attack domestic fowl and domestic mammals up to the size of domestic water buffalo calves. The jackal's competitors are the red fox, wolf, jungle cat, forest wildcat, and, in the Caucasus, the raccoon, and, in Central Asia, the steppe wildcat. The jackal is expanding beyond its native grounds in Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe into Central Europe, occupying areas where there are few or no wolves.

Contents

1 Taxonomy

1.1 Evolution 1.2 Subspecies

2 Description 3 Adaptation

3.1 Distribution and habitat 3.2 Diet 3.3 Behavior

3.3.1 Social behavior 3.3.2 Reproduction 3.3.3 Foraging

3.4 Cooperation 3.5 Competition

4 Legal status 5 Diseases and parasites 6 Relationships with humans

6.1 In folklore, mythology and literature 6.2 Attacks on humans 6.3 Livestock, game, and crop predation 6.4 Hunting 6.5 Fur use 6.6 Sulimov dog

7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links

Taxonomy[edit] The word "jackal" appeared in the English language
English language around 1600. It derives from the Turkish word çakal, which originates from the Persian word šagāl.[3] The golden jackal, Canis
Canis aureus – "golden dog" in Latin – was first recorded by the Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 publication Systema Naturae.[2] It is also known as the common jackal, the Asiatic jackal,[1][4] and Eurasian golden jackal.[5] The mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed thirteen subspecies under C. aureus in the third edition of Mammal
Mammal Species of the World, published in 2005.[6] The biological family Canidae
Canidae is composed of the South American canids, the fox-like canids, and the wolf-like canids.[7] All species within the wolf-like canids share a similar morphology and possess 78 chromosomes, allowing them potentially to interbreed.[8] Within the wolf-like canids is the jackal group, which includes the three jackals: the black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas), the side-striped jackal ( Canis
Canis adustus), and the golden jackal (Canis aureus). These three species are approximately the same size, possess similar dental and skeletal morphology, and are identified from each other primarily by their coat color. They were once thought to have different distributions across Africa with their ranges overlapping in East Africa
East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania).[9] Although the jackal group has traditionally been considered as homogenous, genetic studies show that jackals are not monophyletic (they do not share a common ancestor),[10][11][12] and they are only distantly related.[12] The accuracy of the colloquial name "jackal" to describe all jackals is therefore questionable.[10] Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) passes along the maternal line and can date back thousands of years.[13] Thus, phylogenetic analysis of mDNA sequences within a species provides a history of maternal lineages that can be represented as a phylogenetic tree.[14][15] A 2005 genetic study of the canids found that the gray wolf and dog are the most closely related on this tree. The next most closely related are the coyote ( Canis
Canis latrans), golden jackal, and Ethiopian wolf
Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), which have all been shown to hybridize with the dog in the wild. The next closest are the dhole (Cuon alpinus) and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), which are not members of genus Canis. These are followed by the black-backed and side-striped jackals, members of genus Canis
Canis and the most basal members of this clade.[16] Results from two recent studies of mDNA from golden jackals indicate that the specimens from Africa are genetically closer to the gray wolf than are the specimens from Eurasia.[10][17] In 2015 a major DNA study of golden jackals concluded that the six C. aureus subspecies found in Africa should be reclassified under the new species C. anthus (African golden wolf),[5][18][19] reducing the number of golden jackal subspecies to seven. The phylogenetic tree generated from this study shows the golden jackal diverging from the wolf/coyote lineage 1.9 million years ago and the African golden wolf diverging 1.3 million years ago. The study found that the golden jackal and the African golden wolf
African golden wolf shared a very similar skull and body morphology and that this had confused taxonomists into regarding these as one species. The study proposes that the very similar skull and body morphology is due to both species having originated from a larger common ancestor.[5] Evolution[edit]

Phylogenetic tree
Phylogenetic tree of the extant wolf-like canids

Caninae 3.5 Ma

3.0

2.7

1.9

1.6

1.3

1.1

0.8

Dog
Dog

Gray wolf
Gray wolf

Himalayan wolf
Himalayan wolf

Coyote
Coyote

African golden wolf
African golden wolf

Ethiopian wolf
Ethiopian wolf

Golden jackal
Golden jackal

Dhole
Dhole

African wild dog
African wild dog

2.6

Side-striped jackal
Side-striped jackal

Black-backed jackal
Black-backed jackal

Phylogenetic relationships between the extant wolf-like canids based on nuclear DNA sequences,[16][5] except for the Himalayan wolf
Himalayan wolf based on mitochondrial DNA sequences.[5][20] Time of divergence in millions of years.[5]

The Arno river dog ( Canis
Canis arnensis) is an extinct species of canine that was endemic to Mediterranean Europe
Mediterranean Europe during the Early Pleistocene around 1.9 million years ago. It is described as a small jackal-like dog and probably the ancestor of modern jackals.[21] Its anatomy and morphology relate it more to the modern golden jackal than to the two African jackal species,[22][23] the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal. The oldest golden jackal fossil was found at the Ksar Akil
Ksar Akil rock shelter located 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Beirut, Lebanon. The fragment of a single tooth is dated approximately 20,000 years ago.[24] The oldest golden jackal fossils found in Europe are from Delphi
Delphi and Kitsos in Greece and are dated 7,000–6,500 years ago.[25] An unusual fossil of a heel bone found in Azokh Cave, in the Republic of Artsakh in Transcaucasia, dates to the Middle Pleistocene and is described as probably belonging to the golden jackal, but its classification is not clear. The fossil is described as being slightly smaller and thinner than the cave lynx, similar to the fox, but too large, and similar to the wolf, but too small. As the golden jackal falls between these two in size, the fossil possibly belongs to a golden jackal.[23] The absence of clearly identified golden jackal fossils in the Caucasus
Caucasus region and Transcaucasia, areas where the species currently resides, indicates that the species is a relatively recent arrival.[26] A haplotype is a group of genes found in an organism that is inherited from one of its parents.[27][28] A haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a single mutation inherited from their common ancestor.[13] The mDNA haplotypes of the golden jackal form two haplogroups: the oldest haplogroup is formed by golden jackals from India, and the other, younger, haplogroup diverging from this includes golden jackals from all of the other regions.[29] Indian golden jackals exhibit the highest genetic diversity, and those from northern and western India are the most basal, which indicates that India was the center from which golden jackals spread. The extant golden jackal lineage commenced expanding its population in India 37,000 years ago. During the Last Glacial Maximum, 25,000 to 18,000 years ago, the warmer regions of India and Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia provided a refuge from colder surrounding areas. At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum
Last Glacial Maximum and the beginning of the warming cycles, the golden jackal lineage expanded out of India and into Eurasia to reach the Middle East and Europe.[30] Outside of India, golden jackals in the Caucasus
Caucasus and Turkey demonstrate the next highest genetic diversity,[29] while those in Europe indicate low genetic diversity,[31][32] confirming their more recent expansion into Europe.[33] Genetic data indicates that the golden jackals of the Peloponnese Peninsula
Peloponnese Peninsula in Greece and the Dalmatian coast
Dalmatian coast in Croatia may represent two ancient European populations from 6,000 years ago that have survived into modern times. Jackals were absent from most of Europe until the 19th century, when they started to expand slowly. Jackals were recorded in Hungary with the nearest population known at that time being found in Dalmatia, some 300 kilometers away. This was followed by rapid expansion of jackals towards the end of the 20th century. Golden jackals from both Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe and the Caucasus
Caucasus are expanding into the Baltic. In the Middle East, golden jackals from Israel
Israel have a higher genetic diversity than European jackals. This is thought to be due to Israeli jackals having hybridized with dogs, gray wolves, and African golden wolves,[33] creating a hybrid zone in Israel.[5] Genetic analysis reveals that mating sometimes occurs between female jackals and gray wolves, producing jackal-wolf hybrids that experts cannot visually distinguish from wolves.[34][35] Hybridization also occurs between female golden jackals and male dogs, which produces fertile offspring,[36] a jackal–dog hybrid. There was 11–13% of ancient gene flow into the golden jackal from the population that was ancestral to wolves and dogs, and an additional 3% from extant wolf populations.[37][38] Up to 15% of the Israeli wolf genome is derived from admixture with golden jackals in ancient times.[37] Subspecies[edit]

