George Ball (diplomat)

George Wildman Ball (December 21, 1909 – May 26, 1994) was an American diplomat and banker. He served in the management of the US State Department from 1961 to 1966 and is remembered most as the only major dissenter against the escalation of the Vietnam War. He refused to publicize his doubts, which were based on calculations that South Vietnam was doomed. He also helped determine American policy regarding trade expansion, Congo, the Multilateral Force, de Gaulle's France, Israel and the rest of the Middle East, and the Iranian Revolution.

Early life

Ball was born in Des Moines, Iowa. He lived in Evanston, Illinois and graduated from Evanston Township High School and Northwestern University with a B.S. and a Juris Doctor (JD). Ball joined a Chicago law firm in which Adlai Stevenson II was one of the partners, and became a protégé of Stevenson.

Early career

During 1942, he became an official of the Lend Lease program. During 1944 and 1945, he was director of the Strategic Bombing Survey in London.

During 1945, Ball began collaboration with Jean Monnet and the French government in its economic recovery in its negotiations regarding the Marshall Plan. In 1946, Ball co-founded the law firm of Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton, along with Henry J. Friendly, later the chief judge of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. During 1950 he helped draft the Schuman Plan and the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty.

Ball had a major role in Stevenson's presidential campaign during 1952. He was the liaison between Stevenson and President Truman and helped publicize Stevenson's opinions in major magazine articles. He was also the executive director of the Volunteers For Stevenson, concerned mainly with enlisting independent and Republican voters. He was also a speechwriter in the Stevenson campaign. Ball likewise had a major role in Stevenson's 1956 presidential campaign and unsuccessful 1960 bid to gain the Democratic nomination.

State Department

Ball was the Under Secretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs for the administrations of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He is known for his opposition to escalation of the Vietnam War.

After Kennedy decided to send 16,000 "trainers" to Vietnam, Ball, the one dissenter in Kennedy’s entourage, pleaded with JFK to recall France’s devastating defeat in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu and throughout Indochina. Ball raised the question with President Kennedy. (November 7, 1961) "Within five years we'll have 300,000 men in the paddies and jungles and never find them again. That was the French experience. Vietnam is the worst possible terrain both from a physical and political point of view."George Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, Memoirs, (New York, Norton, 1982), p366.

In response to this prediction, the President seemed unwilling to discuss the matter, responding with an overtone of asperity: "George, you're just crazier than hell. That just isn't going happen." As Ball later wrote, Kennedy's "statement could be interpreted in two ways: either he was convinced that events would so evolve as not to require escalation, or he was determined not to permit such escalation to occur."

Ball was one of the endorsers of the 1963 coup which resulted in the death of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother.

As President Johnson was urged by his closest foreign policy and defense advisors to initiate a sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam during the winter of 1964–1965, Ball forcefully warned Johnson against such an action. In a February 24, 1965, memorandum he passed to the President through his aide Bill Moyers, Ball provided an accurate analysis of the situation in South Vietnam, and of the US stake in it, as well as a startlingly prescient description of the disaster any escalation of American involvement would entail. Urging Johnson to re-examine all the assumptions inherent in the arguments for increasing US involvement, Ball stood alone among the upper echelons of Johnson's policymakers when he attacked the prevailing notion, virtually unquestioned at the time in Washington, that America's fundamental strategic interest in escalating the conflict was in protecting US international prestige and the reliability of its commitments to allies.

He observed that other international actors, including both allies and enemies, were concerned not whether the US could live up to its promise but rather whether the US could avert a disaster in time instead of squandering strategic capital in a struggle to assist a failed regime. If the US continued in its course, Ball argued, US loyalty would be less questioned than US strategic judgement would. Although Johnson considered the memorandum seriously, Ball had waited too long to deliver it. The decision had already been made, and sustained US bombing operations against North Vietnam commenced on March 2, 1965.

Ball also served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from June 26 to September 25, 1968. During August 1968 at the UN Security Council, he endorsed the Czechoslovaks' struggle against the Soviet invasion and their right to live without dictatorship.

