Holy Roman Empire
Austria[note 1]
Prussia
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Prussia_(1892-1918).svg.png)
Prussia (1792–95)[note 2]
Great Britain

Great Britain (1793–1800)[note 3]
Anglo-Corsican Kingdom

Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794-1796)
Ireland (1793–1800)[note 3]
United Kingdom

United Kingdom (1801–02)
Russia (1799)
French royalists
Counter-revolutionaries
Spain

Spain (1793–95)[note 2]
Portugal
Sardinia
Naples
Switzerland (1798)[note 4]
Other Italian states[note 5]
Ottoman Empire
Dutch Republic

Dutch Republic (1793–95)[note 6]
Newfoundland (1796)
Order of Saint John (1798)
Malta

Malta (1798–1800)
(Haitian Revolution)
Saint-Domingue

Saint-Domingue rebels (1791–94)
United States
(Quasi-War) (1798-1800)
Kingdom of France

Kingdom of France (until 1792)[note 7]
French Republic (from 1792)
French satellites
United Irishmen[note 8]
Polish Legions[note 9]
Batavia (1795–1802)
Spain

Spain (1796–1802)[note 10]
Denmark–Norway

Denmark–Norway (Action of 16 May 1797)[note 11]
Kingdom of Mysore

Kingdom of Mysore (Fourth Anglo-Mysore War)
Commanders and leaders
Francis II
Archduke Charles
Baillet de Latour
Count of Clerfayt
Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
József Alvinczi
Dagobert von Wurmser
Michael von Melas
Pál Kray
Frederick William II
Duke of Brunswick
Prince of Hohenlohe
William Pitt
Henry Addington
Charles O'Hara
Duke of York
Horatio Nelson
Ralph Abercromby
Samuel Hood
Paul I
Alexander Suvorov
Prince de Condé
Charles IV (1793–95)
Mary I
Victor Amadeus III
Ferdinand IV
Selim III
Jezzar Pasha
Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel

Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel (1793–95)
Murad Bey
James Wallace
Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim
Toussaint L'Ouverture
John Adams
Louis XVI
Jacques Pierre Brissot
Maximilien Robespierre
Paul Barras (1795–99)
Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte
Charles-F. Dumouriez
François Christophe Kellermann
François Étienne Kellermann
Charles Pichegru
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
Comte de Custine
Lazare Hoche †
André Masséna
Jean V. M. Moreau
Louis Desaix †
Jacques François Dugommier †
Pierre Augereau
Jean Baptiste Kléber †
François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers †
Jacques MacDonald
Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
Wolfe Tone †
Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
Christian VII
Olfert Fischer
Steen Bille
Tipu Sultan †
v
t
e
French Revolutionary Wars
Timeline
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
v
t
e
Haitian Revolution
Bois Caïman
Fort-Dauphin
Jean-Rabel
War of Knives
Saint-Domingue

Saint-Domingue expedition
Snake Gully
Crête-à-Pierrot
Blockade of Saint-Domingue
Vertières
v
t
e
War of the First Coalition
Porrentruy
Marquain
Verdun
Thionville
Valmy
Lille
Mainz
Flanders
.jpg/500px-Flanders_automobile_advertisement_(from_Netherlands).jpg)
Flanders Campaign
Royalist Revolts
Chouannerie
Naval Battles
Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796
War in the Vendée
War of the Pyrenees
Rhine

Rhine Campaign of 1793-94
Italian Campaigns
East Indies Theatre
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Atlantic campaign of May 1794
Helder
Rhine

Rhine Campaign of 1795
Rhine

Rhine Campaign of 1796
Anglo-Spanish War
Fishguard
Neuwied
Diersheim
v
t
e
United Irishmen Rebellion
Ballymore-Eustace
Naas
Rathangan
Prosperous
Kilcullen
Carnew
Dunlavin
Carlow
Harrow
Tara Hill
Oulart Hill
Enniscorthy
Gibbet Rath
Newtownmountkennedy
Three Rocks
Bunclody
Tubberneering
New Ross/Scullabogue
Antrim
Arklow
Saintfield
Ballynahinch
Ovidstown
Foulksmills
Vinegar Hill
Ballyellis
Castlebar
Collooney
Ballinamuck
Killala
Tory Island
v
t
e
War of the Second Coalition
Nicopolis
Corfu
Ostrach
Feldkirch
1st Stockach
Verona
Magnano
Cassano
Bassignana
Winterthur
1st Zurich
Modena
Trebbia
Mantua
Novi
Callantsoog
Vlieter Incident
Krabbendam
Mannheim
Bergen
2nd Zurich
Alkmaar
Castricum
Genola
Wiesloch
Genoa
Hohentwiel
2nd Stockach
Messkirch
Biberach
Fort Bard
Montebello
Marengo
Höchstädt
Neuburg
Ampfing
Hohenlinden
Mincio
Copenhagen
Algeciras (1st • 2nd)
Porto Ferrajo
Mediterranean Campaign
Egyptian Campaign
Swiss Campaign
Dutch Campaign
Italian Campaign
v
t
e
Quasi-War
USS Delaware vs La Croyable
USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente
Action of 1 January 1800
USS Constellation vs La Vengeance
Jacmel
Puerto Plata Harbor
USS Boston vs Berceau
USS Enterprise vs Flambeau
Curaçao
v
t
e
Italian Campaigns
of the French Revolutionary Wars
1st Saorgio
Méribel
Epierre
2nd Saorgio
1st Dego
Loano
Montenotte Campaign
Fombio
Lodi
Borghetto
Lonato
Castiglione
Peschiera (fr)
Rovereto
1st Bassano
2nd Bassano
Calliano
Caldiero
Arcole
Rivoli
1st Mantua
Faenza
Valvasone
Tyrol (fr)
Tarvis
Veronese Easter
Verona
Magnano
Cassano
Bassignana
Modena
Trebbia
2nd Mantua
Novi
Genola
Genoa
Montebello
Marengo
Pozzolo
v
t
e
Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796
Sardinia
Toulon
Burning of the French fleet
Genoa

Genoa Raid
22 October 1793
Corsica
San Fiorenzo
Bastia
Calvi
Martin's cruise
Mykonos
Berwick
Genoa
24 June 1795
Hyères Islands
Richery's expedition
Levant Convoy
Ganteaume's expedition
13 October 1796
19 December 1796
v
t
e
East Indies theatre
of the French Revolutionary Wars
Pondicherry
Sunda Strait
5 May 1794
Île Ronde
Ceylon
Cape Colony
Saldanha Bay
Sumatra
Bali Strait
Manila
Macau
9 February 1799
28 February 1799
Port Louis
Mahé
v
t
e
Naval Battles
of the French
Revolutionary Wars
Sardinia
Toulon
1st Genoa
Guernsey
May 1794
Ushant
Alexander
Croisière du Grand Hiver
Gulf of Roses
2nd Genoa
April 1795
Cornwallis's Retreat
Groix
Hyères
Levant Convoy
Saldanha Bay
Newfoundland expedition
Expédition d'Irlande
Droits de l'Homme
2nd St Vincent
Camperdown
Raz de Sein
Îles Saint-Marcouf
Nile
Tory Island
Croisière de Bruix
Dunkirk
Malta
Copenhagen
Algeciras
1st
2nd
Boulogne
Mahé
v
t
e
Royalist Revolts
of the French Revolutionary Wars
Vendée
Chouannerie
Toulon
Lyon
Quiberon
13 Vendémiaire
Peasants' War (1798)
v
t
e
Anglo-French wars
1202–04
1213–14
1215–17
1242–43
1294–1303
1337–1453 (1337–60, 1369–89, 1415–53)
1496-98
1512–14
1522–26
1542–46
1557–1559
1627–29
1666–67
1689–97
1702–13
1744–48
1744–1763
1754–63
1778–83
1793–1802
1803–14
1815
The
French Revolutionary Wars

French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military
conflicts, lasting from 1792 until 1802, resulting from the French
Revolution. They pitted the French Republic against Britain, Austria
and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War
of the
First Coalition

First Coalition (1792–97) and the War of the Second Coalition
(1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fighting gradually
assumed a global dimension. After a decade of constant warfare and
aggressive diplomacy,
France