Subspecies
Subspecies of Canis
Canis aureus

Subspecies Trinomial authority Description Distribution Synonyms

C. a. aureus Common jackal Nominate subspecies
Nominate subspecies

Linnaeus, 1758[2] Large, with soft, pale fur with predominantly sandy tones.[39] The general color of the outer fur is usually black and white, while the underfur varies from pale brown to pale slate-grey. Occasionally, the nape and shoulders are of a buff color. The ears and front legs are buff, sometimes tan, while the feet are pale. The hind legs are more deeply tinted above the hocks. The chin and forethroat are usually whitish. Weight varies geographically, ranging around 8–10 kg (18–22 lb). In areas where it borders the range of the larger, more richly coloured Indian jackal
Indian jackal (particularly the area of Kumaun in India), animals of intermediate size and colour sometimes appear.[40] Middle Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Arabian Peninsula, Baluchistan[39] and the deserts of western India where its distribution overlaps with the Indian jackal
Indian jackal to the north and the Sri Lankan jackal to the south.[40]

hadramauticus (Noack, 1896) kola (Wroughton, 1916) lanka (Wroughton, 1916) typicus (Kolenati, 1858) vulgaris (Wagner, 1841)

C. a. cruesemanni Siamese jackal Matschie, 1900[41] Smaller than C. a. indicus, its status as a separate subspecies has been disputed by some authors who state that its classification is based solely on observations of captive animals.[42] East India to Myanmar
Myanmar and Thailand[43]

C. a. ecsedensis Pannonian jackal

Kretzoi, 1947[44] The Pannonian jackal differs from Dalmatian jackals (C. a. moreoticus) by possessing a wider black dorsal strip which extends to the flanks. Its brown tones are less expressed and its tail is almost perfectly black. The cranial measurements are identical.[45] Some authors do not regard it as a separate subspecies but believe it to be C. a. moreoticus because the discovered specimen was living in a zoo and no jackals were permanently living in Hungary at that time.[39][46] Pannonian Basin, Central Europe[45] hungaricus (Ehik, 1938) minor (Mojsisovico, 1897)[47]

C. a. indicus Indian jackal

Hodgson, 1833[48] Its fur is a mixture of black and white, with buff on the shoulders, ears and legs. The buff color is more pronounced in specimens from high altitudes. Black hairs predominate on the middle of the back and tail. The belly, chest and the sides of the legs are creamy white, while the face and lower flanks are grizzled with gray fur. Adults grow to a length of 100 cm (39 in), 35–45 cm (14–18 in) in height and 8–11 kg (18–24 lb) in weight.[49] Nepal, Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam, Burma, Thailand[39]

C. a. moreoticus European jackal

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835[50] The largest golden jackal subspecies, animals of both sexes average 120–125 cm (47–49 in) in total length and 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) in body weight.[26][51] The fur is coarse, and is generally brightly colored with blackish tones on the back. The thighs, upper legs, ears and forehead are bright-reddish chestnut.[39] Southeastern Europe, Moldova, Asia Minor and Caucasus[39]

graecus (Wagner, 1841) balcanicus (Brusina, 1892) caucasica (Kolenati, 1858) dalmatinus (Wagner, 1841)

C. a. nariaSri Lankan jackal

Wroughton, 1916[52] Measures 67–74 cm (26–29 in) in length and weighs 5–8.6 kg (11–19 lb). The winter coat is shorter, smoother and not as shaggy as that of indicus. The coat is also darker on the back, being black and speckled with white. The underside is more pigmented on the chin, hind throat, chest and forebelly, while the limbs are rusty ochreous or a rich tan. Moulting
Moulting occurs earlier in the season than with indicus, and the pelt generally does not lighten in color.[53] Southern India, Sri Lanka[39] lanka (Wroughton, 1838)

C. a. syriacus Syrian jackal

Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833[54] Distinguished by its brown ears. The body fur is a yellow on the back, lighter on the sides, and whitish-yellow underneath.[55] A dark band runs from the nose to the end of the tail. Measures 60–90 cm (24–35 in) in body length, 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) in tail length, 15–18 cm (5.9–7.1 in) in head length, and weighs 5–12 kg (11–26 lb).[56] Israel, Syria,[39] Lebanon,[56] and western Jordan[43]

Description[edit]

Golden jackal
Golden jackal at Pécs Zoo, Hungary

The golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed.[57] The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small pads.[4] Males measure 71–85 cm (28–33 in) in body length and females 69–73 cm (27–29 in). Males weigh 6–14 kg (13–31 lb) and females weigh 7–11 kg (15–24 lb). The shoulder height is 45–50 cm (18–20 in) for both.[57] In comparison, the smallest wolf is the Arabian wolf
Arabian wolf ( Canis
Canis lupus arabs), which weighs on average 20 kg (44 lb).[58]

Skull of a European jackal
European jackal (C. a. moreoticus) at the National Museum of Natural History, France

The skull is most like that of the dingo, and is closer to that of the coyote (C. latrans) and the gray wolf (C. lupus) than to that of the black-backed jackal (C. mesomalas), the side-striped jackal (C. adustus), and the Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis).[59] Compared with the wolf, the skull of the golden jackal is smaller and less massive, with a lower nasal region and shorter facial region; the projections of the skull are prominent but weaker than those of the wolf; the canine teeth are large and strong but relatively thinner; and its carnassial teeth are weaker.[57] The golden jackal is a less specialized species than the gray wolf, and these skull features relate to the jackal's diet of small birds, rodents, small vertebrates, insects, carrion,[60] fruit, and some vegetable matter.[59] Occasionally, the golden jackal develops a horny growth on the skull referred to as a "jackal's horn", which usually measures 1.3 cm (0.51 in) in length and is concealed by fur. This feature was once associated with magical powers by the people of Sri Lanka.[61] The jackal's fur is coarse and relatively short,[59] with the base color golden, varying seasonally from a pale creamy yellow to a dark tawny. The fur on the back is composed of a mixture of black, brown, and white hairs, sometimes giving the appearance of the dark saddle like that seen on the black-backed jackal. The underparts are a light pale ginger to cream color. Individual specimens can be distinguished by their unique light markings on the throat and chest.[4] The coats of jackals from high elevations tend to be more buff-colored than those of their lowland counterparts[49] while those of jackals in rocky, mountainous areas may exhibit a grayer shade. The bushy tail has a tan to black tip.[4] Melanism
Melanism can cause a dark-colored coat in some golden jackals, a coloring once fairly common in Bengal.[62] Unlike melanistic wolves and coyotes that received their dark pigmentation from interbreeding with domestic dogs, melanism in golden jackals probably stems from an independent mutation that could be an adaptive trait.[63] What is possibly an albino specimen was photographed in southeastern Iran during 2012.[64] The jackal moults twice a year, in spring and in autumn. In Transcaucasia
Transcaucasia and Tajikistan, the spring moult begins at the end of winter. If the winter has been warm, the spring moult starts in the middle of February; if the winter has been cold, it begins in the middle of March. The spring moult lasts for 60–65 days; if the animal is sick, it loses only half of its winter fur. The spring moult commences with the head and limbs, extends to the flanks, chest, belly and rump, and ends at the tail. Fur on the underparts is absent. The autumn moult occurs from mid-September with the growth of winter fur; the shedding of the summer fur occurs at the same time. The development of the autumn coat starts with the rump and tail and spreads to the back, flanks, belly, chest, limbs and head, with full winter fur being attained at the end of November.[65] Adaptation[edit] Distribution and habitat[edit]