During the Nixon administration, Ball helped draft American policy proposals on the Persian Gulf.

Arguments

Ball was long a critic of Israeli policies toward its Arab neighbors. He "called for the recalibration of America’s Israel policy in a much noted ''Foreign Affairs'' essay" during 1977 and, during 1992, co-authored ''The Passionate Attachment'' with his son, Douglas Ball. The book argued that American aid to Israel has been morally, politically and financially costly. Elsewhere in the book, referring to the Israeli attack on the USS ''Liberty'', Ball asserted, "... the ultimate lesson of the ''Liberty'' attack had far more effect on policy in Israel than in America. Israel's leaders concluded that nothing they might do would offend the Americans to the point of reprisal. If America's leaders did not have the courage to punish Israel for the blatant murder of American citizens, it seemed clear that their American friends would let them get away with almost anything."

He often used the aphorism (perhaps originally invented by Ian Fleming in the novel '' Diamonds Are Forever'') "Nothing propinks like propinquity," later dubbed the Ball Rule of Power. It means that the more direct access one has to the president, the greater one's power regardless of title.

Ball was an advocate of free trade, multinational corporations and their theoretical ability to neutralize what he considered to be "obsolete" nation states. Until and after his ambassadorship, Ball was employed by the banking company Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb. He was a senior managing director at Lehman Brothers until his retirement during 1982. Ball was among the first North American members of the Bilderberg Group, attending every meeting except for one before his death. He was a member of the Steering Committee of the group.

Death

Ball died in New York City on May 26, 1994. He was buried in Princeton Cemetery.

Popular culture

George Ball was portrayed by John Randolph in the 1974 made-for-TV movie '' The Missiles of October'', by James Karen in the 2000 movie '' Thirteen Days'' and by Bruce McGill in the 2002 TV movie ''Path to War''.

Books

*
The Passionate Attachment: America's Involvement With Israel, 1947 to the Present
', with Douglas B. Ball, .

Media

Appearances

* ''Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited''. Produced for The Idea Channel by the Free to Choose Network, 1983.
*
Phase II, Part I (U1016)
(June 27, 1983)
*** Featuring McGeorge Bundy, Richard Neustadt, Robert S. McNamara & U. Alexis Johnson in Washington D.C.
*
Phase II, Part II (U1017)
(June 27, 1983)
*** Featuring McGeorge Bundy, Richard Neustadt, Robert S. McNamara & U. Alexis Johnson in Washington D.C.

See also

* ''The Best and the Brightest''

Explanatory notes

References

Further reading

*
*
* Brands Jr, H. W. "America enters the Cyprus tangle, 1964." ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 23.3 (1987): 348–362
online
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Primary sources

*

External links

George W. Ball Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
*

* – The Center for Cooperative Research


* ttp://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon4/doc258.htm Memo from George Ball to McNamara
*
*
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*George W. Ball
How to save Israel in spite of herself
Foreign Affairs, The Council on Foreign Relations, April 1977.
*George W. Ball
The Coming Crisis in Israeli-American Relations
Foreign Affairs, The Council on Foreign Relations, Winter 1979.
*George W. Ball
The conduct of American foreign policy
Foreign Affairs, The Council on Foreign Relations, 1980.
*James A. Bill
George Ball: Behind the Scenes in U.S. Foreign Policy
*Robert Dallek
George Ball: Behind the Scenes in U.S. Foreign Policy
The Washington Monthly, July 1997.
*William Engdahl
George Ball's role in the 1979 Iranian Revolution
Payvand News, March 10, 2006.
Book review of biography on George Ball
*
* – WGBH Open Vault
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ball, George Wildman
United States Under Secretaries of State
Permanent Representatives of the United States to the United Nations
Lyndon B. Johnson administration cabinet members
Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel
Kennedy administration personnel
American people of the Vietnam War
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
Evanston Township High School alumni
Businesspeople from Des Moines, Iowa
Burials at Princeton Cemetery
1909 births
1994 deaths
People associated with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton