Fuguing tune
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The fuguing tune (often fuging tune) is a variety of Anglo-American vernacular choral music. It first flourished in the mid-18th century and continues to be composed today.


Description

Fuguing tunes are sacred music, specifically,
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hymn A hymn is a type of song, and partially synonymous with devotional song, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification. The word ''hymn'' ...
s. They are written for a four-part chorus singing ''
a cappella ''A cappella'' (, also , ; ) music is a performance by a singer or a singing group without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. The term ''a cappella'' was originally intended to differentiate between Ren ...
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George Pullen Jackson George Pullen Jackson (1874–1953) was an American educator and musicologist. He was a pioneer in the field of Southern (U.S.) hymnody. He was responsible for popularizing the term "white spirituals" to describe the "fasola" singing. Early l ...
has described the fuguing tune as follows: A well-known fuguing tune that is typical of the form is "Northfield", written in 1800 by
Jeremiah Ingalls Jeremiah Ingalls (March 1, 1764 – April 6, 1838) was an early North-list of American composers, American composer, considered a part of the Yankee tunesmiths, First New England School. Biography Jeremiah Ingalls was born in Andover, Massachus ...
. The text is by
Isaac Watts Isaac Watts (17 July 1674 – 25 November 1748) was an English Congregational minister, hymn writer, theologian, and logician. He was a prolific and popular hymn writer and is credited with some 750 hymns. His works include "When I Survey the ...
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Variety in fuguing tunes

George Pullen Jackson's description above gives a common form for a fuguing tune, but there are variations. Jackson describes the entrance order of the four parts as "bottom to top" (Bass-Tenor-Alto-Treble), but this is not the only possible order. Indeed, in the fuguing tunes printed in ''
The Sacred Harp Sacred Harp singing is a tradition of sacred choral music that originated in New England and was later perpetuated and carried on in the American South. The name is derived from ''The Sacred Harp'', a ubiquitous and historically important tun ...
, 1991 edition'', it is not even the most common one; the most common order is Bass-Tenor-Treble-Alto. There are many other orders possible, particularly if one includes the many cases in which composers bring in two parts at once (so that there are just three instead of four entrances). However, it does seem to be a widely valid rule that the basses must at least be included in the first group to enter. This may reflect a wish to support the entrances with a solid bass line, or perhaps just a practical consideration: thanks to the weight of existing tradition, the bass singers have considerable practice in coming in alone at the beginning of a musical phrase, practice which the other sections lack. Thus a fuguing tune with a bass-first structure is likely to be more stable in performance.


History

The fuguing tune arose in England in the middle of the 18th century. The first fuguing tunes were the work of itinerant singing masters, described by
Irving Lowens Irving Lowens (19 August 1916 – 14 November 1983) was an American musicologist, critic, and librarian in the Washington, D.C. area. He served as the chief music critic at the ''Washington Star'' newspaper, the Assistant Head of the music divi ...
as follows:
he singing masters wereoften ill-trained by orthodox standards ...
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wandered from village to village and eked out an existence by teaching the intricacies of psalm-singing and the rudiments of music to all who cared to learn. To supplement his generally meager income, he singing masterfrequently sold self-compiled tune-books in which psalm tunes of his own composition ... were featured as examples of his skill and artistry.Lowens (1964:)
According to Lowens, the fuguing tunes created by these singing masters at first involved a separate fuguing section appended to the end of a complete psalm tune. Later, the fuguing became more integrated and eventually evolved to be the longer part of the song. There is good evidence that by 1760, English tune books including fuguing tunes were circulating in the American colonies; the first English fuguing tune printed in America appeared in the hymnbook ''Urania, or A Choice Collection of Psalm-Tunes, Anthems, and Hymns'' by James Lyon. Soon, fuguing tunes were being written in great profusion by American—especially New England—composers. Karl Kroeger (see reference below) has documented the publication of almost 1300 fuguing tunes during the period 1750–1820. Among the principal composers of New England fuguing tunes ("
Yankee tunesmiths Yankee tunesmiths (also called the First New England School) were self-taught composers active in New England from 1770 until about 1810. Their music was largely forgotten when the Better Music Movement turned musical tastes towards Europe, as in ...
") Irving Lowens lists the following:
William Billings William Billings (October 7, 1746 – September 26, 1800) is regarded as the first American choral composer and leading member of the First New England School. Life William Billings was born in Boston, Massachusetts. At the age of 14, t ...
,
Daniel Read Daniel Read (November 16, 1757 – December 4, 1836) was an American composer of the First New England School, and one of the primary figures in early American classical music. Life and work Read, along with his contemporaries William Billin ...
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Jacob French Jacob French (July 15, 1754 – May 1817) was a singing master and one of the first American composers, sometimes called Yankee tunesmiths. "A student of William Billings, French adopted Billings' innovative approach to psalmody ... His music tend ...
,
Timothy Swan Timothy Swan (1758–1842) was a Yankee tunesmith and hatmaker born in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. The son of goldsmith William Swan, Swan lived in small towns along the Connecticut River in Connecticut and Massachusetts for most of his li ...
, Stephen Jenks,
Supply Belcher Supply Belcher (March 29, 1751 – June 9, 1836) was an American composer, singer, and compiler of tune books. He was one of the so-called Yankee tunesmiths or First New England School, a group of mostly self-taught composers who created sacred vo ...
, Abraham Maxim,
Lewis Edson Lewis Edson (22 January 1748 – 1820 in Woodstock, New York) was one of the first American composers. He began working as blacksmith A blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects primarily from wrought iron or steel, but sometimes from ...
, Joseph Stone,
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Justin Morgan Justin Morgan (February 28, 1747 – March 22, 1798) was a U.S. horse breeder and composer. He was born in West Springfield, Massachusetts, and by 1788 had settled in Vermont. In addition to being a horse breeder and farmer, he was a teacher of ...
, and
Daniel Belknap Daniel Belknap (February 9, 1771 – October 3, 1815) was a farmer, mechanic, militia captain, poet and singing teacher. Belknap was born in Framingham, Massachusetts, and was an American composerhttp://www.voxnovus.com/resources/American_Compos ...
.