Siamese jackal (C. a. cruesemanni) in the Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand

In South Asia
South Asia the golden jackal inhabits Afghanistan,[6] Bangladesh,[6] Bhutan,[4] India,[4] Nepal,[4] Pakistan,[6] and Sri Lanka.[6] In Central Asia it inhabits Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.[6] In Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia it inhabits Myanmar
Myanmar and Thailand.[6] There have been two reported sightings from Cambodia, three from southern Laos, and two from Vietnam – each sighting made only in lowland, open deciduous forest, and no specimens were presented.[66] In Southwestern Asia it inhabits Iran,[6] Iraq,[6] Israel,[6] Jordan,[6] Kuwait,[4] Lebanon,[6] Oman,[6] Saudi Arabia,[6] Qatar,[4] Syria,[6] Turkey,[6] United Arab Emirates,[6] and Yemen.[6] In Europe it inhabits Albania,[6] Armenia,[67] Austria,[4] Azerbaijan,[67] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[4] Bulgaria,[4] Croatia,[6] Estonia,[68] Georgia,[67] Greece,[6] Hungary,[68] Italy,[6] Kosovo,[67] Latvia,[68] Lithuania,[68] Macedonia,[6] Moldova,[67] Montenegro,[67] Poland,[68] Romania,[68] the Russian Federation,[67] Serbia,[68] Slovakia,[69] Slovenia,[6] Switzerland,[68] Turkey,[6] and the Ukraine.[68] It has been sighted in Belarus,[67] the Czech Republic,[70] and Germany.[68] It has been reported in the media in Denmark.[71][72] It has also been reported in the media in the Netherlands but it is unclear if this jackal was an escapee from a private zoo.[73]

Syrian jackal (C. a. syriacus) hunting in reeds

The golden jackal's omnivorous diet allows it to eat a large range of foods; this diet, together with its tolerance of dry conditions, enables it to live in different habitats. The jackal's long legs and lithe body allow it to trot over great distances in search of food. It is able to go without water for extended periods and has been observed on islands that have no fresh water.[4] Jackals are abundant in valleys and along rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores, but are rare in foothills and low mountains. In Central Asia they avoid waterless deserts and cannot be found in the Karakum Desert nor the Kyzylkum Desert, but can be found at their edges or in oases.[74] On the other hand, in India they can be found living in the Thar Desert.[1] They are found in dense thickets of prickly bushes, reed flood-lands and forests. They have been known to ascend over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) up the slopes of the Himalayas; they can withstand temperatures as low as −25 °C (−13 °F) and sometimes −35 °C (−31 °F). They are not adapted to snow, and in snow country they must travel along paths made by larger animals or humans. In India, they will occupy the surrounding foothills above arable areas,[74] entering human settlements at night to feed on garbage, and have established themselves around hill stations at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) height above mean sea level.[4] They generally avoid mountainous forests, but may enter alpine and sub-alpine areas during dispersal. In Turkey, the Caucasus, and Transcaucasia
Transcaucasia they have been observed up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above mean sea level, particularly in areas where the climate supports shrublands in high elevations.[26] Diet[edit] The golden jackal is both a predator and a scavenger,[75] and an omnivorous and opportunistic forager with a diet that varies according to its habitat and the season. In Bharatpur, India, over 60% of its diet was measured to consist of rodents, birds, and fruit. In the Kanha Tiger
Tiger Reserve, 80% of its diet consists of rodents, reptiles and fruit. Vegetable matter forms part of the jackal diet, and in India they feed intensively on the fruits of buckthorn, dogbane, Java plum, and the pods of mesquite and the golden rain tree. The jackal will scavenge off the kills made by the lion, tiger, leopard, dhole, and gray wolf. In some regions of Bangladesh and India, jackals subsist by scavenging on carrion and garbage, and will cache extra food by burying it.[4] The Irish novelist, playwright and poet, Oliver Goldsmith, wrote about the golden jackal:

... Although the species of the wolf approaches very near to that of the dog, yet the jackal seems to be placed between them; to the savage fierceness of the wolf it adds the impudent familiarity of the dog ... It is more noisy in its pursuits even than the dog, and more voracious than the wolf. — Oliver Goldsmith[76]

Indian jackal
Indian jackal (C. a. indicus) feeding on chital carcass, Pench National Park

In the Caucasus
Caucasus and Transcaucasia, golden jackals primarily hunt hares and mouse-like rodents, and also pheasants, francolins, ducks, coots, moorhens, and passerines. Vegetable matter eaten by jackals in these areas includes fruits, such as pears, hawthorn, dogwood, and the cones of common medlars. The jackal is implicated in the destruction of grape, watermelon, muskmelon, and nut crops. Near the Vakhsh River, their spring diet consists almost exclusively of plant bulbs and the roots of wild sugar cane, while during winter they feed on wild stony olives. Around the edges of the Karakum Desert, jackals feed on gerbils, lizards, snakes, fish, muskrats, the fruits of wild stony olives, mulberry, dried apricots, watermelons, muskmelons, tomatoes, and grapes.[75] In Dalmatia, the golden jackal's diet consists of mammals, fruits, vegetables, insects, birds and their eggs, grasses and leaves.[77] Jackals change their diet to more readily available foods. In Serbia, their diet is primarily livestock carcasses that are increasingly prevalent due to a lack of removal, and this may have led to the expansion of their population.[78] In Hungary, 55% of their diet is composed of common voles and bank voles, and 41% is composed of wild boar carcasses.[79] Information on the diet of the golden jackal in northeastern Italy is scant, but it is known to prey on small roe deer and hares.[26] In Israel, golden jackals are significant predators of snakes; during a poisoning campaign against golden jackals there was an increase in human snakebite reports, but a decrease when the poisoning ceased.[80] Behavior[edit]

