The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using

braille Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are Blindness, blind, Deafblindness, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on Paper embossing, embossed paper ...

cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called ''GS8''. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called ''GS6''. The codes were developed as a replacement for

Nemeth Braille The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics is a Braille code for encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using standard six-dot Braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The code was developed by Abraham Nemeth. Th ...

by John A. Gardner, a physicist at

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, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician. The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable

markup language Markup language refers to a text-encoding system consisting of a set of symbols inserted in a text document to control its structure, formatting, or the relationship between its parts. Markup is often used to control the display of the document ...

. The syntax is based on the

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system for scientific typesetting.

Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille

The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2

English Braille English Braille, also known as ''Grade 2 Braille'', is the braille alphabet used for English. It consists of around 250 letters ( phonograms), numerals, punctuation, formatting marks, contractions, and abbreviations (logograms). Some English Bra ...

Digits

Apart from 0, this is the same as the

Antoine notation French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and the basis of all others. The alphabetic order of French has become the basis of the international braille convention, used by most braille alphabets around the world. However, only the 25 basic ...

used in French and Luxembourgish Braille.

Upper-case letters

GS8 upper-case letters are indicated by the same cell as standard English braille (and GS8) lower-case letters, with dot #7 added. Compare Luxembourgish Braille.

Greek letters

Dot 8 is added to the letter forms of

International Greek Braille Greek Braille is the braille alphabet of the Greek language. It is based on international braille conventions, generally corresponding to Latin transliteration. In Greek, it is known as Κώδικας Μπράιγ ''Kôdikas Brég'' "Braille Code" ...

to derive Greek letters:

Characters differing from English Braille

ASCII symbols and mathematical operators

Text symbols

Math and science symbols

Markup

* Encodes the fraction-slash for the single adjacent digits/letters as numerator and denominator. * Used for any > 1 digit radicand. ** Used for markup to represent inkprint text.

Typeface indicators

Shape symbols

Set theory

References

Blind physicist creates better Braille
— a

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news item, November 9, 1995
The world of blind mathematicians
— article in ''Notices of the

AMS AMS or Ams may refer to: Organizations Companies * Alenia Marconi Systems * American Management Systems * AMS (Advanced Music Systems) * ams AG, semiconductor manufacturer * AMS Pictures * Auxiliary Medical Services Educational institutions * A ...

'', November 2002 {{DEFAULTSORT:Gardner-Salinas Braille Braille symbols 8-dot braille scripts Mathematical notation