France had conquered a wide array of
territories, from the
Italian Peninsula

Italian Peninsula and the
Low Countries

Low Countries in
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe to the
Louisiana Territory
.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_States_(1795–1818).svg.png)
Louisiana Territory in North America. French success in
these conflicts ensured the spread of revolutionary principles over
much of Europe.
As early as 1791, the other monarchies of
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe looked with outrage
at the revolution and its upheavals, and considered whether they
should intervene, either in support of King Louis XVI, or to prevent
the spread of revolution, or to take advantage of the chaos in France.
Anticipating an attack,
France

France declared war on
Prussia
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Prussia_(1892-1918).svg.png)
Prussia and Austria in
the spring of 1792, and they responded with a coordinated invasion
that was eventually turned back at the
Battle of Valmy

Battle of Valmy in September.
This victory emboldened the
National Convention

National Convention to abolish the
monarchy.[1] A series of victories by the new French armies abruptly
ended with defeat at Neerwinden in the spring of 1793. The French
suffered additional defeats in the remainder of the year, and these
difficult times allowed the
Jacobins

Jacobins to rise to power and impose the
Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror to unify the nation.
In 1794, the situation improved dramatically for the French, as huge
victories at Fleurus against the Austrians and at the Black Mountain
against the Spanish signaled the start of a new stage in the wars. By
1795, the French had captured the
Austrian Netherlands

Austrian Netherlands and knocked
Spain

Spain and
Prussia
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Prussia_(1892-1918).svg.png)
Prussia out of the war with the Peace of Basel. A hitherto
unknown general named
Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte began his first campaign in
Italy in April 1796. In less than a year, French armies under Napoleon
decimated the
Habsburg

Habsburg forces and evicted them from the Italian
peninsula, winning almost every battle and capturing 150,000
prisoners. With French forces marching towards Vienna, the Austrians
sued for peace and agreed to the Treaty of Campo Formio, ending the
First Coalition

First Coalition against the Republic.
The
War of the Second Coalition

War of the Second Coalition began with the French invasion of
Egypt, headed by Napoleon, in 1798. The Allies took the opportunity
presented by the French effort in the
Middle East
.svg/440px-Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Middle East to regain
territories lost from the First Coalition. The war began well for the
Allies in Europe, where they gradually pushed the French out of Italy
and invaded Switzerland—racking up victories at Magnano, Cassano,
and Novi along the way. However, their efforts largely unraveled with
the French victory at Zurich in September 1799, which caused Russia to
drop out of the war.[2] Meanwhile, Napoleon's forces annihilated a
series of Egyptian and Ottoman armies at the battles of the Pyramids,
Mount Tabor, and Abukir. These victories and the conquest of Egypt
further enhanced Napoleon's popularity back in France; he returned in
triumph in the fall of 1799. However, the
Royal Navy

Royal Navy had won the
Battle of the Nile

Battle of the Nile in 1798, further strengthening British control of
the Mediterranean.
Napoleon's arrival from Egypt led to the fall of the Directory in the
Coup of 18 Brumaire, with
Napoleon

Napoleon installing himself as Consul.
Napoleon

Napoleon then reorganized the French army and launched a new assault
against the Austrians in Italy during the spring of 1800. This brought
a decisive French victory at the
Battle of Marengo

Battle of Marengo in June 1800, after
which the Austrians withdrew from the peninsula once again. Another
crushing French triumph at Hohenlinden in
Bavaria
.ogg/Für_Bayern_(Bayernhymne).ogg.mp3)
Bavaria forced the Austrians
to seek peace for a second time, leading to the Treaty of Lunéville
in 1801. With Austria and Russia out of the war, the United Kingdom
found itself increasingly isolated and agreed to the Treaty of Amiens
with Napoleon's government in 1802, concluding the Revolutionary Wars.
The lingering tensions proved too difficult to contain, however, and
the
Napoleonic Wars

Napoleonic Wars began a few years later with the formation of the
Third Coalition, continuing the series of Coalition Wars.
Contents
1 War of the First Coalition
1.1 1791–1792
1.2 1793
1.3 1794
1.4 1795
1.5 1796
1.6 1797
1.7 1798
2 War of Second Coalition
2.1 1799
2.2 1800
2.3 1801
2.4 1802
3 Influence
4 See also
5 Footnotes
5.1 Notes
5.2 References
6 Further reading
6.1 Historiography
6.2 In French
War of the First Coalition[edit]
Main article: First Coalition
1791–1792[edit]
See also: Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars
The key figure in initial foreign reaction to the revolution was Holy
Roman Emperor Leopold II, brother of Louis XVI's Queen Marie
Antoinette. Leopold had initially looked on the Revolution with
equanimity, but became more and more disturbed as the Revolution
became more radical, although he still hoped to avoid war. On 27
August, Leopold and King Frederick William II of Prussia, in
consultation with emigrant French nobles, issued the Declaration of
Pillnitz, which declared the interest of the monarchs of
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe in the
well-being of Louis and his family, and threatened vague but severe
consequences if anything should befall them. Although Leopold saw the
Pillnitz Declaration as a non-committal gesture to placate the
sentiments of French monarchists and nobles, it was seen in
France

France as
a serious threat and was denounced by the revolutionary leaders.[3]
France

France eventually issued an ultimatum demanding that the Habsburg
Monarchy of Austria under Leopold II who also was Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire renounce any hostile alliances and withdraw its troops
from the French border.[4] The reply was evasive and the Assembly
voted for war on 20 April 1792 against Francis II (who succeeded
Leopold II), after a long list of grievances presented by foreign
minister Charles François Dumouriez. Dumouriez prepared an immediate
invasion of the Austrian Netherlands, where he expected the local
population to rise against Austrian rule, as they had earlier in 1790.
However, the revolution had thoroughly disorganized the army, and the
forces raised were insufficient for the invasion. Following the
declaration of war, French soldiers deserted en masse and, in one
case, murdered their general, Théobald Dillon.[5]
Anonymous caricature depicting the treatment given to the Brunswick
Manifesto by the French population
While the revolutionary government frantically raised fresh troops and
reorganized its armies, a mostly Prussian Allied army under Charles
William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick assembled at
Koblenz

Koblenz on the
Rhine. The duke then issued a proclamation called the Brunswick
Manifesto (July 1792), written by the French king's cousin, Louis
Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, the leader of an émigré corps
within the Allied army, which declared the Allies' intent to restore
the king to his full powers and to treat any person or town who
opposed them as rebels to be condemned to death by martial law. This,
however, had the effect of strengthening the resolve of the
revolutionary army and government to oppose them by any means
necessary.
On 10 August, a crowd stormed the Tuileries Palace, seizing the king
and his family. On 19 August 1792, the invasion by Brunswick's army
commenced, with Brunswick's army easily taking the fortresses of
Longwy

Longwy and Verdun. The invasion continued, but at Valmy on 20
September, the invaders came to a stalemate against Dumouriez and
Kellermann in which the highly professional French artillery
distinguished itself. Although the battle was a tactical draw, it gave
a great boost to French morale. Further, the Prussians, finding that
the campaign had been longer and more costly than predicted, decided
that the cost and risk of continued fighting was too great and, with
winter approaching, they decided to retreat from
France

France to preserve
their army. The next day, the monarchy was formally abolished as the
First Republic was declared (21 September 1792).[6]
Meanwhile, the French had been successful on several other fronts,
occupying
Savoy

Savoy and Nice, which were parts of the Kingdom of Sardinia,
while General Custine invaded Germany, occupying several German towns
along the
Rhine

Rhine and reaching as far as Frankfurt. Dumouriez went on
the offensive in the
Austrian Netherlands

Austrian Netherlands once again, winning a great
victory over the Austrians at the
Battle of Jemappes

Battle of Jemappes on 6 November and
occupying the entire country by the beginning of winter.[7]
1793[edit]
See also: Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars, Flanders
Campaign, and War in the Vendée
While the
First Coalition

First Coalition attacked the new Republic,
France

France faced
civil war and counter-revolutionary guerrilla war. Here, several
insurgents of the
Chouannerie

Chouannerie have been taken prisoner.
Spain

Spain and
Portugal

Portugal entered the anti-French coalition in January 1793.
Britain began military preparations in late 1792 and declared that war
was inevitable unless
France

France gave up its conquests, notwithstanding
French assurances they would not attack Holland or annex the Low
Countries.[8] Britain expelled the French ambassador following the
execution of
Louis XVI
,_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antoine-François_Callet_-_Louis_XVI,_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_(1754-1793),_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
Louis XVI and on 1 February
France