Howling at the Szeged Zoo, Hungary

Social behavior[edit] Golden jackals exhibit flexible social organization depending on the availability of food. The breeding pair is the basic social unit, and they are sometimes accompanied by their current litter of pups. In India, their distributions are a single jackal, 31%, two jackals, 35%, three jackals, 14%, and more than three jackals, 20%.[4] Family groups of up to 4–5 individuals have been recorded.[81] Scent marking through urination and defecation is common around golden jackal den areas and on the trails they most often use. Scent marking is thought to assist in territorial defense. The hunting ranges of several jackals can overlap. Jackals can travel up to 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) during a single night in search of either food or more suitable habitat. Non-breeding members of a pack may stay near a distant food source, such as a carcass, for up to several days before returning to their home range. Home range sizes can vary between 1–20 km2 (0.39–7.72 sq mi), depending on the available food.[4] Social interactions such as greetings, grooming, and group howling are common in jackals. Howling is more frequent between December and April when pair bonds are being formed and breeding occurs, which suggests howling has a role in the delineation of territory and for defense.[4] Adult jackals howl standing and the young or subordinate jackals howl sitting.[82] Jackals are easily induced to howl and a single howl may solicit replies from several jackals in the vicinity. Howling begins with 2–3 low-pitched calls that rise to high-pitched calls.[4] The howl consists of a wail repeated 3–4 times on an ascending scale, followed by three short yelps.[53] Jackals typically howl at dawn and in the evening, and sometimes at midday. Adults may howl to accompany the ringing of church bells, with their young responding to sirens or the whistles of steam engines and boats.[83] Social canids such as golden jackals, wolves, and coyotes respond to human imitations of their howls.[84] When there is a change in the weather, jackals will produce a long and continuous chorus.[83] Dominant canids defend their territories against intruders with either a howl to warn them off, approach and confront them, or howl followed by an approach. Jackals, wolves and coyotes will always approach a source of howling.[85] Golden jackals give a warning call that is very different from their normal howling when they detect the presence of large carnivores such as wolves and tigers.[4][53] Reproduction[edit]

Syrian jackal (C. a. syriacus) pup at the entrance to its den, park Yarkon, Israel

Golden jackals are monogamous and will remain with the one partner until death.[86] Female jackals have only one breeding cycle each year. Breeding occurs from October to March in Israel
Israel and from February to March in India, Turkmenistan,[4] Bulgaria, and Transcaucasia, with the mating period lasting up to 26–28 days. Females undergoing their first estrus are often pursued by several males that may quarrel among themselves.[86] Mating results in a copulatory tie that lasts for several minutes, as it does with all other canids. Gestation lasts 63 days, and the timing of the births coincides with the annual abundance of food.[4] In India, the golden jackal will take over the dens of the Bengal fox and the Indian crested porcupine, and will use abandoned gray wolf dens.[4] Most breeding pairs are spaced well apart and maintain a core territory around their dens. Den excavations commence from late April to May in India, with dens located in scrub areas. Rivulets, gullies, and road and check-dam embankments are prime denning habitats. Drainage pipes and culverts have been used as dens. Dens are 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) long and 0.5–1 m (1.6–3.3 ft) deep, with between 1–3 openings. Young pups can be moved between 2–4 dens.[4] The male helps with digging the den and raising the pups.[86] In the Caucasus
Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the burrow is located either in thick shrub, on the slopes of gullies, or on flat surfaces. In Dagestan
Dagestan and Azerbaijan, litters are sometimes located within the hollows of fallen trees, among tree roots, and under stones on river banks. In Central Asia, the golden jackal does not dig burrows but constructs lairs in dense tugai thickets. Jackals in the tugais and cultivated lands of Tajikistan
Tajikistan construct lairs in long grass, shrubs, and reed openings.[81] In Transcaucasia, golden jackal pups are born from late March to late April,[86] and in northeastern Italy during late April;[26] they can be born at any time of year in Nepal.[49] The number of pups born in a single litter varies geographically. Jackals in Transcaucasia
Transcaucasia give birth to 3–8 pups, Tajikistan
Tajikistan 3–7 pups, Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan 2–8 pups, and Bulgaria 4–7 pups; in India the average is four pups.[86] The pups are born with closed eyes that open after 8–11 days, with the ears erecting after 10–13 days.[65] Their teeth erupt at 11 days after birth,[4] and the eruption of adult dentition is completed after five months. Pups are born with soft fur that ranges in color from light gray to dark brown. At the age of one month, their fur is shed and replaced with a new reddish-colored pelt with black speckles. The pups have a fast growth rate and weigh 0.201–0.214 kg (0.44–0.47 lb) at two days of age, 0.560–0.726 kg (1.23–1.60 lb) at one month, and 2.700–3.250 kg (5.95–7.17 lb) at four months.[65] Females possess four pairs of teats, and lactation lasts for up to 8–10 weeks.[4] The pups begin to eat meat at the age of 15–20 days.[65] Dog
Dog pups show unrestrained fighting with their siblings from 2 weeks of age, with injury avoided only due to their undeveloped jaw muscles. This fighting gives way to play-chasing with the development of running skills at 4–5 weeks. Wolf
Wolf pups possess more-developed jaw muscles from 2 weeks of age, when they first show signs of play-fighting with their siblings; serious fighting occurs during 4–6 weeks of age.[87] Compared to wolf and dog pups, golden jackal pups develop aggression at the age of 4–6 weeks, when play-fighting frequently escalates into uninhibited biting intended to harm. This aggression ceases by 10–12 weeks when a hierarchy has formed.[88] Once the lactation period concludes, the female drives off the pups. Pups born late remain with their mother until early autumn, at which time they leave either singly or in groups of two to four individuals. Females reach sexual maturity after 10–11 months and males at 21–22 months.[65] Foraging[edit]

Pair of Sri Lankan jackals (C. a. naria) in Udawalawe National Park

The golden jackal often hunts alone, and sometimes in pairs, but rarely hunts in a pack. When hunting alone, it trots around an area and occasionally stops to sniff and listen. Once prey is located, the jackal conceals itself, quickly approaches its prey and then pounces on it.[83] Single jackals hunt rodents, hares, and birds. They hunt rodents in grass by locating them with their hearing before leaping into the air and pouncing on them. In India, they can dig Indian gerbils out from their burrows, and they can hunt young, old, and infirm ungulates up to 4–5 times their body weight. Jackals search for hiding blackbuck calves throughout the day during the calving period. The peak times for their searches are the early morning and the late evening. When hunting in pairs or packs, jackals run parallel to their prey and overtake it in unison. When hunting aquatic rodents or birds, they will run along both sides of narrow rivers or streams and drive their prey from one jackal to another.[83] Pack-hunting of langurs is recorded in India. Packs of between 5 and 18 jackals scavenging on the carcasses of large ungulates is recorded in India and Israel.[4] Packs of 8–12 jackals consisting of more than one family have been observed in the summer periods in Transcaucasia.[83] In India, the Montagu's harrier
Montagu's harrier and the Pallid harrier roost in their hundreds in grasslands during their winter migration. Jackals stalk close to these roosting harriers and then rush at them, attempting to catch one before the harriers can take off or gain sufficient height to escape.[4] Cooperation[edit] In Southeastern Asia, golden jackals have been known to hunt alongside dhole packs.[42] They have been observed in the Blackbuck
Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar, India, following Indian wolves
Indian wolves ( Canis
Canis lupus pallipes) when these are on a hunt, and they will scavenge off wolf kills without any hostility shown from these wolves.[4] In India, lone jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form commensal relationships with tigers. These solitary jackals, known as kol-bahl, will associate themselves with a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance to feed on the big cat's kills. A kol-bahl will even alert a tiger to prey with a loud "pheal". Tigers have been known to tolerate these jackals, with one report describing how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together.[89][90] Golden jackals and wild boar can occupy the same territory.[51] Competition[edit]

Striped Hyena
Hyena and Jackal
Jackal by Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert
Wilhelm Kuhnert (1893)