Fuguing tunes and fugues

The similarity of the terms "
fugue In music, a fugue () is a contrapuntal compositional technique in two or more voices, built on a subject (a musical theme) that is introduced at the beginning in imitation (repetition at different pitches) and which recurs frequently in the c ...
" and "fuguing tune" means that the two forms are easily confused. A fuguing tune certainly is not some kind of failed attempt to write a fugue, as an ill-informed musicologist once asserted. This is plain from the different structures of the two genres: in a fugue, the voices take turns coming in at the very beginning of the piece, whereas in a fuguing tune that moment comes about a third of the way through. Moreover, in a fugue the musical material used at each entrance (the so-called "subject") is repeated many times throughout the piece, whereas in a fuguing tune it normally appears just in the one location of sequenced entries, and the rest of the work is somewhat more
homophonic In music, homophony (;, Greek: ὁμόφωνος, ''homóphōnos'', from ὁμός, ''homós'', "same" and φωνή, ''phōnē'', "sound, tone") is a texture in which a primary part is supported by one or more additional strands that flesh ...
in texture. Indeed, "fuguing" does not derive ''from'' "fugue". Rather, as Irving Lowens points out, both terms hark back to a still earlier, more general usage (ultimately from Latin ''fugere'' "to flee"). He cites the words of
Thomas Morley Thomas Morley (1557 – early October 1602) was an English composer, theorist, singer and organist of the Renaissance. He was one of the foremost members of the English Madrigal School. Referring to the strong Italian influence on the Englis ...
, who wrote (in 1597 in his ''Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke''), "We call that a Fuge, when one part beginneth and the other singeth the same, for some number of Notes (which the first did sing)." In modern musical terminology, this is called a "
canon Canon or Canons may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Canon (fiction), the conceptual material accepted as official in a fictional universe by its fan base * Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture ** Western ca ...
", though Lowens interprets the passage more loosely, explaining that "fuging is pretty well synonymous with what we today call the technique of imitative writing".Lowens 1953, 47.


See also

*
Metrical psalter A metrical psalter is a kind of Bible translation: a book containing a verse translation of all or part of the Book of Psalms in vernacular poetry, meant to be sung as hymns in a church. Some metrical psalters include melodies or harmonisati ...
*
West gallery music __NOTOC__ West gallery music, also known as Georgian psalmody, refers to the sacred music (metrical psalms, with a few hymns and anthems) sung and played in English parish churches, as well as nonconformist chapels, from 1700 to around 1850. In ...
*
Yankee tunesmiths Yankee tunesmiths (also called the First New England School) were self-taught composers active in New England from 1770 until about 1810. Their music was largely forgotten when the Better Music Movement turned musical tastes towards Europe, as in ...


Notes


Books

*Jackson, George Pullen (1933). ''White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. (Unaltered reprint, as ''White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands: The Story of the Fasola Folk, Their Songs, Singings, and "Buckwheat Notes"''. Hatboro, PA: Folklore Associates. Reprinted again under the same title, New York: Dover Publications, 1965. .) *Kroeger, Karl (1993). ''American Fuging-Tunes, 1770-1820: A Descriptive Catalog ''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. . *Lowens, Irving (1953). "The Origins of the American Fuging Tune". ''Journal of the American Musicological Society'' 6, no. 1 (Spring): 43–52. Citations are from the reprinted version in Lowens (1964), except for the ones marked "Lowens 1953". *Lowens, Irving (1964). ''Music and Musicians in Early America''. New York: W. W. Norton. * MacDougall, Hamilton Crawford (1940). ''Early New England Psalmody: An Historical Appreciation, 1620–1820''. Brattleboro: Stephen Daye Press. Reprinted, Da Capo Press Music Reprint Series. New York: Da Capo Press, 1969.


External links


The original printed version of ''Northfield''
from the Web site of Centre College, Danville, Kentucky. Ingalls's alterations of Isaac Watts's words, generally ignored today, can be seen.
Some advice for leaders
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fuguing Tune Christian music Polyphonic singing