France responded by declaring
war on
Great Britain

Great Britain and the Dutch Republic.[3]
France

France drafted hundreds of thousands of men, beginning a policy of
using mass conscription to deploy more of its manpower than the
autocratic states could manage to do (first stage, with a decree of 24
February 1793 ordering the draft of 300,000 men, followed by the
general mobilization of all the young men able to be drafted, through
the famous decree of 23 August 1793). Nonetheless, the Coalition
allies launched a determined drive to invade
France

France during the
Flanders
.jpg/500px-Flanders_automobile_advertisement_(from_Netherlands).jpg)
Flanders Campaign.[9]
France

France suffered severe reverses at first. They were driven out of the
Austrian Netherlands, and serious revolts flared in the west and south
of France. One of these, at Toulon, was the first serious taste of
action for an unknown young artillery officer
Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte. He
contributed to the siege of the city and its harbor by planning an
effective assault with well-placed artillery batteries raining
projectiles down on rebel positions. This performance helped make his
reputation as a capable tactician, and it fueled his meteoric rise to
military and political power. Once the city was occupied, he
participated in pacifying the rebelling citizens of
Toulon

Toulon with the
same artillery that he first used to conquer the city.[10]
By the end of the year, large new armies had turned back foreign
invaders, and the Reign of Terror, a fierce policy of repression, had
suppressed internal revolts. The French military was in the ascendant.
Lazare Carnot, a scientist and prominent member of the Committee of
Public Safety, organized the fourteen armies of the Republic, and was
then nicknamed the Organizer of the Victory.[11]
1794[edit]
See also: French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1794
General Jourdan at the battle of Fleurus, 26 June 1794
The year 1794 brought increased success to the French armies. On the
Alpine frontier, there was little change, with the French invasion of
Piedmont

Piedmont failing. On the Spanish border, the French under General
Dugommier rallied from their defensive positions at
Bayonne

Bayonne and
Perpignan, driving the Spanish out of
Roussillon

Roussillon and invading
Catalonia. Dugommier was killed in the
Battle of the Black Mountain

Battle of the Black Mountain in
November.
On the northern front in the
Flanders
.jpg/500px-Flanders_automobile_advertisement_(from_Netherlands).jpg)
Flanders Campaign, the Austrians and
French both prepared offensives in Belgium, with the Austrians
besieging
Landrecies
_Hotel_de_ville_et_statue_Dupleix.jpg/540px-Landrecies_(Nord,_Fr)_Hotel_de_ville_et_statue_Dupleix.jpg)
Landrecies and advancing towards
Mons

Mons and Maubeuge. The
French prepared an offensive on multiple fronts, with two armies in
Flanders
.jpg/500px-Flanders_automobile_advertisement_(from_Netherlands).jpg)
Flanders under Pichegru and Moreau, and Jourdan attacking from the
German border. The French withstood several damaging but inconclusive
actions before regaining the initiative at the battles of Tourcoing
and Fleurus in June. The French armies drove the Austrians, British,
and Dutch beyond the Rhine, occupying Belgium, the Rhineland, and the
south of the Netherlands.
On the middle
Rhine

Rhine front in July, General Michaud's Army of the Rhine
attempted two offensives in July in the Vosges, the second of which
was successful but not followed up, allowing for a Prussian
counter-attack in September. Otherwise this sector of the front was
largely quiet over the course of the year.
At sea, the French Atlantic Fleet succeeded in holding off a British
attempt to interdict a vital cereal convoy from the
United States

United States on
the Glorious First of June, though at the cost of one quarter of its
strength. In the Caribbean, the British fleet landed in
Martinique

Martinique in
February, taking the whole island by 24 March and holding it until the
Treaty of Amiens, and in
Guadeloupe

Guadeloupe in April, where they captured the
island briefly but were driven out by
Victor Hugues

Victor Hugues later in the year.
In the Mediterranean, following the British evacuation of Toulon, the
Corsican leader
Pasquale Paoli

Pasquale Paoli agreed with admiral Samuel Hood to
place
Corsica

Corsica under British protection in return for assistance
capturing French garrisons at Saint-Florent, Bastia, and Calvi,
creating the short-lived Anglo-Corsican Kingdom.
By the end of the year French armies had won victories on all fronts,
and as the year closed they began advancing into the Netherlands.
1795[edit]
See also: Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars
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Armée des Émigrés

Armée des Émigrés at the Battle of Quiberon
Capture of the Dutch fleet by the French hussars
The year opened with French forces in the process of attacking the
Dutch Republic

Dutch Republic in the middle of winter. The Dutch people rallied to
the French call and started the Batavian Revolution. City after city
was occupied by the French. The Dutch fleet was captured, and the
stadtholder William V fled to be replaced by a popular Batavian
Republic, a sister republic which supported the revolutionary cause
and signed a treaty with the French, ceding the territories of North
Brabant and
Maastricht

Maastricht to
France

France on 16 May.
With the Netherlands falling,
Prussia
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Prussia_(1892-1918).svg.png)
Prussia also decided to leave the
coalition, signing the
Peace of Basel

Peace of Basel on 6 April, ceding the west bank
of the
Rhine

Rhine to France. This freed
Prussia
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Prussia_(1892-1918).svg.png)
Prussia to finish the occupation of
Poland.
The French army in
Spain

Spain advanced in
Catalonia

Catalonia while taking
Bilbao

Bilbao and
Vitoria and marching toward Castile. By 10 July,
Spain

Spain also decided to
make peace, recognizing the revolutionary government and ceding the
territory of Santo Domingo, but returning to the pre-war borders in
Europe. This left the armies on the
Pyrenees

Pyrenees free to march east and
reinforce the armies on the Alps, and the combined army overran
Piedmont.
Meanwhile, Britain's attempt to reinforce the rebels in the Vendée by
landing troops at Quiberon failed, and a conspiracy to overthrow the
republican government from within ended when
Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte's
garrison used cannon to fire grapeshot into the attacking mob (which
led to the establishment of the Directory).
On the
Rhine

Rhine frontier, General Pichegru, negotiating with the exiled
Royalists, betrayed his army and forced the evacuation of
Mannheim

Mannheim and
the failure of the siege of
Mainz

Mainz by Jourdan. This was a moderate
setback to the position of the French.
In northern Italy, victory at the
Battle of Loano

Battle of Loano in November gave
France

France access to the Italian peninsula.
1796[edit]
See also: French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1796
General Bonaparte and his troops crossing the bridge of Arcole
Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Lodi
The French prepared a great advance on three fronts, with Jourdan and
Moreau on the Rhine, and Bonaparte in Italy. The three armies were to
link up in Tyrol and march on Vienna. Jourdan and Moreau advanced
rapidly into Germany, and Moreau had reached
Bavaria
.ogg/Für_Bayern_(Bayernhymne).ogg.mp3)
Bavaria and the edge of
Tyrol by September, but Jourdan was defeated by Archduke Charles, and
both armies were forced to retreat back across the Rhine.
Napoleon, on the other hand, was completely successful in a daring
invasion of Italy. He left Paris on 11 March for
Nice

Nice to take over the
weak and poorly supplied Army of Italy, arriving on 26 March. The army
was already being reorganised and supplied when he arrived, and he
found that the situation was rapidly improving. He was soon able to
carry out the plan for the invasion of Italy that he had been
advocating for years, which provided for an advance over the Apennines
near Altare to attack the enemy position of Ceva.
The
Montenotte Campaign

Montenotte Campaign opened after Johann Beaulieu's Austrian forces
attacked the extreme French eastern flank near
Genoa

Genoa on 10 April.
Bonaparte countered by attacking and crushing the isolated right wing
of the allied armies at the
Battle of Montenotte

Battle of Montenotte on 12 April. The next
day he defeated an Austro-Sardinian force at the Battle of Millesimo.
He then won a victory at the Second Battle of Dego, driving the
Austrians northeast, away from their Piedmontese allies. Satisfied
that the Austrians were temporarily inert, Bonaparte harried
Michelangelo Colli's Piedmontese at
Ceva

Ceva and San Michele Mondovi
before whipping them at the Battle of Mondovì. A week later, on 28
April, the Piedmontese signed an armistice at Cherasco, withdrawing
from the hostilities. On 18 May they signed a peace treaty at Paris,
ceding
Savoy

Savoy and
Nice

Nice and allowing the French bases to be used against
Austria.
After a short pause,
Napoleon