The jackal's competitors are the red fox, wolf, jungle cat, forest wildcat, and raccoon in the Caucasus, and the steppe wildcat in Central Asia.[65] Wolves dominate jackals, and jackals dominate foxes.[51] In 2017 in Iran, an Indian wolf under study killed a golden jackal.[91] In Europe, the range of wolves and jackals is mutually exclusive, with jackals abandoning their territory with the arrival of a wolf pack. One experiment used loudspeakers to broadcast the calls of jackals, and this attracted wolves at a trotting pace to chase away the perceived competitors. Dogs responded to these calls in the same way while barking aggressively. Unleashed dogs have been observed to immediately chase away jackals when the jackals were detected.[51] In Europe, there are an estimated 12,000 wolves. The jackal's recent expansion throughout eastern and western Europe has been attributed to the extermination of the local wolf populations. The present diffusion of the jackal into the northern Adriatic hinterland is in areas where the wolf is absent or very rare.[68][82] In the past, jackals competed with tigers and leopards, feeding on the remains of their kills and, in one case, on a dead tiger. Leopards once hunted jackals, but today the leopard is rare and the tiger is extinct in the jackal's range.[65] Red foxes and golden jackals share similar diets. Red foxes fear jackals, which are three times bigger than red foxes. Red foxes will avoid close proximity to jackals and fox populations decrease where jackals are abundant.[92] Foxes can be found only at the fringes of jackal territory.[51] Striped hyenas prey on golden jackals, and three jackal carcasses were found in one hyena den.[4] Legal status[edit]

Indian jackal
Indian jackal at Upper Bhavani, India

The golden jackal is listed as Least Concern
Least Concern on the IUCN Red List
IUCN Red List due to its widespread distribution, with it being common throughout its range and with high densities in those areas where food and shelter are abundant.[1] In Europe, golden jackals are not listed under the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora nor the 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Golden jackals in Europe fall under various international legal instruments. These include the 1979 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, and the 1992 European Union Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. The Council Directive provides both guidance and limits on what participating governments can do when responding to the arrival of expanding jackals. These legislative instruments aim to contribute to conserving native wildlife; some governments argue that the golden jackal is not native wildlife but an invading species.[67] The Golden Jackal
Jackal informal study Group in Europe (GOJAGE) is an organization that is formed by researchers from across Europe to collect and share information on the golden jackal in Europe. The group also has an interest in the golden jackal's relationship with its environment across Eurasia. Membership is open to anyone who has an interest in golden jackals.[93] In Europe, there are an estimated 70,000 golden jackals.[68] They are fully protected in Albania, Germany, Italy, Macedonia, Poland, and Switzerland. They are unprotected in Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, and Greece. They are hunted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and the Ukraine. Their protection in Austria and Turkey
Turkey depends on the part of the country. Their status in Moldova is not known.[67] The Syrian jackal was common in Israel
Israel and Lebanon
Lebanon in the 1930s–40s, but their populations were reduced during an anti-rabies campaign. Its current status is difficult to ascertain, due to possible hybridisation with pariah dogs and African golden wolves.[5][56] The jackal population for the Indian subcontinent is estimated to be over 80,000.[1] In India, the golden jackal occurs in all of India's protected areas apart from those in the higher areas of the Himalayas. It is included in CITES
CITES Appendix III, and is listed in the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, under Schedule III, thus receiving legal protection at the lowest level to help control the trade of pelts and tails in India.[1] Diseases and parasites[edit]

Adult heartworm in the right ventricle of the heart of a golden jackal

Some golden jackals carry diseases and parasites harmful to human health. These include rabies, and Donovan's Leishmania that is harmless to jackals but may cause leishmaniasis in people. Jackals in southwestern Tajikistan
Tajikistan can carry up to 16 species of parasitic cestodes (flatworm), roundworms, and acanthocephalans (thorny-headed worms), these are: Sparganum mansoni, Diphyllobothrium mansonoides, Taenia hydatigena, T. pisiformis, T. ovis, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Mesocestoides lineatus, Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Dioctophyma renale, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Dracunculus medinensis, Filariata and Macracanthorhynchus catulinum. Jackals infected with Dracunculus medinensis can infect bodies of water with their eggs, which cause dracunculiasis in people who drink from them. Jackals may also play a large part in spreading coenurosis in sheep and cattle, and canine distemper in dogs. In Tajikistan, jackals may carry up to 12 tick species (which include Ixodes, Rhipicephalus
Rhipicephalus turanicus, R. leporis, R. rossicus, R. sanguineus, R. pumilio, R. schulzei, Hyalomma
Hyalomma anatolicum, H. scupense and H.  asiaticum), four flea species (Pulex irritans, Xenopsylla nesokiae, Ctenocephanlides canis and C. felis), and one species of louse (Trichodectes canis).[94] In Iran, some golden jackals carry intestinal worms (helminths)[95] and Echinococcus granulosus.[96] In Israel, some jackals are infected with intestinal helminths[97] and Leishmania tropica.[98] In Romania, a jackal was found to be carrying Trichinella britovi.[99] In northeastern Italy, the jackal is a carrier of the tick species Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, and the smallest human fluke Metagonimus yokogawai
Metagonimus yokogawai that can be caught from ingesting infected raw fish.[100] In Hungary, some jackals carry dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis,[101] and some have provided the first record in Hungary of Trichinella spiralis
Trichinella spiralis and the first record in Europe of Echinococcus multilocularis. The jackal is dispersing across Europe through rivers and valleys, bringing parasites into regions where these did not previously exist.[96] Relationships with humans[edit] In folklore, mythology and literature[edit]

Tabaqui
Tabaqui (left) torments Father Wolf
Wolf and his family, as illustrated in the 1895 edition of Rudyard Kipling's The Two Jungle Books.

Golden jackals appear in Indian folklore and in two ancient texts, the Jakatas and the Panchatantra, where they are portrayed as intelligent and wily creatures.[4] The ancient Hindu text, the Mahabharata, tells the story of a learned jackal who sets his friends the tiger, wolf, mongoose, and mouse against each other so he can eat a gazelle without sharing it. The Panchatantra
Panchatantra tells the fable of a jackal who cheats a wolf and a lion out of their shares of a camel.[102] In Buddhist tales, the jackal is regarded as being cunning in a way similar to the fox in European tales.[103] One popular Indian saying describes the jackal as "the sharpest among beasts, the crow among birds, and the barber among men". For a person embarking on an early morning journey, hearing a jackal howl was considered to be a sign of impending good fortune, as was seeing a jackal crossing a road from the left side.[104] In Hinduism, the jackal is portrayed as the familiar of several deities with the most common being Chamunda, the emaciated, devouring goddess of the cremation grounds. Another deity associated with jackals is Kali, who inhabits the cremation ground and is surrounded by millions of jackals. According to the Tantrasara
Tantrasara scripture, when offered animal flesh, Kali
Kali appears in the form of a jackal. The goddess Shivaduti is depicted with a jackal's head.[103] The goddess Durga
Durga was often linked to the jackal. Jackals are considered to be the vahanas (vehicles) of various protective Hindu and Buddhist
Buddhist deities, particularly in Tibet.[105] According to the flood myth of the Kamar people in Raipur district, India, the god Mahadeo (Shiva) caused a deluge to dispose of a jackal who had offended him.[106] In Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli
Mowgli stories collected in The Jungle Book, the character Tabaqui
Tabaqui is a jackal despised by the Seeonee wolf pack due to his mock cordiality, his scavenging habits, and his subservience to Shere Khan the tiger.[107] Attacks on humans[edit] In the Marwahi forest division of the Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh state in eastern India, the jackal is of conservation value and there were no jackal attacks reported before 1997. During 1998–2005 there were 220 reported cases of jackal attacks on humans, although none were fatal. The majority of these attacks occurred in villages, followed by forests and crop fields. Jackals build their dens in the bouldery hillocks that surround flat areas, and these areas have been encroached by human agriculture and settlements. This encroachment has led to habitat fragmentation and the need for jackals to enter agricultural areas and villages in search for food, resulting in conflict with humans. People in this region habitually chase jackals from their villages, which leads to the jackals becoming aggressive. Female jackals with pups respond with an attack more often than lone males. In comparison, over twice as many attacks were carried out by Sloth bears
Sloth bears over the same period.[108] There are no known attacks on humans in Europe.[33] Livestock, game, and crop predation[edit] The golden jackal can be a harmful pest that attacks domestic animals such as turkeys, lambs, sheep, goats, domestic water buffalo calves, and valuable game species like newborn roe deer, hares, coypu, pheasants, francolins, grey partridges, bustards and waterfowl.[109] It destroys grape, coffee, maize, sugarcane,[4] and eats watermelons, muskmelons, and nuts.[109] In Greece, golden jackals are not as damaging to livestock as wolves and red foxes but they can become a serious nuisance to small stock when in great numbers. In southern Bulgaria, over 1,000 attacks on sheep and lambs were recorded between 1982 and 1987, along with some damage to newborn deer in game farms. The damage by jackals in Bulgaria was minimal when compared to the livestock losses due to wolves.[51] Approximately 1.5%–1.9% of calves born in the Golan Heights
Golan Heights die due to predation, mainly by jackals.[110] The high predation rate by jackals in both Bulgaria and Israel
Israel is attributable to the lack of preventative measures in those countries and the availability of food in illegal garbage dumps, leading to jackal population explosions.[51] Golden jackals are extremely harmful to fur-bearing rodents, such as coypu and muskrats. Coypu
Coypu can be completely extirpated in shallow water bodies. During 1948–1949 in the Amu Darya, muskrats constituted 12.3% of jackal faecal contents, and 71% of muskrat houses were destroyed by jackals. Jackals also harm the fur industry by eating muskrats caught in traps or taking skins left out to dry.[109] Hunting[edit]

