Giuseppe Rosaroll
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Giuseppe Maria Rosaroll-Scorza (16 September 1775 – 2 December 1825) was an Italian essayist and a general in the army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He was also the father of the Italian patriotic hero Cesare Rosaroll.


Military career

Born in Naples from a family of Swiss origin, he entered as a cadet in the Neapolitan Army in 1793. In 1799 he joined the
Parthenopaean Republic The Parthenopean Republic ( it, Repubblica Partenopea, french: République Parthénopéenne) or Neapolitan Republic (''Repubblica Napoletana'') was a short-lived, semi-autonomous republic located within the Kingdom of Naples and supported by th ...
as a captain. Captured by the Sanfedisti and condemned to death, he escaped to France before re-entering Italy with
Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader wh ...
, serving in the Italian Legion. Rosaroll fought in the
Battle of Marengo The Battle of Marengo was fought on 14 June 1800 between French forces under the First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria, in Piedmont, Italy. Near the end of the day, the French overcame General Mich ...
, later joining the Army of the
Cisalpine Republic The Cisalpine Republic ( it, Repubblica Cisalpina) was a sister republic of France in Northern Italy that existed from 1797 to 1799, with a second version until 1802. Creation After the Battle of Lodi in May 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte organiz ...
. In Milan he wrote a treatise on the art of
fencing Fencing is a group of three related combat sports. The three disciplines in modern fencing are the foil, the épée, and the sabre (also ''saber''); winning points are made through the weapon's contact with an opponent. A fourth discipline, ...
, ''La scienza della scherma''. He returned to Naples with General Masséna in 1806. His brave conduct in the campaign of Sicily of 1811 with
Joachim Murat Joachim Murat ( , also , ; it, Gioacchino Murati; 25 March 1767 – 13 October 1815) was a French military commander and statesman who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. Under the French Empire he received the ...
, won him an 1812 promotion to the rank of field marshal and was titled Baron of the Empire. Again with Murat he participated in the
Russian campaign The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, the Army of Twenty nations, and the Patriotic War of 1812 was launched by Napoleon Bonaparte to force the Russian Empire back into the continental block ...
. After the
Restoration Restoration is the act of restoring something to its original state and may refer to: * Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage ** Audio restoration ** Film restoration ** Image restoration ** Textile restoration * Restoration ecology ...
(1815) Rosaroll received command of a brigade and then of the division of Messina from king Ferdinand I. During this period he wrote numerous treatises on military techniques. As commander of Messina in March 1821 he tried to organise the military forces of the Two Sicilies stationed in
Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...
and Calabria to resist the Austrians who were entering the Kingdom in order to repress the Constitutional Revolt of 1820. In order to escape his death sentence for this act (sentence of 27 February 1823), he fled to
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...
, where he joined the ranks of the liberal constitutionalist forces from 1822–23. When, in the spring of the 1823, the Spanish revolution was put down by the French Army, general Rosaroll moved again, first to England and then to Greece, where the Greek War of Independence was raging. According to historian T. Gerozisis, which is based on the testimony of Dionysios Romas and Fotakos, Rosaroll's old acquaintance and friend from Zante,
Theodoros Kolokotronis Theodoros Kolokotronis ( el, Θεόδωρος Κολοκοτρώνης; 3 April 1770 – 4 February 1843) was a Greek general and the pre-eminent leader of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) against the Ottoman Empire. Kolokotronis's g ...
, intended to make him commander of ground forces. Before the interim government enacted this, Rosaroll died of
typhus Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposure. ...
in Nauplia.[Τριαντάφυλλος Γεροζήσης, Το Σώμα των αξιωματικών και η θέση του στην σύγχρονη Ελληνική κοινωνία, 1821–1975, σελ.18, ] His son César died fighting against the Austrians at Venice in 1849. Historian of fencing Jacopo Gelli considered Rosaroll and Pietro Grisetti as the scions of the true "Scuola Napoletana" of fencing. Both were students of Tommaso Bosco e Fucile, who was a
maestro Maestro (; from the Italian '' maestro'' , meaning "master" or "teacher") is an honorific title of respect (plural: maestros or maestri). The term is most commonly used in the context of Western classical music and opera, in line with the ubiqu ...
of fencing in
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
.


See also

*
Italian school of swordsmanship The term Italian school of swordsmanship is used to describe the Italian style of fencing and edged-weapon combat from the time of the first extant Italian swordsmanship treatise (1409) to the days of Classical Fencing (up to 1900). Although the ...


Footnotes


Bibliography

* "La scienza della scherma esposta dai due amici il barone Rosaroll Scorza commendatore dell'ordine reale delle Due Sicilie, maresciallo di campo ecc. e Pietro Grisetti capo di battaglione del I.mo reggimento dell'artiglieria". Napoli : nella Stamperia Reale, 1814 * "Scherma della bajonetta astata. Del barone Rosaroll Scorza, commendatore dell'ordine reale delle Due Sicilie, maresciallo di campo ecc.". Napoli : dalla stamperie de' fratelli Fernandes, strada ponte di Tappia, n. 18, 1818 * "Trattato della Spadancia, o sia della Spada Larga". Napoli : stamperia fratelli Fernandes, 1818


Sources

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Rosaroll, Giuseppe 1775 births 1825 deaths Italian generals Philhellenes in the Greek War of Independence Deaths from typhus Italian people of Swiss descent