German state railway norms
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In German railway engineering, norms (''Normalien'') are standards for the design and production of railway vehicles. In the 1880s and 1890s, Prussian norms were developed for the
locomotives A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a multiple unit, motor coach, railcar or power car; the u ...
, tenders and wagons of the
Prussian state railways The term Prussian state railways (German: ''Preußische Staatseisenbahnen'') encompasses those railway organisations that were owned or managed by the State of Prussia. The words "state railways" are not capitalized because Prussia did not have a ...
under the direction of the railway director responsible for railway engineering, Moritz Stambke. Later, these were largely adopted by the other state railways (''
Länderbahnen The ''Länderbahnen'' (singular: ''Länderbahn'') were the various state railways of the German Confederation and the German Empire in the period from about 1840 to 1920, when they were merged into the Deutsche Reichsbahn after the First World War ...
'') in
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
.


Engineering drawings

These norms are defined by
engineering drawing An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing that is used to convey information about an object. A common use is to specify the geometry necessary for the construction of a component and is called a detail drawing. Usually, a number of ...
s to 1:40 scale on individual sheets and show the locomotives and wagons as full design drawings, referred to by their sheet (''Musterblatt'') numbers. The first drawings date from 1878. In 1885 the Minister for Public Works tasked the Hütte Academic Institute with the publication of the norms. The drawings were regularly updated as technical developments occurred. The last Prussian drawings were issued in 1923.


Goods wagons

The design drawings for
goods wagons Goods wagons or freight wagons (North America: freight cars), also known as goods carriages, goods trucks, freight carriages or freight trucks, are unpowered railway vehicles that are used for the transportation of cargo. A variety of wagon type ...
were of special importance. The wagons built to these specifications appeared in large numbers and formed the bulk of the German wagon fleet until well after the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
. The 1973 DR Goods Wagon Handbook still contained most of the DSV wagon classes as well as the former Prussian Class IId wagons. The most important types are listed in the following table. Note that group IIb are goods wagons based on old designs, IIc goods wagons under 15 ton maximum load and IId goods wagons with at least 15 tons maximum load. A-group wagons are those built to the standard drawings of the DSV. Wagons according to sheets with other nos. are special designs, of which some were also built in large numbers.


Other examples

Other examples of Prussian norms are:


See also

*
History of rail transport in Germany :''This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series'' The history of rail transport in Germany can be traced back to the 16th century. The earliest form of railways, wagonways, were developed in Germany in the 16th century. ...


Literature and sources

*Multiple authors (1974). ''Güterwagen Handbuch'', Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin *Behrends, H.; Hensel, W.; Wiedau, G. (1989). ''Güterwagen-Archiv (Band 1)'', Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin *Carstens, S.; Ossig, R. (1989). ''Güterwagen. Band 1. Gedeckte Wagen'', W. Tümmels, Nuremberg *Carstens, S.; Diener H. U. (1989). ''Güterwagen. Band 2. Gedeckte Wagen – Sonderbauarten'', W. Tümmels, Nuremberg *Carstens, S.; Diener H. U. (1996). ''Güterwagen. Band 3. Offene Wagen'', Eigenverlag, Hasloh *Carstens, S. (2003). ''Güterwagen. Band 4. Offene Wagen in Sonderbauart'', MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg *Carstens, S. (2008). ''Güterwagen. Band 5. Rungen-, Schienen- und Flachwagen'', MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg *Deutsche Bundesbahn, EZA Minden (1951). ''Handbuch für Umzeichnung der Güterwagen'', Minden *Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft, Reichsbahn-Zentralamt (1928) ''Merkbuch für die Fahrzeuge der Reichsbahn. IV. Wagen (Regelspur)''. 1928 edition, Berlin *Königl. Eisenbahn Zentralamt (1915). ''Merkbuch für die Fahrzeuge der Preußisch-Hessischen Staatseisenbahnverwaltung''. 1915 edition, Berlin *Troche, H. (1992) ''Die preußischen Normal-Güterzuglokomotiven der Gattungen G 3 und G 4. Kap. 17. Die Normalien-Güterwagen'', EK-Verlag, Freiburg {{German rolling stock Standards of Germany Rail technologies Rolling stock of Germany Rail transport in Germany Rail freight transport in Germany