Hunting Jackals by Samuel Howitt
Samuel Howitt (1818), illustrating a group of jackals rushing to the defense of a fallen packmate

During British rule in India, sportsmen conducted golden jackal hunting on horseback with hounds, with jackal coursing a substitute for the fox hunting of their native England. They were not considered as beautiful as English red foxes, but were esteemed for their endurance in the chase with one pursuit lasting ​3 1⁄2 hours. India's weather and terrain added further challenges to jackal hunters that were not present in England: the hounds of India were rarely in as good condition as English hounds, and although the golden jackal has a strong odor, the terrain of northern India was not good in retaining scent.[111] Also, unlike foxes, jackals sometimes feigned death when caught and could be ferociously protective of their captured packmates.[62] Jackals were hunted in three ways: with greyhounds, with foxhounds, and with mixed packs. Hunting jackals with greyhounds offered poor sport because greyhounds were too fast for jackals, and mixed packs were too difficult to control.[111] From 1946 in Iraq, British diplomats and Iraqi riders conducted jackal coursing together. They distinguished three types of jackal: the "city scavenger", which was described as being slow and so smelly that dogs did not like to follow them; the "village jack", which was described as being faster, more alert, and less odorous; and the "open-country jack", which was described as being the fastest, cleaner, and providing better sport.[112] Some indigenous people of India, such as the Kolis and Vaghirs of Gujarat
Gujarat and Rajasthan
Rajasthan and the Narikuravas in Tamil Nadu, hunt and eat golden jackals, but the majority of South Asian cultures consider the animal to be unclean. The orthodox dharma texts forbid the eating of jackals because they have five nails.[103] In the area of the former Soviet Union, jackals are not actively hunted and are usually captured only incidentally during the hunting of other animals by means of traps or shooting during drives. In Transcaucasia, jackals are captured with large fishing hooks baited with meat and suspended 75–100 cm (30–39 in) from the ground with wire. The jackals can only reach the meat by jumping, and are then hooked by the lip or jaw.[109] Fur use[edit] In Russia and the other nations of the former Soviet Union, golden jackals are considered furbearers of low quality because of their sparse, coarse, and monotonously colored fur.[109] Jackal
Jackal hairs have very little fur fiber; therefore, their pelts have a flat appearance. The jackals of Asia and the Middle East produce the coarsest pelts, though this can be remedied during the dressing process. Elburz
Elburz in northern Iran produces the softest furs.[113] Jackal
Jackal skins are not graded to a fur standard, and are made into collars, women's coats, and fur coats. During the 1880s, 200 jackals were captured annually in Mervsk and in the Zakatal area of the Transcaucasus, with 300 jackals being captured there during 1896. In this same period, a total of 10,000 jackals were taken within Russia and their furs sent exclusively to the Nizhegorod
Nizhegorod fair. In the early 1930s there were 20,000–25,000 jackal skins tanned annually in the Soviet Union, but these could not be utilized within the country, and so the majority were exported to the United States. Commencing from 1949, they were all used within the Soviet Union.[109] Sulimov dog[edit]

European jackal
European jackal undergoing training at Sheremetyevo Airport, Russia

The golden jackal may have once been tamed in Neolithic Turkey
Turkey 11,000 years ago, as there is a sculpture of a man cradling a jackal found in Göbekli Tepe.[114] French explorers during the 19th century noted that people in the Levant
Levant kept golden jackals in their homes.[115] The Kalmyk people
Kalmyk people near the Caspian Sea were known to frequently cross their dogs with jackals,[115] and Balkan shepherds once crossed their sheepdogs with jackals.[26] The Russian military established the Red Star kennels in 1924 to improve the performance of working dogs and to conduct military dog research. The Red Star kennel developed "Laikoid" dogs, which were a cross-breed of Spitz-type Russian Laikas with German Shepherds. By the 1980s, the ability of Russia's bomb and narcotic detection dogs were assessed as being inadequate. Klim Sulimov, a research scientist with the DS Likhachev Scientific Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Environmental Protection, began cross-breeding dogs with their wild relatives in an attempt to improve their scent-detection abilities. The researchers assumed that during domestication dogs had lost some of their scent-detection ability because they no longer had to detect prey. Sumilov crossed European jackals with Laikas, and also with fox terriers to add trainability and loyalty to the mix. He used the jackal because he believed that it was the wild ancestor of the dog, that it had superior scent-detecting ability, and, because it was smaller with more endurance than the dog, it could be housed outdoors in the Russian climate. Sulimov favored a mix of one quarter jackal and three-quarters dog. Sulimov's program continues today with the use of the hybrid Sulimov dogs
Sulimov dogs at the Sheremetyevo Airport
Sheremetyevo Airport near Moscow
Moscow by the Russian airline Aeroflot.[116] The hybrid program has been criticized, with one of Sulimov's colleagues pointing out that in other tests the Laika performed just as well as the jackal hybrids. The assumption that dogs have lost some of their scent-detection ability may be incorrect, in that dogs need to be able to scent-detect and identify the many humans that they come into contact with in their domesticated environment. Another researcher crossed German Shepherds
German Shepherds with wolves and claimed that this hybrid had superior scent-detection abilities. The scientific evidence to support the claims of hybrid researchers is minimal, and more research has been called for.[116] References[edit]

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Bibliography[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Jackal
Jackal ( Canis
Canis aureus).

Wikispecies
Wikispecies has information related to Golden Jackal
Jackal ( Canis
Canis aureus)

Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora
Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears). Science Publishers, Inc. USA. ISBN 1-886106-81-9. 