Napoleon carried out a brilliant flanking
manoeuvre, and crossed the Po at Piacenza, nearly cutting the Austrian
line of retreat. The Austrians escaped after the Battle of Fombio, but
had their rear-guard mauled at Lodi on 10 May, after which the French
took Milan. Bonaparte then advanced eastwards again, drove off the
Austrians in the
Battle of Borghetto

Battle of Borghetto and in June began the Siege of
Mantua.
Mantua

Mantua was the strongest Austrian base in Italy. Meanwhile,
the Austrians retreated north into the foothills of the Tyrol.
During July and August, Austria sent a fresh army into Italy under
Dagobert Wurmser. Wurmser attacked toward
Mantua

Mantua along the east side
of Lake Garda, sending
Peter Quasdanovich

Peter Quasdanovich down the west side in an
effort to envelop Bonaparte. Bonaparte exploited the Austrian mistake
of dividing their forces to defeat them in detail, but in so doing, he
abandoned the siege of Mantua, which held out for another six months
(Carl von Clauswitz mentioned in
On War

On War that the siege might have been
able to be kept up if Bonaparte had circumvallated the city[12]).
Quasdanovich was overcome at Lonato on 3 August and Wurmser at
Castiglione on 5 August. Wurmser retreated to the Tyrol, and Bonaparte
resumed the siege.
In September, Bonaparte marched north against
Trento

Trento in Tyrol, but
Wurmser had already marched toward
Mantua

Mantua by the Brenta valley,
leaving Paul Davidovich's force to hold off the French. Bonaparte
overran the holding force at the Battle of Rovereto. Then he followed
Wurmser down the Brenta valley, to fall upon and defeat the Austrians
at the
Battle of Bassano

Battle of Bassano on 8 September. Wurmser elected to march for
Mantua

Mantua with a large portion of his surviving troops. The Austrians
evaded Bonaparte's attempts to intercept them but were driven into the
city after a pitched battle on 15 September. This left nearly 30,000
Austrians trapped in the fortress. This number rapidly diminished due
to disease, combat losses, and hunger.
The Austrians sent yet another army under
József Alvinczi

József Alvinczi against
Bonaparte in November. Again the Austrians divided their effort,
sending Davidovich's corps from the north while Alvinczi's main body
attacked from the east. At first they proved victorious over the
French at Bassano, Calliano, and Caldiero. But Bonaparte ultimately
defeated Alvinczi in the
Battle of Arcole

Battle of Arcole southeast of Verona. The
French then turned on Davidovich in great strength and chased him into
the Tyrol. Wurmser's only sortie was late and ineffectual.
The rebellion in the Vendée was also finally crushed in 1796 by
Hoche, but Hoche's attempt to land a large invasion force in Ireland
was unsuccessful.
1797[edit]
See also: French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1797
Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Rivoli
Soldiers killed in battle in 1797
On 14 February, British admiral Jervis met and defeated a Spanish
fleet off
Portugal

Portugal at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent. This prevented
the Spanish fleet from rendezvousing with the French, removing a
threat of invasion to Britain. However, the British fleet was weakened
over the rest of the year by the Spithead and Nore mutinies, which
kept many ships in port through the summer.
On 22 February French invasion force consisting of 1,400 troops from
the
La Legion Noire (The Black Legion) under the command of Irish
American Colonel William Tate landed near Fishguard (Wales). They were
met by a quickly assembled group of around 500 British reservists,
militia and sailors under the command of John Campbell, 1st Baron
Cawdor. After brief clashes with the local civilian population and
Lord Cawdor's forces on 23 February, Tate was forced into an
unconditional surrender by 24 February.
In Italy, Napoleon's armies were laying siege to
Mantua

Mantua at the
beginning of the year, and a second attempt by Austrians under Joseph
Alvinczy to raise the siege was driven off at the Battle of Rivoli,
where the French scored a decisive victory. Finally, on 2 February,
Wurmser surrendered
Mantua

Mantua and 18,000 troops. The Papal forces sued
for peace, which was granted at
Tolentino

Tolentino on 19 February.
Napoleon

Napoleon was
now free to attack the Austrian heartland. He advanced directly toward
Austria over the Julian Alps, sending Barthélemy Joubert to invade
the Tyrol.
Archduke Charles of Austria

Archduke Charles of Austria hurried from the German front to defend
Austria, but he was defeated at the
Tagliamento

Tagliamento on 16 March, and
Napoleon

Napoleon proceeded into Austria, occupying
Klagenfurt

Klagenfurt and preparing
for a rendezvous with Joubert in front of Vienna. In Germany, the
armies of Hoche and Moreau crossed the
Rhine

Rhine again in April after the
previous year's failure. The victories of
Napoleon

Napoleon had frightened the
Austrians into making peace, and they concluded the
Peace of Leoben

Peace of Leoben in
April, ending hostilities. However, his absence from Italy had allowed
the outbreak of the revolt known as the
Veronese Easters

Veronese Easters on 17 April,
which was put down eight days later.
Although Britain remained at war with France, this effectively ended
the First Coalition. Austria later signed the Treaty of Campo Formio,
ceding the
Austrian Netherlands

Austrian Netherlands to
France

France and recognizing the French
border at the Rhine. Austria and
France

France also partitioned Venice
between them.
1798[edit]
Main articles: French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1798, French
campaign in Egypt and Syria, and Quasi-War
In July 1798, French forces under
Napoleon

Napoleon annihilated an Egyptian
army at the Battle of the Pyramids. The victory facilitated the
conquest of Egypt and remains one of the most important battles of the
era.
Battle of the Nile, August 1798. The British fleet bears down on the
French line.
With only Britain left to fight and not enough of a navy to fight a
direct war,
Napoleon

Napoleon conceived of an invasion of Egypt in 1798, which
satisfied his personal desire for glory and the Directory's desire to
have him far from Paris. The military objective of the expedition is
not entirely clear, but may have been to threaten British dominance in
India.
Napoleon

Napoleon sailed from
Toulon

Toulon to Alexandria, taking
Malta

Malta on the way,
and landing in June. Marching to Cairo, he won a great victory at the
Battle of the Pyramids; however, his fleet was sunk by Nelson at the
Battle of the Nile, stranding him in Egypt.
Napoleon

Napoleon spent the
remainder of the year consolidating his position in Egypt.[13]
The French government also took advantage of internal strife in
Switzerland to invade, establishing the
Helvetian Republic
.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Helvetic_Republic_(French).svg.png)
Helvetian Republic and
annexing Geneva. French troops also deposed Pope Pius VI, establishing
a republic in Rome.
An expeditionary force was sent to County Mayo, in Ireland, to assist
in the rebellion against Britain in the summer of 1798. It had some
success against British forces, most notably at Castlebar, but was
ultimately routed while trying to reach Dublin. French ships sent to
assist them were captured by the
Royal Navy

Royal Navy off County Donegal.
The French were also under pressure in the
Southern Netherlands

Southern Netherlands and
Luxembourg where the local people revolted against conscription and
anti-religious violence (Peasants' War). The French had taken this
territory in 1794, but it was officially theirs in 1797 due to a
treaty with Austria. The French forces easily handed the Peasants'
rebellion in the Southern Netherlands, and were able to put down the
revolting forces in under 2 months.
The French in 1798 fought an undeclared war at sea against the United
States, that was known variously as the "Quasi-War", the "Half War"
and the "Pirate Wars". It was resolved peaceably with the Convention
of 1800.
War of Second Coalition[edit]
Main article: War of the Second Coalition
Britain and Austria organized a new coalition against
France

France in 1798,
including for the first time the Russian Empire, although no action
occurred until 1799 except against the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
1799[edit]
See also: Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars
Battle of Abukir in 1799
Battle of Mount Tabor against the Ottomans
In Egypt,
Napoleon

Napoleon had consolidated his control of the country for the
time being. Soon after the beginning of the year, he mounted an
invasion of Syria, capturing
El Arish

El Arish and Jaffa. On 17 March, he laid
siege to Acre, and defeated an Ottoman effort to relieve the city at
the Battle of Mount Tabor on 17 April. However, his repeated assaults
on Acre were driven back by Ottoman and British forces under the
command of
Jezzar Pasha

Jezzar Pasha and Sir Sidney Smith. By May, with plague
rampant in his army and no sign of success against the city, Napoleon
was forced to retreat into Egypt. In July, Turkey, with the help of
the British navy, mounted an invasion by sea from Rhodes. Napoleon
attacked the Turkish beachheads and scored a crushing victory at the
Battle of Abukir, capturing and killing the entire enemy army. In
August,
Napoleon

