Geography of Andorra

Andorra is a small, landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range and bordered by Spain and France. With an area of 468 km², it is the sixth smallest country in Europe and also the largest of the European microstates.

Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains, the highest being the Coma Pedrosa at , and the average elevation of Andorra is . These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the Gran Valira river, leaves the country for Spain (at Andorra's lowest point of ).

Andorra's climate is similar to that of its neighbours' temperate climates, but its higher elevation means there is, on average, more snow in winter, lower humidity, and it is slightly cooler in summer. There are, on average, 300 days per year of sunshine.

Phytogeographically, Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Andorra belongs to the ecoregion of Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests.

Landslides and avalanches are the main natural hazards. There are frequent earthquakes below Richter magnitude 2. There is no historical record of any damaging earthquakes in Andorra, but the Andorran government has studied the possibility of a future one.Conseqüències per a Andorra d'un possible terratrèmol
, Programa dactivitats tardor 08, ''el Centre Andorra Sostenible'', Govern d'Andorra, p.16.

Mountains

All of Andorra is mountainous, and in total, there are 65 mountain peaks.Andorra – The Principality in Figures (2007), p.16, ''Andorra Turisme / Department of Studies and Statistics''

The highest mountain is Coma Pedrosa, which rises to in the northwest of Andorra near the French and Spanish borders.

Along the border with France, from west to east, the highest mountains are Pic de Médécourbe (), which is the western tripoint international boundary of Andorra, France, and Spain, Pic de Cataperdis () and Pic de Tristaina (), Pic de Font Blanca () in the northwest; Pic de Siguer (), Pic de la Serrera () and Pic d'Anrodat () in the north; and Pic de Noé (), Pic de la Cabaneta () and Roc Mélé () in the east.

Along the border with Spain, from west to east, the highest mountains are Pic de Médécourbe (), Pic de Coma Pedrosa (), Port de Cabús () and Pic dels Llacs () in the west; Pic Negre (), Torre dels Soldats (), and Pic de la Portelleta () in the south.

In the east, near where the borders of the two countries meet, lies Pic d’Envalira () and Pic dels Pessons (). A lake, Estany de l'Estanyó, and a mountain, Pic de l’Estanyó () lie just east of El Serrat and are accessible only by hiking trail.

Lakes and rivers

Andorra is drained almost entirely by a single basin whose main river, the Gran Valira, exits the country in the south near the Spain–Andorra road border crossing.

The Valira del Nord is the northwest tributary, flowing from near El Serrat through the settlements of Les Salines, Arans, La Cortinada, Sornàs, Ordino, and La Massana — where it meets the Tristaina River — and eventually through Les Escaldes where it meets the Valira d'Orient forming the Gran Valira.

The Valira d'Orient is the northeast tributary, flowing from near Grau Roig through Soldeu, Canillo, Encamp, and Les Escaldes where it meets the Madriu River and then the Valira del Nord, becoming the Gran Valira.

There are also several much smaller drainage basins that span Andorra's borders with France and Spain. The most notable of these is the Pic de Maià basin whose main river, the Sant Josep, flows easterly out of the country into France and is a tributary of the Ariège, which is in the Garonne basin (Atlantic).

Andorra has 172 lakes, of which the largest is Estanys de Juclar () near Pic de Noé in the north east.

Climate

The climate in Andorra varies greatly with elevation. The valleys have a oceanic climate that is similar to the temperate climate of Andorra's neighbours, but because of the higher elevation, winters tend to be more severe, the humidity lower, and summers slightly cooler. Regions above the Alpine tree line at about have an alpine climate and alpine tundra. Snow completely covers the northern valleys for several months. There are, on average, 300 days per year of sunshine. Average daily peak insolation varies from 1150  W/m² in June to 280 W/m² in December.Andorra – Escaldes,''Weather Underground''
/ref>Atles climàtic de Catalunya. Periode 1961–1990. Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya.

The average annual temperature varies from in Sant Julià de Lòria in the south, to in La Massana in the centre, and to in Arcalis in the north. The average daily high and low temperatures in Escaldes-Engordany are, respectively, and in July, and and in January.

Average annual precipitation is for the whole country, but it varies across the country, increasing with elevation and from south to north. The driest parish is Sant Julià de Lòria ( per year) in the south, and the wettest is Canillo ( per year) in the north. Annual precipitation can exceed the highest mountainous areas. The driest months tend to be January and February, and the wettest, May, June, and November. During the summer months, there are very few rainy days, but the rainfall can be very heavy because it is associated with thunderstorms.

Natural hazards

Avalanches

There is a risk of avalanches from mid winter to early summer. Avalanche control

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