External links[edit]

Golden jackal
Golden jackal being trained for scent detection

v t e

Extant Carnivora
Carnivora species

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Suborder Feliformia

Nandiniidae

Nandinia

African palm civet
African palm civet (N. binotata)

Herpestidae (Mongooses)

Atilax

Marsh mongoose
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)

Bdeogale

Bushy-tailed mongoose
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda) Jackson's mongoose
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni) Black-footed mongoose
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)

Crossarchus

Alexander's kusimanse
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri) Angolan kusimanse
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei) Common kusimanse
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus) Flat-headed kusimanse
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)

Cynictis

Yellow mongoose
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)

Dologale

Pousargues's mongoose
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)

Galerella

Angolan slender mongoose
Angolan slender mongoose (G. flavescens) Black mongoose
Black mongoose (G. nigrata) Somalian slender mongoose
Somalian slender mongoose (G. ochracea) Cape gray mongoose
Cape gray mongoose (G. pulverulenta) Slender mongoose
Slender mongoose (G. sanguinea)

Helogale

Ethiopian dwarf mongoose
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula) Common dwarf mongoose
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)

Herpestes

Short-tailed mongoose
Short-tailed mongoose (H. brachyurus) Indian gray mongoose
Indian gray mongoose (H. edwardsii) Indian brown mongoose
Indian brown mongoose (H. fuscus) Egyptian mongoose
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) Small Asian mongoose
Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus) Long-nosed mongoose
Long-nosed mongoose (H. naso) Collared mongoose
Collared mongoose (H. semitorquatus) Ruddy mongoose
Ruddy mongoose (H. smithii) Crab-eating mongoose
Crab-eating mongoose (H. urva) Stripe-necked mongoose
Stripe-necked mongoose (H. vitticollis)

Ichneumia

White-tailed mongoose
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)

Liberiictus

Liberian mongoose
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)

Mungos

Gambian mongoose
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus) Banded mongoose
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)

Paracynictis

Selous' mongoose
Selous' mongoose (P. selousi)

Rhynchogale

Meller's mongoose
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)

Suricata

Meerkat
Meerkat (S. suricatta)

Hyaenidae (Hyenas)

Crocuta

Spotted hyena
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)

Hyaena

Brown hyena
Brown hyena (H. brunnea) Striped hyena
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)

Proteles

Aardwolf
Aardwolf (P. cristatus)

Felidae

Large family listed below

Viverridae

Large family listed below

Eupleridae

Small family listed below

Family Felidae

Felinae

Acinonyx

Cheetah
Cheetah (A. jubatus)

Caracal

Caracal
Caracal (C. caracal) African golden cat
African golden cat (C. aurata)

Catopuma

Bay cat
Bay cat (C. badia) Asian golden cat
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)

Felis

European wildcat
European wildcat (F. silvestris) African wildcat
African wildcat (F. lybica) Jungle cat
Jungle cat (F. chaus) Black-footed cat
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) Sand cat
Sand cat (F. margarita) Chinese mountain cat
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) Domestic cat (F. catus)

Leopardus

Ocelot
Ocelot (L. pardalis) Margay
Margay (L. wiedii) Pampas cat
Pampas cat (L. colocola) Geoffroy's cat
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) Kodkod
Kodkod (L. guigna) Andean mountain cat
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita) Oncilla
Oncilla (L. tigrinus) Southern tigrina
Southern tigrina (L. guttulus)

Leptailurus

Serval
Serval (L. serval)

Lynx

Canadian lynx (L. canadensis) Eurasian lynx
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) Iberian lynx
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) Bobcat
Bobcat (L. rufus)

Otocolobus

Pallas's cat
Pallas's cat (O. manul)

Pardofelis

Marbled cat
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)

Prionailurus

Fishing cat
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus) Leopard cat
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) Sundaland leopard cat (P. javanensis) Flat-headed cat
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) Rusty-spotted cat
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)

Puma

Cougar
Cougar (P. concolor)

Herpailurus

Jaguarundi
Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)

Pantherinae

Panthera

Lion
Lion (P. leo) Jaguar
Jaguar (P. onca) Leopard
Leopard (P. pardus) Tiger
Tiger (P. tigris) Snow leopard
Snow leopard (P. uncia)

Neofelis

Clouded leopard
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa) Sunda clouded leopard
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)

Family Viverridae
Viverridae (includes Civets)

Paradoxurinae

Arctictis

Binturong
Binturong (A. binturong)

Arctogalidia

Small-toothed palm civet
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)

Macrogalidia

Sulawesi palm civet
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)

Paguma

Masked palm civet
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)

Paradoxurus

Golden wet-zone palm civet (P. aureus) Asian palm civet
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus) Jerdon's palm civet (P. jerdoni) Golden palm civet
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)

Hemigalinae

Chrotogale

Owston's palm civet
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)

Cynogale

Otter civet
Otter civet (C. bennettii)

Diplogale

Hose's palm civet
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)

Hemigalus

Banded palm civet
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)

Prionodontinae (Asiatic linsangs)

Prionodon

Banded linsang
Banded linsang (P. linsang) Spotted linsang
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)

Viverrinae

Civettictis

African civet
African civet (C. civetta)

Genetta (Genets)

Abyssinian genet
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica) Angolan genet
Angolan genet (G. angolensis) Bourlon's genet
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni) Crested servaline genet
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata) Common genet
Common genet (G. genetta) Johnston's genet
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni) Rusty-spotted genet
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata) Pardine genet
Pardine genet (G. pardina) Aquatic genet
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora) King genet
King genet (G. poensis) Servaline genet
Servaline genet (G. servalina) Haussa genet
Haussa genet (G. thierryi) Cape genet
Cape genet (G. tigrina) Giant forest genet
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)

Poiana

African linsang
African linsang (P. richardsonii) Leighton's linsang
Leighton's linsang (P. leightoni)

Viverra

Malabar large-spotted civet
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina) Large-spotted civet
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila) Malayan civet
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga) Large Indian civet
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)

Viverricula

Small Indian civet
Small Indian civet (V. indica)

Family Eupleridae

Euplerinae

Cryptoprocta

Fossa (C. ferox)

Eupleres

Eastern falanouc
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii) Western falanouc (E. major)

Fossa

Malagasy civet
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)

Galidiinae

Galidia

Ring-tailed mongoose
Ring-tailed mongoose (G. elegans)

Galidictis

Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata) Grandidier's mongoose
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)

Mungotictis

Narrow-striped mongoose
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)

Salanoia

Brown-tailed mongoose
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor) Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)

Suborder Caniformia
Caniformia (cont. below)

Ursidae (Bears)

Ailuropoda

Giant panda
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)

Helarctos

Sun bear
Sun bear (H. malayanus)

Melursus

Sloth bear
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)

Tremarctos

Spectacled bear
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)

Ursus

American black bear
American black bear (U. americanus) Brown bear
Brown bear (U. arctos) Polar bear
Polar bear (U. maritimus) Asian black bear
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)

Mephitidae

Conepatus (Hog-nosed skunks)

Molina's hog-nosed skunk
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii) American hog-nosed skunk
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus) Striped hog-nosed skunk
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)

Mephitis

Hooded skunk
Hooded skunk (M. macroura) Striped skunk
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)

Mydaus

Sunda stink badger
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis) Palawan stink badger
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)

Spilogale (Spotted skunks)

Southern spotted skunk
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons) Western spotted skunk
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis) Eastern spotted skunk
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius) Pygmy spotted skunk
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)

Procyonidae

Bassaricyon (Olingos)