Napoleon decided to return to Europe, hearing of the political
and military crisis in France. Leaving his army behind with Kléber in
command, he sailed through the British blockade to return to Paris and
resolved to take control of the government there in a coup.
In Europe, the French Army of Observation, organized with
30,000 men in four divisions, crossed the
Rhine

Rhine at
Kehl

Kehl and Basel
in March 1799. The following day, it was renamed the Army of the
Danube.[14] Under command of Jourdan, the army advanced in four
columns through the Black Forest. First Division, the right wing,
assembled at Hüningen, crossed at
Basel

Basel and advanced eastward along
the north shore of the
Rhine

Rhine toward Lake Constance.[15] The Advanced
Guard crossed at Kehl, and Vandamme led it north-east through the
mountains via Freudenstadt. This column eventually became the left
flank. It was followed across the Rhine, also at Kehl, by the II.
Division. The Third Division and the Reserve also crossed at Kehl, and
then divided into two columns, III. Division traveling through the
Black Forest

Black Forest via Oberkirch, and the Reserve, with most of the
artillery and horse, by the valley at Freiburg im Breisgau, where they
would find more forage, and then over the mountains past the Titisee
to
Löffingen

Löffingen and Hüfingen.[16]
The major part of the imperial army, under command of the Archduke
Charles', had wintered immediately east of the Lech, which Jourdan
knew, because he had sent agents into Germany with instructions to
identify the location and strength of his enemy. This was less than 64
kilometres (40 mi) distant; any passage over the Lech was
facilitated by available bridges, both of permanent construction and
temporary pontoons and a traverse through friendly territory.[17]
In March 1799, the Army of the Danube engaged in two major battles,
both in the southwestern German theater. At the intensely fought
Battle of Ostrach, 21–2 March 1799, the first battle of the War of
the Second Coalition, Austrian forces, under the command of Archduke
Charles, defeated Jourdan's Army of the Danube. The French suffered
significant losses and were forced to retreat from the region, taking
up new positions to the west at
Messkirch

Messkirch (Mößkirch, Meßkirch), and
then at
Stockach

Stockach and Engen. At the second battle, in Stockach, on 25
March 1799, the Austrian army achieved a decisive victory over the
French forces, and again pushed the French army west. Jourdan
instructed his generals to take up positions in the Black Forest, and
he himself established a base at Hornberg. From there, General Jourdan
relegated command of the army to his chief of staff, Jean Augustin
Ernouf, and traveled to Paris to ask for more and better troops and,
ultimately, to request a medical leave.[18]
Russian General Suvorov crossing the
St. Gotthard Pass

St. Gotthard Pass during the
Italian and Swiss expedition

Italian and Swiss expedition in 1799
The Army was reorganized, and a portion placed under the command of
André Masséna

André Masséna and merged with the Army of Helvetia. Following the
reorganization and change in command, the Army participated in several
skirmishes and actions on the eastern part of the Swiss Plateau,
including the Battle of Winterthur. After this action, three forces of
the imperial army united north of Zürich, completing a partial
encirclement of Massena's combined Army of the Danube and Army of
Switzerland. A few days later, at the First Battle of Zurich, Massena
was forced west, across the Limmat. In late summer, 1799, Charles was
ordered to support imperial activities in the middle Rhineland; he
withdrew north across the Rhine, and marched toward Mannheim, leaving
Zürich and northern Switzerland in the hands of the inexperienced
Alexander Korsakov

Alexander Korsakov and 25,000 Russian troops. Although the highly
capable
Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze

Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze remained in support, his 15,000
men were not able to counter Korsakov's poor defensive arrangements.
Three weeks later, at the Second Battle of Zurich, the Russian force
was annihilated, and Hotze was killed south of Zürich. This left
Massena in control of northern Switzerland, and closed forced Suvorov
into an arduous three-week march into the Vorarlberg, where his troops
arrived, starving and exhausted, in mid-October.[18]
Napoleon

Napoleon himself invaded Syria from Egypt, but after a failed siege of
Acre retreated to Egypt, repelling a British-Turkish invasion. Alerted
to the political and military crisis in France, he returned, leaving
his army behind, and used his popularity and army support to mount a
coup that made him First Consul, the head of the French
government.[19]
1800[edit]
See also: French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1800
Napoleon

Napoleon Crossing the
Alps

Alps by Jacques-Louis David. In one of the
famous paintings of Napoleon, the Consul and his army are depicted
crossing the Swiss
Alps

Alps on their way to Italy. The daring maneuver
surprised the Austrians and forced a decisive engagement at Marengo in
June 1800. Victory there allowed
Napoleon

Napoleon to strengthen his political
position back in France.
In Italy, the Austrians under General Melas attacked first, and by the
third week in April had advanced to the Var, with Massena and half his
army in
Genoa

Genoa besieged by land, by the Austrians and under tight
blockade by the Royal Navy. In response Berthier moved – not to the
threatened frontier, but to
Geneva

Geneva – and Massena was instructed to
hold
Genoa

Genoa until 4 June. The Army of the Reserve was joined by
Napoleon, and in mid-May set out to cross the
Alps

Alps to attack the
Austrian rear. The bulk of the army crossed by the Great St Bernard
Pass, still under snow, and by 24 May 40,000 troops were in the valley
of the Po.
Artillery

Artillery was man-hauled over with great effort and
ingenuity; however an Austrian-held fort on the Italian side (although
bypassed by infantry and cavalry) prevented most of the artillery
reaching the plains of Northern Italy until the start of June.
Once over the Alps,
Napoleon

Napoleon did not proceed directly to the relief of
Genoa. Instead, he advanced on Milan, to improve his lines of
communication (via the Simplon and St Gotthard passes) and to threaten
Melas's lines of communication with
Mantua

Mantua and Vienna, in the belief
that this would cause Melas to raise the siege of Genoa. He entered
Milan

Milan on 2 June and by crossing to the South bank of the Po completely
cut Melas's communications. Taking up a strong defensive position at
Stradella, he confidently awaited an attempt by the Austrian Army to
fight its way out.
However, Melas had not raised the siege of Genoa, and on 4 June,
Masséna had duly capitulated.
Napoleon

Napoleon then faced the possibility
that, thanks to the British command of the Mediterranean, far from
falling back, the Austrians could instead take
Genoa

Genoa as their new base
and be supplied by sea. His defensive posture would not prevent this;
he had to find and attack the Austrians before they could regroup. He
therefore advanced from Stradella towards Alessandria, where Melas
was, apparently doing nothing. Convinced that Melas was about to
retreat,
Napoleon

Napoleon sent strong detachments to block Melas's routes
northwards to the Po, and southwards to Genoa. At this point, Melas
attacked, and for all the brilliance of the previous campaign,
Napoleon

Napoleon found himself at a significant disadvantage in the consequent
Battle of Marengo

Battle of Marengo (14 June).
Napoleon

Napoleon and the French came under huge
pressure in the early hours of the battle. Melas believed he had
already won and turned over delivery of the final blow to a
subordinate. Suddenly, the prompt return of a detached French force
under Desaix and a vigorous French counter-attack converted the battle
into a decisive French victory. The Austrians lost half of their army,
but Desaix was one of the French victims.
Melas promptly entered into negotiations, which led to the Austrians
evacuating Northern Italy west of the
Ticino

Ticino and suspending military
operations in Italy.
Napoleon

Napoleon returned to Paris after the victory,
leaving Brune to consolidate in Italy and begin a march toward
Austria.
In the German theater, the armies of
France

France and Austria faced each
other across the
Rhine

Rhine at the beginning of 1800.
Feldzeugmeister

Feldzeugmeister Pál
Kray led approximately 120,000 troops. In addition to his Austrian
regulars, his force included 12,000 men from the Electorate of
Bavaria, 6,000 troops from the Duchy of Württemberg, 5,000 soldiers
of low quality from the Archbishopric of Mainz, and 7,000 militiamen
from the County of Tyrol. Of these, 25,000 men were deployed east of
Lake Constance

Lake Constance (Bodensee) to protect the Vorarlberg. Kray posted his
main body of 95,000 soldiers in the L-shaped angle where the Rhine
changes direction from a westward flow along the northern border of
Switzerland to a northward flow along the eastern border of France.
Unwisely, Kray set up his main magazine at Stockach, near the
northwestern end of Lake Constance, only a day's march from
French-held Switzerland.[20]
General Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden, a decisive French victory
in
Bavaria
.ogg/Für_Bayern_(Bayernhymne).ogg.mp3)
Bavaria which precipitated the end of the Revolutionary Wars
General of Division
Jean Victor Marie Moreau

