Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine

Godfrey III ( 997 – 1069), called the Bearded, was the eldest son of Gothelo I, Duke of Upper and Lower Lorraine.

Biography

Disputed succession

By inheritance, Godfrey was Count of Verdun and he became Margrave of Antwerp as a vassal of the Duke of Lower Lorraine. The Holy Roman Emperor Henry III authorized him to succeed his father as Duke of Upper Lorraine in 1044, but refused him the ducal title in Lower Lorraine, for he feared the power of a united duchy. Instead, Henry threatened to appoint his younger brother, Gothelo, as Duke in Lower Lorraine. At a much later date, Godfrey became Duke of Lower Lorraine, but he had lost the upper duchy by that point in time.

Revolts against Emperor Henry III

Godfrey rebelled against his King and devastated land in Lower Lorraine, as well as the City of Verdun; which, though his by inheritance, Henry had not given him. He was soon defeated by an Imperial army, deposed and imprisoned together with his son (Gibichenstein, 1045). When his son died in prison, the war recommenced. Baldwin V of Flanders joined Godfrey, while Henry gave Thierry, Bishop of Verdun, the eponymous county. Godfrey surprised the Bishop (who escaped) and sacked Verdun, burning the cathedral. On 11 November 1048 at Thuin, Godfrey fell on Adalbert, his replacement in Upper Lorraine, and defeated him, killing him in battle. Henry immediately nominated the young Gerard of Chatenoy to replace Adalbert at the Diet of Worms. In his subsequent campaigns to take the Moselle region, Godfrey met with stiff resistance from Gerard and was forced to renounce his claims and reconcile with the Bishop. He even assisted in rebuilding the cathedral he had destroyed.

In 1053, his first wife Doda having died, Godfrey remarried Beatrice of Bar, the widow of Boniface III of Tuscany and mother of Matilda, Boniface's heir. Henry arrested Beatrice and her young son Frederick and imprisoned her in Germany, separate from either husband or son, who died within days. The emperor claimed the marriage had been contracted without his consent and was invalid. Young Frederick died a short while later. Nevertheless, Godfrey took over the government of the Tuscany in right of Beatrice and Matilda.

Baldwin V then rebelled, carrying the war to Trier and Nijmegen. Henry responded by devastating Flanders and ravaging Lille and Tournai (1054). In this war, Godfrey captured Frederick of Luxembourg, Duke of Lower Lorraine, who had received that duchy, including Antwerp, from Henry III.

In 1055, Godfrey besieged Antwerp, but Frederick was delivered by the Lorrainers, no longer loyal to Godfrey. Henry died in 1056 and his successor, Henry IV, was only six years old. In that year, Baldwin made peace and did homage to the new King. In 1056 and 1059, by the treaties of Andernach, Baldwin received the March of Ename in the Landgraviate of Brabant, probably in exchange for giving up the March of Valenciennes, which was confiscated by Emperor Henry III in 1045.

Duke of Spoleto

In 1057, Godfrey was exiled to Tuscany, where he joined Beatrice and co-governed with her. He was enfeoffed with the Duchy of Spoleto (1057) by Pope Stephen IX, his brother. In January 1058, Leo de Benedicto Christiano threw open the city gates to him and Beatrice after the election of Pope Nicholas II. Possessing the Tiber and assaulting the Lateran, Godfrey succeeded in expelling the antipope Benedict X on 24 January. During the papal reign of his brother and his brother's reforming successors, he played an important role in the politics of central and northern Italy, including Sardinia, where he interfered on behalf of Barisone I of Logudoro against the Republic of Pisa, indicating his authority over both.

Duke of Lower Lorraine

In 1065, he was recalled to become Duke of Lower Lorraine after the death of Frederick. He was also given Antwerp again. He installed his court at Bouillon and died on Christmas Eve 1069.

Family

By Doda, possibly a daughter of her namesake Dada and Manasses II of Rethel, he had:

*Godfrey, succeeded him in Lower Lorraine;
*Ida of Lorraine, married to Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, she was the mother of Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem;
*Wiltrude, married Adalbert of Calw;
*Perhaps Judith,de Chartres, Foucher (1895) 122br>Li Estoire de Jerusalem et d'Antioche
Volume 5 de Recuil des Croisades, Historiens occidentaux. married to Manasses III, Count of Rethel, they were the grandparents of Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem. Only one of the aforementioned hypotheses can be true (since one most likely eliminates the other): either Doda is the daughter of Manasses II, or Judith, the wife of Manasses III, was a daughter of Godfrey and Doda.

Footnotes

References

*
*A. Creber, 'Mirrors for Margraves: Peter Damian's Different Models for Male and Female Rulers,’ ''Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques'', 42:1 (2016), 8-20.

External links

Medieval Lands Project on Godfrey "le Barbu", Duke of Lower Lotharingia

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Godfrey the Bearded

990s births
1069 deaths
House of Ardenne–Verdun
Year of birth uncertain
Dukes of Upper Lorraine
Dukes of Lower Lorraine
Margraves of Antwerp
Godfrey 01
Dukes of Spoleto
House of Limburg
Regents of Tuscany
Lords of Bouillon