Eastern lowland olingo
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni) Northern olingo
Northern olingo (B. gabbii) Western lowland olingo
Western lowland olingo (B. medius) Olinguito
Olinguito (B. neblina)

Bassariscus

Ring-tailed cat
Ring-tailed cat (B. astutus) Cacomistle
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)

Nasua (Coatis inclusive)

White-nosed coati
White-nosed coati (N. narica) South American coati
South American coati (N. nasua)

Nasuella (Coatis inclusive)

Western mountain coati (N. olivacea) Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)

Potos

Kinkajou
Kinkajou (P. flavus)

Procyon

Crab-eating raccoon
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus) Raccoon
Raccoon (P. lotor) Cozumel raccoon
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)

Ailuridae

Ailurus

Red panda
Red panda (A. fulgens)

Suborder Caniformia
Caniformia (cont. above)

Otariidae (Eared seals) (includes fur seals and sea lions) ( Pinniped
Pinniped inclusive)

Arctocephalus

South American fur seal
South American fur seal (A. australis) Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri) Galápagos fur seal
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis) Antarctic fur seal
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella) Juan Fernández fur seal
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii) Brown fur seal
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus) Guadalupe fur seal
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi) Subantarctic fur seal
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)

Callorhinus

Northern fur seal
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)

Eumetopias

Steller sea lion
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)

Neophoca

Australian sea lion
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)

Otaria

South American sea lion
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)

Phocarctos

New Zealand sea lion
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)

Zalophus

California sea lion
California sea lion (Z. californianus) Galápagos sea lion
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)

Odobenidae ( Pinniped
Pinniped inclusive)

Odobenus

Walrus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)

Phocidae (Earless seals) ( Pinniped
Pinniped inclusive)

Cystophora

Hooded seal
Hooded seal (C. cristata)

Erignathus

Bearded seal
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)

Halichoerus

Gray seal (H. grypus)

Histriophoca

Ribbon seal
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)

Hydrurga

Leopard
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)

Leptonychotes

Weddell seal
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)

Lobodon

Crabeater seal
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)

Mirounga (Elephant seals)

Northern elephant seal
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris) Southern elephant seal
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)

Monachus

Mediterranean monk seal
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus) Hawaiian monk seal
Hawaiian monk seal (M. schauinslandi)

Ommatophoca

Ross seal
Ross seal (O. rossi)

Pagophilus

Harp seal
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)

Phoca

Spotted seal
Spotted seal (P. largha) Harbor seal
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)

Pusa

Caspian seal
Caspian seal (P. caspica) Ringed seal
Ringed seal (P. hispida) Baikal seal
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)

Canidae

Large family listed below

Mustelidae

Large family listed below

Family Canidae
Canidae (includes dogs)

Atelocynus

Short-eared dog
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)

Canis

Side-striped jackal
Side-striped jackal (C. adustus) African golden wolf
African golden wolf (C. anthus) Golden jackal
Golden jackal (C. aureus) Coyote
Coyote (C. latrans) Gray wolf
Gray wolf (C. lupus) Black-backed jackal
Black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas) Red wolf
Red wolf (C. rufus) Ethiopian wolf
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)

Cerdocyon

Crab-eating fox
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)

Chrysocyon

Maned wolf
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)

Cuon

Dhole
Dhole (C. alpinus)

Lycalopex

Culpeo
Culpeo (L. culpaeus) Darwin's fox
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes) South American gray fox
South American gray fox (L. griseus) Pampas fox
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus) Sechuran fox
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae) Hoary fox
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)

Lycaon

African wild dog
African wild dog (L. pictus)

Nyctereutes

Raccoon
Raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)

Otocyon

Bat-eared fox
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)

Speothos

Bush dog
Bush dog (S. venaticus)

Urocyon

Gray fox
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) Island fox
Island fox (U. littoralis)

Vulpes (Foxes)

Bengal fox
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis) Blanford's fox
Blanford's fox (V. cana) Cape fox
Cape fox (V. chama) Corsac fox
Corsac fox (V. corsac) Tibetan sand fox
Tibetan sand fox (V. ferrilata) Arctic fox
Arctic fox (V. lagopus) Kit fox
Kit fox (V. macrotis) Pale fox
Pale fox (V. pallida) Rüppell's fox
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli) Swift fox
Swift fox (V. velox) Red fox
Red fox (V. vulpes) Fennec fox
Fennec fox (V. zerda)

Family Mustelidae

Lutrinae (Otters)

Aonyx

African clawless otter
African clawless otter (A. capensis) Oriental small-clawed otter
Oriental small-clawed otter (A. cinerea)

Enhydra

Sea otter
Sea otter (E. lutris)

Hydrictis

Spotted-necked otter
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)

Lontra

North American river otter
North American river otter (L. canadensis) Marine otter
Marine otter (L. felina) Neotropical otter
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis) Southern river otter
Southern river otter (L. provocax)

Lutra

Eurasian otter
Eurasian otter (L. lutra) Hairy-nosed otter
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)

Lutrogale

Smooth-coated otter
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)

Pteronura

Giant otter
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)

Mustelinae (including badgers)

Arctonyx

Hog badger
Hog badger (A. collaris)

Eira

Tayra
Tayra (E. barbara)

Galictis

Lesser grison
Lesser grison (G. cuja) Greater grison
Greater grison (G. vittata)

Gulo

Wolverine
Wolverine (G. gulo)

Ictonyx

Saharan striped polecat
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca) Striped polecat
Striped polecat (I. striatus)

Lyncodon

Patagonian weasel
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)

Martes (Martens)

American marten
American marten (M. americana) Yellow-throated marten
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula) Beech marten
Beech marten (M. foina) Nilgiri marten
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii) European pine marten
European pine marten (M. martes) Japanese marten
Japanese marten (M. melampus) Sable
Sable (M. zibellina)

Pekania

Fisher (P. pennanti)

Meles

Japanese badger
Japanese badger (M. anakuma) Asian badger
Asian badger (M. leucurus) European badger
European badger (M. meles)

Mellivora

Honey badger
Honey badger (M. capensis)

Melogale (Ferret-badgers)

Bornean ferret-badger
Bornean ferret-badger (M. everetti) Chinese ferret-badger
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata) Javan ferret-badger
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis) Burmese ferret-badger
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)

Mustela (Weasels and Ferrets)

Amazon weasel
Amazon weasel (M. africana) Mountain weasel
Mountain weasel (M. altaica) Stoat
Stoat (M. erminea) Steppe polecat
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii) Colombian weasel
Colombian weasel (M. felipei) Long-tailed weasel
Long-tailed weasel (M. frenata) Japanese weasel
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi) Yellow-bellied weasel
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah) European mink
European mink (M. lutreola) Indonesian mountain weasel
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina) Black-footed ferret
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes) Least weasel
Least weasel (M. nivalis) Malayan weasel
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes) European polecat
European polecat (M. putorius) Siberian weasel
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica) Back-striped weasel
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa) Egyptian weasel
Egyptian weasel (M. subpalmata)

Neovison (Minks)

American mink
American mink (N. vison)

Poecilogale

African striped weasel
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)

Taxidea

American badger
American badger (T. taxus)

Vormela

Marbled polecat
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)

Taxon identifiers

Wd: Q128098 ADW: Canis_aureus ARKive: canis-aureus EoL: 328681 EPPO: CANIAU Fauna Europaea: 305288 Fossilworks: 104156 GBIF: 5219219 iNaturalist: 42047 ITIS: 183817 IUCN: 3744 MSW: 14000704 NCBI: 68