Jean Victor Marie Moreau commanded a
modestly-equipped army of 137,000 French troops. Of these, 108,000
troops were available for field operations while the other 29,000
watched the Swiss border and held the
Rhine

Rhine fortresses. First Consul
Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte offered a plan of operations based on outflanking
the Austrians by a push from Switzerland, but Moreau declined to
follow it. Rather, Moreau planned to cross the
Rhine

Rhine near
Basel

Basel where
the river swung to the north. A French column would distract Kray from
Moreau's true intentions by crossing the
Rhine

Rhine from the west.
Bonaparte wanted Claude Lecourbe's corps to be detached to Italy after
the initial battles, but Moreau had other plans.[21] Through a series
of complicated maneuvers in which he flanked, double flanked, and
reflanked Kray's army, Moreau's army lay on the eastern slope of the
Black Forest, while portions of Kray's army was still guarded the
passes on the other side.[22] On 3 May 1800 Moreau and Kray fought
battles at Engen and Stockach. The fighting near Engen resulted in a
stalemate with heavy losses on both sides. However, while the two main
armies were engaged at Engen,
Claude Lecourbe
.jpg/400px-Général_CLAUDE_Jacques_LECOURBE_(1759-1815).jpg)
Claude Lecourbe captured
Stockach

Stockach from
its Austrian defenders under Joseph, Prince of Lorraine-Vaudemont. The
loss of this main supply base at
Stockach

Stockach compelled Kray to order a
retreat to Messkirch, where they enjoyed a more favourable defensive
position. It also meant, however, that any retreat by Kray into
Austria via Switzerland and the
Vorarlberg
.svg/240px-Flag_of_Vorarlberg_(state).svg.png)
Vorarlberg was cut off.[23]
On 4 and 5 May, the French launched repeated and fruitless assaults on
the Messkirch. At nearby Krumbach, where the Austrians also had the
superiority of position and force, the 1st Demi-Brigade took the
village and the heights around it, which gave them a commanding aspect
over Messkirch. Subsequently, Kray withdrew his forces to Sigmaringen,
followed closely by the French. Fighting at nearby Biberach an der Ris
ensued on 9 May; action principally consisted of the 25,000 man-strong
French "Center", commanded by Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr.[24] After
being flanked by General Moreau, who approached Ulm from the east and
overwhelmed his outposts at Battle of Höchstädt, Kray retreated to
Munich. Again, on 10 May, the Austrians withdrew with heavy losses,
this time to Ulm.[25]
A several month armistice followed, during which Kray was replaced by
the Archduke John, with the Austrian army retiring behind the river
Inn. Austrian reluctance to accept negotiated terms caused the French
to end the armistice in mid-November, effective in two weeks. When the
armistice ended, John advanced over the Inn towards Munich. His army
was defeated in small engagements at the battles of Ampfing and
Neuburg an der Donau, and decisively in the forests before the city at
Hohenlinden on 3 December. Moreau began a march on Vienna, and the
Austrians soon sued for peace, ending the war on the continent.
1801[edit]
See also: French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1801
First Battle of Algeciras
By 9 February, the Austrians had signed the Treaty of Lunéville,
ending the war on the continent. The war against the United Kingdom
continued (with Neapolitan harbours closed to her by the Treaty of
Florence, signed on 28 March), and the Turks invaded Egypt in March,
losing to Kléber at Heliopolis. The exhausted French force in Egypt,
however, surrendered in August.
The naval war also continued, with the
United Kingdom

United Kingdom maintaining a
blockade of
France

France by sea. Non-combatants Russia, Prussia, Denmark,
and Sweden joined to protect neutral shipping from British attacks,
but were unsuccessful. British Admiral
Horatio Nelson

Horatio Nelson defied orders
and attacked the Danish fleet in harbor at the Battle of Copenhagen,
destroying much of the fleet of one of France's more steady allies
during the period. An armistice prevented him from continuing into the
Baltic Sea

Baltic Sea to attack the Russian fleet at Reval (Tallinn). Meanwhile,
off Gibraltar, the outnumbered French squadron under
Linois

Linois rebuffed a
first British attack under Saumarez in the First Battle of Algeciras,
capturing a line-of-battle ship. In the Second Battle of Algeciras,
four days later, the British captured a French ship and sank two
others, killing around 2000 French for the loss of 12 British.
1802[edit]
In 1802, the British and French signed the Treaty of Amiens, ending
the war. Thus began the longest period of peace during the period
1802–1815. The treaty is generally considered to be the most
appropriate point to mark the transition between the French
Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, although
Napoleon

Napoleon was not
crowned emperor until 1804.
Influence[edit]
The armies of the Revolution at Jemappes in 1792. With chaos
internally and enemies on the borders, the French were in a period of
uncertainty during the early years of the Revolutionary Wars. By 1797,
however,
France

France dominated much of Western Europe, conquering the
Rhineland, the Netherlands, and the Italian peninsula while erecting a
series of sister republics and puppet states stretching from
Spain

Spain to
the German heartland.
The
French Revolution

French Revolution transformed nearly all aspects of French and
European life. The powerful sociopolitical forces unleashed by a
people seeking liberté, égalité, and fraternité made certain that
even warfare was not spared this upheaval. 18th-century armies—with
their rigid protocols, static operational strategy, unenthusiastic
soldiers, and aristocratic officer classes—underwent massive
remodeling as the French monarchy and nobility gave way to liberal
assemblies obsessed with external threats. The fundamental shifts in
warfare that occurred during the period have prompted scholars to
identify the era as the beginning of "modern war".[26]
In 1791 the Legislative Assembly passed the "Drill-Book" legislation,
implementing a series of infantry doctrines created by French
theorists because of their defeat by the Prussians in the Seven Years'
War.[27] The new developments hoped to exploit the intrinsic bravery
of the French soldier, made even more powerful by the explosive
nationalist forces of the Revolution. The changes also placed a faith
on the ordinary soldier that would be completely unacceptable in
earlier times; French troops were expected to harass the enemy and
remain loyal enough to not desert, a benefit other Ancien Régime
armies did not have.
Following the declaration of war in 1792, an imposing array of enemies
converging on French borders prompted the government in Paris to adopt
radical measures. 23 August 1793, would become a historic day in
military history; on that date the
National Convention

National Convention called a levée
en masse, or mass conscription, for the first time in human history.
By summer of the following year, conscription made some 500,000 men
available for service and the French began to deal blows to their
European enemies.[28]
Armies during the Revolution became noticeably larger than their Holy
Roman counterparts, and combined with the new enthusiasm of the
troops, the tactical and strategic opportunities became profound. By
1797 the French had defeated the First Coalition, occupied the Low
Countries, the west bank of the Rhine, and Northern Italy, objectives
which had defied the Valois and Bourbon dynasties for centuries.
Unsatisfied with the results, many European powers formed a Second
Coalition, but by 1801 this too had been decisively beaten. Another
key aspect of French success was the changes wrought in the officer
classes. Traditionally, European armies left major command positions
to those who could be trusted, namely, the aristocracy. The hectic
nature of the French Revolution, however, tore apart France's old
army, meaning new men were required to become officers and commanders.
In addition to opening a flood of tactical and strategic
opportunities, the Revolutionary Wars also laid the foundation for
modern military theory. Later authors that wrote about "nations in
arms" drew inspiration from the French Revolution, in which dire
circumstances seemingly mobilized the entire French nation for war and
incorporated nationalism into the fabric of military history.[29]
Although the reality of war in the
France

France of 1795 would be different
from that in the
France

France of 1915, conceptions and mentalities of war
evolved significantly. Clausewitz correctly analyzed the Revolutionary
and Napoleonic eras to give posterity a thorough and complete theory
of war that emphasized struggles between nations occurring everywhere,
from the battlefield to the legislative assemblies, and to the very
way that people think.[30] War now emerged as a vast panorama of
physical and psychological forces heading for victory or defeat.
See also[edit]
Military career of
Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleonic Wars
Books
View or order collections of articles
History of France
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Access related topics
France

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Footnotes[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ The
Austrian Netherlands

Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of
Milan

Milan were under direct
Austrian rule. Many other Italian states, as well as other Habsburg
ruled states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, had close ties with
the Habsburgs.
^ a b Neutral following the Treaty of
Basel

Basel in 1795.
^ a b Became the United
Kingdom of Great Britain
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707–1800).svg.png)
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1
January 1801.
^ French invasion of Switzerland
^ Virtually all of the Italian states, including the neutral Papal
States and the Republic of Venice, were conquered following Napoleon's
invasion in 1796 and became French satellite states.
^ Most forces fled rather than engaging the invading French army.
Allied with
France

France in 1795 as the
Batavian Republic

Batavian Republic following the
Peace of Basel.
^ War against Austria was actually announced in the National Assembly
by then King
Louis XVI
,_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antoine-François_Callet_-_Louis_XVI,_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_(1754-1793),_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
Louis XVI of the French on 20 April 1792 while the
kingdom still existed in name. (Constitutional) monarchy was suspended
on 10 August following the assault on the Tuileries, and abolished 21
September 1792
^ Started the
Irish Rebellion of 1798
_p184_Defeat_at_Vinegar_Hill.jpg/600px-MAXWELL(1845)_p184_Defeat_at_Vinegar_Hill.jpg)
Irish Rebellion of 1798 against British rule.
^ Arrived in
France

France following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
^ Re-entered the war as an ally of
France

France after signing the Second
Treaty of San Ildefonso.
^ Officially neutral but Danish fleet was attacked by
Great Britain

Great Britain at
the Battle of Copenhagen.
References[edit]
^ TCW Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars. pp. 78–79.
^ TCW Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars. pp. 254–55.
^ a b Georges Lefebvre, The
French Revolution

French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to
1799 (1964) ch 1
^ Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, A History of England in the
Eighteenth Century Volume V (1890) p. 601
^ Charles Esdaile (2002). The French Wars 1792–1815. Routledge.
p. 7.
^ William Doyle, The Oxford History of the
French Revolution

French Revolution (1989) p.
194
^ Jeremy Black (1994). British Foreign Policy in an Age of
Revolutions, 1783–1793. p. 408.
^ Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, A History of England in the
Eighteenth Century Volume VI (1890) pp. 101–30
^ Alan Forrest, Soldiers of the
French Revolution

French Revolution (1989)
^ Robert Forczyk,
Toulon

Toulon 1793: Napoleon's First Great Victory (2005)
^ Paddy Griffith, The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802
(1998)
^ On War,
Book

Book II, Chapter 5, 24., Carl von Clausewitz, translated by
Michael Howard, p. 188 ISBN 1-85715-121-6
^ Paul Strathern,
Napoleon

Napoleon in Egypt: The Greatest Glory (2007)
^ Jourdan, p. 140.
^ Masséna, commanding the Army of Switzerland, sent a
Demi-brigade

Demi-brigade to
secure the Swiss town of Schaffhausen, on the north shore of the
Rhine, which guaranteed communications between the two forces.
Jourdan, pp. 96–97.
^ Jourdan, p. 97.
^ Rothenberg, pp. 70–74; Jourdan, pp. 65–88; 96–100; Blanning,
p. 232; (in German) Ruth Broda. "Schlacht von Ostrach:“ jährt sich
zum 210. Mal – Feier am Wochenende. Wie ein Dorf zum
Kriegsschauplatz wurde. In: Südkurier vom 13. Mai 2009.
^ a b Young, pp. 230–345; Gallagher, p. 70–79; Jourdan, pp.
190–204.
^ Georges Lefebvre, The
French Revolution

French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799
(1964) ch 13
^ Arnold, 197–99
^ Arnold, 199–201
^ W.M. Sloane, Life of Napoleon. France, 1896, p. 109.
^ Sloane, 109
^ Sloane, pp. 109–10.
^ Digby Smith,
Napoleonic Wars

Napoleonic Wars Databook. London: Greenhill Press,
1998, p. 178.
^ Lester Kurtz and Jennifer Turpin, Encyclopedia of violence, peace
and conflict, Volume 2. p. 425
^ David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon. p. 136
^ T. C. W. Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars. p. 109
^ Parker, Geoffrey. The Cambridge history of warfare. p. 189
^ Peter Paret, Clausewitz and the State. p. 332
Further reading[edit]
Atkinson, Charles Francis; Hannay, David McDowall (1911).
"French Revolutionary Wars". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia
Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
pp. 171–205.
Bertaud, Jean-Paul. The Army of the French Revolution: From
Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power (1988), a major French study
Black, Jeremy. British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions,
1783–93 (1994)
Blanning, T. C. W. The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1801. (1996)
excerpt and text search
Bryant, Arthur. Years of Endurance 1793–1802 (1942); on Britain
Connelly, Owen. The wars of the
French Revolution

French Revolution and Napoleon,
1792–1815 (2006)
Crawley, C. W., ed. The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 9: War and
Peace in an Age of Upheaval, 1793–1830 (1965), comprehensive global
coverage by experts
Doughty, Robert, and Ira Gruber, eds. Warfare in the Western World:
volume 1: Military operations from 1600 to 1871 (1996)
pp. 173–94
Dupuy, Trevor N. and Dupuy, R. Ernest. The Harper Encyclopedia of
Military History (2nd ed. 1970) pp. 678–93
Esdaile, Charles. The French Wars 1792–1815 (2002) 113pp excerpt and
text search, ch 1
Forrest, Alan. Soldiers of the
French Revolution

French Revolution (1989)
Forrest, Alan. "
French Revolutionary Wars

French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802)" in Gordon
Martel, ed. The Encyclopedia of War (2012).
Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. The
French Revolutionary Wars

French Revolutionary Wars (Essential
Histories) (2013) excerpt and text search
Gardiner, Robert. Fleet Battle And Blockade: The French Revolutionary
War 1793–1797 (2006), naval excerpt and text search
Griffith, Paddy. The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802
(1998) excerpt and text search; military topics, but not a battle
history
Knight, Roger. Britain Against Napoleon: The Organisation of Victory,
1793–1815 (2013)
Lavery, Brian. Nelson's Navy, Revised and Updated: The Ships, Men, and
Organization, 1793–1815 (2nd ed. 2012)
Lefebvre, Georges. The
French Revolution

French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799
(1964).
Lynn, John A. The Bayonets of the Republic: Motivation And Tactics In
The Army Of Revolutionary France, 1791–94 (1984)
Roberts, Andrew.
Napoleon

Napoleon (2014), a major biography
Rodger, A.B. The War of the Second Coalition: 1798 to 1801, a
strategic commentary (1964)
Ross, Steven T. Quest for Victory; French Military Strategy,
1792–1799 (1973)
Ross, Steven T. European Diplomatic History, 1789–1815: France
Against
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe (1969)
Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1982). Napoleon's Great Adversaries: The
Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1814.
Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars
of the
French Revolution

French Revolution and Napoleon," Journal of Interdisciplinary
History (1988) 18#4 pp. 771–93 in JSTOR
Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
(Oxford University Press, 1996); advanced diplomatic history;
pp. 100–230 online
Schneid, Frederick C.: The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars,
European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011.
Retrieved 29 June 2011.
von Guttner, Darius. The
French Revolution

French Revolution [1] (2015).
Historiography[edit]
Simms, Brendan. "Britain and Napoleon," Historical Journal (1998) 41#3
pp. 885–94 in JSTOR
In French[edit]
Attar, Frank, La Révolution française déclare la guerre à
l'Europe. ISBN 2-87027-448-3
Attar, Frank, • Aux armes citoyens ! Naissance et fonctions du
bellicisme révolutionnaire. ISBN 2-0208-8891-2
v
t
e
French Revolution
Causes
Timeline
Ancien Régime
Revolution
Constitutional monarchy
Republic
Directory
Consulate
Glossary
Significant civil and political events by year
1788
Day of the Tiles
,_Musée_de_la_Révolution_française_-_Vizille.jpg)
Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)
Assembly of Vizille

Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)
1789
What Is the Third Estate?

What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789)
Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789)
Convocation of the Estates-General (5 May 1789)
National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
Tennis Court Oath

Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789)
National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
Storming of the Bastille

Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789)
Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
Abolition of Feudalism (4-11 Aug 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (27 Aug 1789)
Women's March on Versailles

Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)
1790
Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790)
Abolition of the Nobility (19 Jun 1790)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)
1791
Flight to Varennes

Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791)
Champ de Mars Massacre

Champ de Mars Massacre (17 Jul 1791)
Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)
The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)
Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1792
France

France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
Brunswick Manifesto

Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)
Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)
10th of August (10 Aug 1792)
September Massacres

September Massacres (Sep 1792)
National Convention

National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)
1793
Execution of
Louis XVI
,_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antoine-François_Callet_-_Louis_XVI,_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_(1754-1793),_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
Revolutionary Tribunal

Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
Committee of Public Safety
Committee of General Security
Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)
Levée en masse

Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
The Death of Marat

The Death of Marat (painting)
Law of Suspects

Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)
1794
Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
Law of 22 Prairial

Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
Thermidorian Reaction

Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
White Terror (Fall 1794)
Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)
1795
Constitution of the Year III

Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
Conspiracy of the Equals

Conspiracy of the Equals (Nov 1795)
Directoire (1795–99)
Council of Five Hundred
Council of Ancients
13 Vendémiaire

13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795
1797
Coup of 18 Fructidor

Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)
Second Congress of Rastatt

Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)
1799
Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799)
Coup of 18 Brumaire

Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)
Constitution of the Year VIII
._Page_3_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-29-4.jpg/440px-Constitution_du_22_frimaire_an_VIII_(13_décembre_1799)._Page_3_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-29-4.jpg)
Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)
Consulate
Revolutionary campaigns
1792
Verdun
Thionville
Valmy
Royalist Revolts
Chouannerie
Vendée
Dauphiné
Lille
Siege of Mainz
Jemappes
Namur (fr)
1793
First Coalition
Siege of Toulon

Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
War in the Vendée
Battle of Neerwinden)
Battle of Famars

Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)
Expédition de Sardaigne

Expédition de Sardaigne (21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
Battle of Kaiserslautern
Siege of Mainz
Battle of Wattignies
Battle of Hondschoote
Siege of Bellegarde
Battle of Peyrestortes

Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)
Battle of Truillas

Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)
1794
Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies

Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
Battle of Boulou

Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
Battle of Tournay

Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
Chouannerie
Battle of Tourcoing

Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
1795
Peace of Basel
1796
Battle of Lonato

Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796)
Battle of Castiglione

Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)
Battle of Theiningen
Battle of Neresheim

Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)
Battle of Amberg

Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
Battle of Würzburg

Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
Battle of Rovereto

Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)
First
Battle of Bassano

Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
Battle of Emmendingen

Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)
Battle of Schliengen

Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)
Second
Battle of Bassano

Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796)
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole

Battle of the Bridge of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796)
The Ireland Expedition (Dec 1796)
1797
Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)
Battle of Rivoli

Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
Treaty of Leoben

Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)
Treaty of Campo Formio

Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)
1798
French invasion of Switzerland

French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
French Invasion of Egypt

French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
Irish Rebellion of 1798
_p184_Defeat_at_Vinegar_Hill.jpg/600px-MAXWELL(1845)_p184_Defeat_at_Vinegar_Hill.jpg)
Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
Quasi-War

Quasi-War (1798–1800)
Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
1799
Second Coalition

Second Coalition (1798–1802)
Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
Battle of Ostrach

Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
Battle of
Stockach

Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
Battle of Magnano

Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
Battle of Cassano (27 Apr 1799)
First Battle of Zurich

First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
Battle of Trebbia (19 Jun 1799)
Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
Second Battle of Zurich

Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)
1800
Battle of Marengo

Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
Battle of Hohenlinden

Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)
1801
Treaty of Lunéville

Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
Treaty of Florence
.png/200px-Gros_-_First_Consul_Bonaparte_(Detail).png)
Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
Algeciras Campaign

Algeciras Campaign (8 Jul 1801)
1802
Treaty of Amiens

Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
Military leaders
French Army
Eustache Charles d'Aoust
Pierre Augereau
Alexandre de Beauharnais
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
Louis-Alexandre Berthier
Jean-Baptiste Bessières
Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune
Jean François Carteaux
Jean Étienne Championnet
Chapuis de Tourville
Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
Louis-Nicolas Davout
Louis Desaix
Jacques François Dugommier
Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
Charles François Dumouriez
Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
Louis-Charles de Flers
Paul Grenier
Emmanuel de Grouchy
Jacques Maurice Hatry
Lazare Hoche
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
François Christophe de Kellermann
Jean-Baptiste Kléber
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
Jean Lannes
Charles Leclerc
Claude Lecourbe
François Joseph Lefebvre
Jacques MacDonald
Jean-Antoine Marbot
Jean Baptiste de Marbot
François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
Auguste de Marmont
André Masséna
Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
Jean Victor Marie Moreau
Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise
Joachim Murat
Michel Ney
Pierre-Jacques Osten (fr)
Nicolas Oudinot
Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Józef Poniatowski
Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
Joseph Souham
Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Louis-Gabriel Suchet
Belgrand de Vaubois
Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
French Navy
Charles-Alexandre Linois
Opposition
Austria
József Alvinczi
Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze

Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
Pál Kray

Pál Kray (Hungarian)
Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc

Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
Karl Mack von Leiberich
Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló

Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
Dagobert von Wurmser
Britain
Sir Ralph Abercromby
Admiral Sir James Saumarez
Admiral Sir Edward Pellew
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
Dutch Republic
William V, Prince of Orange
Prussia
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
Russia
Alexander Korsakov
Alexander Suvorov
Spain
Luis Firmin de Carvajal
Antonio Ricardos
Other significant figures and factions
Society of 1789
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
Nicolas de Condorcet
Feuillants
and monarchiens
Madame de Lamballe
Madame du Barry
Louis de Breteuil
Loménie de Brienne
Charles Alexandre de Calonne
de Chateaubriand
Jean Chouan
Grace Elliott
Arnaud de La Porte
Jean-Sifrein Maury
Jacques Necker
François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
Antoine Barnave
Lafayette
Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
Charles Malo François Lameth
André Chénier
Jean-François Rewbell
Camille Jordan
Madame de Staël
Boissy d'Anglas
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
Girondists
Jacques Pierre Brissot
Roland de La Platière
Madame Roland
Father Henri Grégoire
Étienne Clavière
Marquis de Condorcet
Charlotte Corday
Marie Jean Hérault
Jean Baptiste Treilhard
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
Bertrand Barère

Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
Jean Debry
Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
Olympe de Gouges
Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
The Plain
Abbé Sieyès
de Cambacérès
Charles François Lebrun
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
Philippe Égalité
Louis Philippe I
Mirabeau
Antoine Christophe Merlin
.JPG/440px-AduC_083_Merlin_de_Thionville_(A.,_1762-1833).JPG)
Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
Jean Joseph Mounier
Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
François de Neufchâteau
Montagnards
Maximilien Robespierre
Georges Danton
Jean-Paul Marat
Camille Desmoulins
Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
Paul Nicolas, vicomte de Barras
Louis Philippe I
Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
Jacques-Louis David
Marquis de Sade
Jacques-Louis David
Georges Couthon
Roger Ducos
Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
Jean-Henri Voulland
Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
Jean-Pierre-André Amar
Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
Prieur de la Marne
Gilbert Romme
Jean Bon Saint-André
Jean-Lambert Tallien
Pierre Louis Prieur
Bertrand Barère

Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Antoine Christophe Saliceti
Hébertists
and Enragés
Jacques Hébert
Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Antoine-François Momoro
François-Nicolas Vincent
François Chabot
Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
François Hanriot
Jacques Roux
Stanislas-Marie Maillard
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Jean-François Varlet
Theophile Leclerc
Claire Lacombe
Pauline Léon
Gracchus Babeuf
Sylvain Maréchal
Others
Charles X
Louis XVI
Louis XVII
Louis XVIII
Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
Marie Antoinette
Napoléon Bonaparte
Lucien Bonaparte
Joseph Bonaparte
Joseph Fesch
Joséphine de Beauharnais
Joachim Murat
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
Talleyrand
Thérésa Tallien
Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
Catherine Théot
List of people associated with the French Revolution
Influential thinkers
Les Lumières
Beaumarchais
Edmund Burke
Anacharsis Cloots
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Pierre Claude François Daunou
Diderot
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Antoine Lavoisier
Montesquieu
Thomas Paine
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Abbé Sieyès
Voltaire
Mary Wollstonecraft
Cultural impact
La Marseillaise
French Tricolour
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Marianne
Bastille Day
Panthéon
French Republican Calendar
Cult of the Supreme Being
Cult of Reason
Temple of Reason
Sans-culottes
Metric system
Phrygian cap
Women in the French Revolution
Symbolism in the French Revolution
Historiography of the French Revolution
Influence of the French Revolution
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